Limits on rule making power

Phil bank vs CIR

Facts:
PBCom filed its quarterly income tax returns for 1st and 2nd quarters for 1985. Subsequently, it
suffered losses so when it filed its annual income tax returns for 2 succeeding years, it declared
net losses thus showing no income tax liability. On 1988, petitioner filed a claim for refund of
creditable taxes withheld by their lessees during the years they earned rented income for their
leased property. It was denied by the CTA on the ground that it is filedbeyond the reglementary
period provided by law. Petitioner countered that it relied in good faith with the formal assurance
of BIR in the form of RMC no 7-85 which changed the prescriptive period of 2 years to 10 for
which to claim an overpaid income tax and that the subsequent BIR rejection cannot be applied
retroactively of its assurances in RMC 7-85.

Issue:
Whether or not the administrative issuance of the commisioner changing the prescriptive period
of collecting overpaid income tax from 2 yrs to 10 yrs is valid.

Held:
No. When the Acting Commissioner of Internal Revenue issued RMC 7-85, changing the
prescriptive period of two years to ten years on claims of excess quarterly income tax payments,
such circular created a clear inconsistency with the provision of Sec. 230 of 1977 NIRC. In so
doing, the BIR did not simply interpret the law; rather it legislated guidelines contrary to the
statute passed by Congress.

It bears repeating that Revenue memorandum-circulars are considered administrative rulings (in
the sense of more specific and less general interpretations of tax laws) which are issued from time
to time by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. It is widely accepted that the interpretation
placed upon a statute by the executive officers, whose duty is to enforce it, is entitled to great
respect by the courts. Nevertheless, such interpretation is not conclusive and will be ignored if
judicially found to be erroneous. Thus, courts will not countenance administrative issuances that
override, instead of remaining consistent and in harmony with, the law they seek to apply and
implement

Note:
Section 230 of the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) of 1977 (now Sec. 229, NIRC of
1997) provides for the prescriptive period for filing a court proceeding for the recovery of tax
erroneously or illegally collected, viz.:

Sec. 230. Recovery of tax erroneously or illegally collected. -- No suit or proceeding shall be
maintained in any court for the recovery of any national internal revenue tax hereafter alleged to
have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected, or of any penalty claimed to have been
collected without authority, or of any sum alleged to have been excessive or in any manner
wrongfully collected, until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the
Commissioner; but such suit or proceeding may be maintained, whether or not such tax, penalty,
or sum has been paid under protest or duress.

In any case, no such suit or proceeding shall be begun after the expiration of two years from the
date of payment of the tax or penalty regardless of any supervening cause that may arise after
payment; Provided however, That the Commissioner may, even without a written claim therefor,
refund or credit any tax, where on the face of the return upon which payment was made, such
payment appears clearly to have been erroneously paid. (Italics supplied)


Syman vs CIR
Facts:
Collector of customs ordered the seizure of shipments imported by SYMAN. After due hearing,
the collector rendered a decision that those previously seized be delivered to the importer upon
payment of customs duty except the sewing machines which are forfeited to the government.
Sy man's counsel sent a letter to the collector asking for the execution of decision and it has
become final and no longer be reviewed by the commisioner as the did not appeal the decision.
However, the collector submitted the decision to the commisioner arguing that a memorandum
order was issued in accordance to sec 1152 of the revised admin code giving the commissioner
the power to review such.

Issue:
Whether or not the memorandum order is valid.

Held:
No. The actions of the Commissioner cant find support in the Memorandum Order itself as it was never
approved by the department head and was never published by in Official Gazette. Such approval and
publication are required for the memorandum order to have legal effect.
Moreover, a regulation promulgated by a Bureau Chief must not be inconsistent with law. If the law does
not give the Commissioner the power to review and revise unappealed decisions of the Collector of
Customs in seizure cases, then the memorandum order even if duly approved and published would equally
have no effect for being inconsistent with law.