English Alphabetic a,,,I, a,.

;z



c.:J a,,,I, a,.;z Capital Letters

A
N
B
O
C
P
D
Q
E
R
F
S
G
T
H
U
I
V
J
W
K
X
L
Y
M
Z


c.J a,,,I, a,.;z Small Letters

a
n
b
o
c
p
d
q
e
r
f
s
g
t
h
u
i
v
j
w
k
x
l
y
m
z


a.|.J .,J Consonant Letters

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z



Vowels Letters a,..! .,J

a e i o u

`:J |.. Parts of Speech

.,,. |:.
Noun . Ahmed, book
Pronoun ,. aI, ; . _I. ., |. I, he, she, it, etc. ..
Verb . |. .. _ ._. ... _I. ., |. Play, played, will play
Adjective a.. aI.. :. .z ... a,I . c|..
rich man , . _
.z ... |. a..J 1.z ..!
a..J |,. :. _J a,.,J aIJ :.
..! .z ..
Adverb |.
.,,. .J ... a,I . c|..
|.. a..J
. quickly Ahmed writes
a.,.. ,.:, ., .
Preposition ,J .,.
_..J ,.J .z . _|. a,I
. a,I:. a..`. ,

school to Ahmed goes
,., ., _j a..!

plane by They traveled
,.|. . c,:|LJ|
Conjunction .LJ .,.
aI, a,I a,I _. |. .. a,I
aI, .
Ahmad visited us yesterday. and Ali
_I. . |: .,
Interjection ,,. .,.
. c|.. . ,. .|.,. ..
,,.J
! She died. Alas
..`J |, ' ..|. .J .
Article c.
a,,,I, aIJ _ .. .`: . a, an, the
..... a .., _.J c,:.J .z ..
|. .,, .
book. a This is
,|. . .
..... an .., _.J c,:.J .z ..
.,... .,, .
apple. an This is
a.|.. c. .
..... the .,,.IJ .
book I bought yesterday. the This is
. a.,,.. _.J ,|.:J . .


aL.`. .
aI,J |,. :. .. _J a,.,J aIJ .`. . _I. _. ..z a,,,I, aI,J ,.J|. ,,.J .. _ a,,
:. . ). ,,.L _I. | : |,.,. a,,,I, _j |.,,. |:. J . Ali doctor.
g.... . | .: g,..J . _I. |:.. .J a:L|. a,,,I,j aI, c. . a doctor is Ali

, J : Sentences

aL,.. , Simple Sentences ,. , a. Compound Sentences c.. , Complex Sentences


aL,.. , Simple Sentences

1. .. . _I. _. _J aI,J _ . |:. .
o I saw a boy.
o The boy was riding a bicycle.

:, c.. aI, :.J _.I,J 1. aL,.. . |:. .
o I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

a.,. , Compound Sentences

., .,. ... _. |,.. :J .J |,... aI. |, _.L,.. _.I, . ,,.. _J aI,J _
:. .L. .,, |,L. . and/ but /or

and
.LJ . |,.. _. a.`. |, _.I, 1.,.
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
c.. aI, :.J _.I,J 1. :, .
Anas helped him. and Ahmed did his homework

but
:J . _..|... _.I., _:,. . _.I, 1.,.
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
c.. aI, :.J _.I,J 1. :, .
he is unhappy. but aled is rich Kh

or
. |,. |,,. :, _.I, 1.,.
We can play football. We can watch TV.
c.. aI, :.J _.I,J 1. :, .
we can watch TV. or We can play football

c.. , Complex Sentences

_. _J aI,J _ _.I, . a.,. .. . . ,: _I. .
a,.|. aI, Main Clause
a,:|: aI, . Subordinate Clause : a:`: _ .

a,, aI, Noun Clause a,.. aI, Adjectival Clause a,.,L aI, Adverbial Clause


aI,J a.. aI,J Clause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.
|. _. | . _I. _. .|,I a.,, _ aI,J . |:. .

. who was carrying a stick I saw the man


A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb.
. .. aI,J . .,, :. .|,I a.,, . c|.. aI,J a.. . |:. .

carrying a stick. I saw the man

. :, Verb to BE

It is used as a principal and a helping verb. ..|.. _.,: . ....,

Subject .|. Present |.. Past _.|. Past participle .! .
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They, You are were been

a..|: _:|. ..|. . ..IJ |.! a,. ....: .
_.|! _ _.: .. ._. . ..IJ _.|! a,. ....: .

aI:. les Examp . boys. are They a pupil. am I


.J|. a,..! ,J :, Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

after the verb to be. not We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word
. . a,... , :: ) :, | a,I .. (not) c..

.|.:j Affirmative _.: Negative
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.

.

. . .J ,:. :, Making Questions with the verb to BE

, aI:.z ) : | ) z | c,.., .|.|, . Yes or No questions and short answers

z : .. |..|,j aI:. Yes or No questions
c,.., .|.|,j Short Answers
Affirmative .|.:j Negative _.:
Be +Subject .|. + Complement aI,:. Yes + Subject + Be No + Subject + Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were not.

. ,, Verb to DO

..|.. . _.,: . ...., It is used as a principal and a helping verb .
.|. Subject |.. Present _.|. Past .! . Past participle
I, you, we, they do did done
He, She, It does did done

a..|: _:|. ..|. . ..IJ |.! a,. ....: .
_.|! _ _.: .. ._. . ..IJ _.|! a,. ....: .

. .I, Verb to HAVE

..|.. . _.,: . ...., . It is used as a principal and a helping verb
Subject
.|.
Present
|..
Past
_.|.
Past participle
.! .
I, you, we, they have had had
He, She, It has had had
a..|: _:|. ..|. . ..IJ |.! a,. ....: .
_ _.: .. ._. . ..IJ _.|! a,. ....: _.|!

. . a,..! ,J .I, _.,: . Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb

Subject .|. + do/does/did + not + have aI,:. + Complement
I do not have a car.
He does not have A new watch.
They did not Have breakfast this morning.

. . .J ,:. .I, _.,: . Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

z : .. |..|,j aI:.
Yes or No questions
c,.., .|.|,j Short Answers
.|.:j Affirmative _.: Negative
Do/Does/Did
+Subject
. .|
+have
+ Complement
aI,:.
Yes + Subject +
do/does/did
No + Subject + do/does/did
+not
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not
Did they have Breakfast this morning? Yes, they did. No, they did not.

. .I, ..|.. . Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.
|.J |.! . :,J ..|.. . .I, . ...., . aI:. .
o They have lived here for two years.
o Adel has just finished his work.

. . a,..! ,J .I, ..|.. . Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
.: .I, . . _.: ,:.J not .J . .. . aI:. .
o I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.

. .J ,:. . .I, ..|.. . Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
c,.., .|.|, z : .. aI:.z . Yes or No questions and short answers
.|.J _I. .J . .: ..|.. . .I, . . . ,:.J . |:. .
o They have lived here for a long time.
Have they lived here for a long time? Yes, they have. No, they have not.

. . ,. .|..... .I, Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
_.|! |.! _ c,.J . ,,J . |:. . To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to.
now. have to leave I

a..|.J |.z . . . |:. . With some model auxiliaries.
see a doctor. had better You

,. .. aL.. .. |. |:,. _.,J . |:. . To show that something is caused by another person.
week. every cleaned my shoes have I

.z ... , ..... .| Nouns

,.J |.....: _J .|,I:J _ .|,z . Nouns are words we use to name:
. . |:. . |:. . ._. . .. . I. . . .

|.. People man, father, teacher, neighbor,
.|,.
Things book, table, sugar, fruit,
|. Places school, street, city, house, ..
|:. Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, .
. Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .


c..! . c..! .|,z Countable & Uncountable Nouns

o c..! .|,z . .. |.. :, _J .|,.z _ .: a:`: . |.: . ..
. Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on.


o c... J .|,z . |I.. . . :, z _ |.. :, z _J _
. Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

c..! .|,z Countable Nouns

o , c.,.. ,. | .|,z c. . These nouns have singular and plural forms.
o .... ,L... c..! c.,.! .|,z .. a / an . Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
o a.|.J .|,I:J .. |.,., c... c.,.. .|, .... ,L..: z .
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.

,J .`.j ... Spelling Rules for Plurals

a.|.j. .|,z L. . ,J :: s .,.! .`J . We form plurals of most nouns by adding s to the singular noun.

Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses
lo.V _.I _... >Il. sh, ch, z, x, s .,. lI es
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
Box boxes
lo.V _.I _... >. y s.. > _l. i>. y .,. ies
city cities
baby babies
lo.V _.I _... >. y s.. > >.o .,. s Ls
boy boys
key keys
lo.V _.I _... >. o s.. > _l. .,. es
potato potatoes
tomato Tomatoes
lo.V _.I _... >. o s.. > >.o .,. s Ls .
radio radios
zoo zoos
lo.V _.I _... >. f fe lI>. _I > v .,. es
knife knives
shelf Shelves
lo.V .oI o>. ..> ,.V ,>V :
classroom classrooms
policeman Policemen
l. _a. lo.V l.I :
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice

Uncountable Nouns c..! J .|,z

a.|.j. | , z _J _ es . s Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

a......I:. . salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.

.... ,L... z a an c..! J .|,z ..

. .,,. c..! J .|,z . .
flour _,.. salt gI. meat J
information .|.I. coffee c. knowledge a.,.
butter
..
food
|L
tea
_|.
sugar ,:. gold ,. blood .
news |.. glass _|, cheese _,
milk ,,I. paper bread ,..
rice wood ,.. furniture .|.,..
rain ,L. steel .,.. grass ,..
cloth
|,.
music
_,..
marble
|.


, , .,.! aI.|. .|. c..! J .|,z .
aI:. .
o Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
o Milk has many minerals.

,J aI.|. .|, a:|. ... J .z .. a,,:J _I. .. .|,I .. J :J .
o Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
o Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

.,,.J .. c,:.J Definite & Indefinite Articles

a / an c,:: ..| |...... . . are used as indefinite articles

The .,,.IJ c.| ..... . is used as definite articles


.: a |. .,, ... _J .|,z .. . We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.


.: an .,... .,, ... _J .|,z .. . We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound .

a,..! .,J . Vowels a . e . i . o - u

....: a/an We use a/an .
Before a singular countable noun. c..! c.,.! .|,z .. . a table . an egg
Before a job, a particular group of
people or a nationality.
a.,, a.,LJ ..
a,..J |.J . a.,. .
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer. She is an English women.
With numbers that mean every.
_. _J |.z .
He washes his hands ten times a day.
(means every day).



_ c,:.J .. ....: z . .. use a/an DO NOT We .

No article is used with abstract nouns
and the names of metals.
z . c. _ ..... z .|,
.|! .|, a,.! .
Love, beauty, hatred, wood, silver, gold
No article is used before plural or
uncountable nouns.
,J .. c. _ ..... z
c... J .|,z .
There are books on the table.
Milk is good for you.

.,,.J .. The Definite Article The

The is used before: .,,.J c. ..... .. .

A noun that is the only one of its
kind.
. a.: . .,, z _.J .z
1. .. .
The river Nile
The Kaaba
Names of rivers, seas, oceans,
etc.
|..J |z .|, . ....... .
The Arabian Gulf
The Red Sea
A noun which is the object of a
sentence.
aI,J a. .. :, _.J .z . Umar answered the question.
The names of musical instruments. a,,.! .zz .|, . Can you play the duff?
Names of some countries. , .I.J . .| . The United Kingdom The U.S.A.
With some time expressions.
..J _I. aJ.J .|.J . . .
at the weekend
in the evening
With dates. ,.J . . On the first day of every month.
With some general expressions. a.|J ...J . . .
Listen to the radio/news.
Go to the market/desert.
Use article with the name that is
repeated.
.z . .,,.J c. ....:
a,:|:J c,,IJ ,. _.J .
I saw a man. The man was young.
No article is used with the names
of studies of subjects.
_ ..... z .! .|, . c.
a,..J .
I do not like science. My favorite
subject is mathematics.
No article is used before such
words as school, home, bed,
work, etc.
a.,. .|, .. c. _ ..... z
,. .,,,. .. .a... :. ....
I am going to school.
I always go to bed early.
No article is used before such
words such as day and month
names.
a.,. .|, . c. _ ..... z
.J |,z :. .
on Monday, in June
in summer (sometimes in the
summer).
before breakfast.

Pronouns ,:|,.J

,.J .z , ; A pronoun replaces a noun .

Subject Pronouns
.|.J ,:|,.
Object Pronouns
a. .! ,:|,.
Possessive
Adjectives
a,:I! .|..
Possessive
Pronouns
a,:I! ,:|,.
Reflexive
Pronouns
|::z ,:|,.
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

....: ._. _ . . . I. _I. :: |.... .z . z.. ,.J ....: .
We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about .

aI:. Examples .
passes all his tests. He Ali is a good student.


a. .! ,:|,. Object Pronouns

a. .! ,. ....: . We use an object pronoun
,J .,. .. After a preposition .
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.


.. for , to . :. |. make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show.

it for her. made The little boy

a,.|::z ,:|,. Reflexive Pronouns

a,.|::,:|,. ....: . Reflexive pronouns are used:
IJ .. . ... | ... , .... . for emphasize
Did you do the decorations yourself ? I did the painting myself

a.|J .|.J . . With some special expressions
Help yourself . Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself. I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns .J ,:|,.

The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
.. |.. ,J 1.,J .J ,:|,. ..... . a,.z .LJ .. ,J 1.,J .
` - |.. . ...: a,:|:J aI,J _ c,:.. a,I . ...: . .:| .j. ) ,..: `.|. `.|. who |
) ,..: `.|. a. z.. whom | .. a,I:J .,. .J. .,: .J . ,..: .|. . .:| .j which .
|. that ,J ,, _ ||,.. ..: z |.: zj a.|.J .|,I:J . a,I _ .. ...... .
a,I ,..: a,:I,IJ .:| .j whose
' - z aI,J _ aI:. .... _.J .z . a,:|:J aI,J . c,:.! a,I:J ... _ .

_J ._.J ] .|J .|.IJ j Who

..... who aI,J c.,. .|.J .,: |.L .|J .|.J , ..J . _|.J |:! 1.z .
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.

a,I .. The man |.. z.. .: a,:|:J aI,J . who I,J .: _ |I:. |.... _J a,I:J .. a,:|:J a
g.... _z aI,J . Here is the man who is a doctor.

aI:. . 1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor

2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.

_J ._.J ] .|J a. .! j Whom

,... whom .J .. c.,. a. .! .,: |.L .|J a. .! , ..J . _|.J |:! 1.z .
The man came here. I visited him.
a,I .. him .: a,:|:J aI,J . whom .. a,:|:J aI,J .! .z .: .a,:|:J aI,J
|I:. |.... _J a,I:J ) ,.J |,Jj ., _J | g.... .
The man whom I visited came here.

aI:. .
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.


_J ._.J ] a. .! .|.J .|,,IJ j Which

,... which .,,. a. .! |. aI,J c.,. .|.J .,: |.L .|. J .! .|.J , ..J
.. .J . _|.J |:! 1.z .

He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
a,I ,: hi a,I _I. .. his book |.. z.. .: |..... which .z .: a,:|:J aI,J _
|I:. |.... _J a,I:J .. a,:|:J aI,J .! ) .J |,Jj ., _J , | g.... .
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
aI:. .
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.

_J ._.J ] .|J . .|IJ a. .! .|.J j That

,... that |.,. _.. c. _ , _ .|. . .|J a. .! .|.J , ..J . a,J|.J aI:.z 1.z .

I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met

.
Whose _J ._.J ] a,:I,IJ j
,... whose a,:I,IJ . _|.J |:! 1.z .
This is the man. His car hit the boy. This is the man whose car hit the boy.
a,I ., |. car aI. .J the man .! .z a.. z.. .: a,:I! ,. ..... whose
a,I |.. .: car .

Making Questions aI:.z ,:.
a,..J _ ..|.! .J .: . _j a,,J aI,J ,..J . _ c..|.! |.z . Helping Verbs
am . is . are . was . were . have . has . had . will . would . shall . should . can . could . may . might . must . ought to

a.........I:. .
They are doctors Are they doctors?
Can they help us? She can help us
Will you go to the market? I will go to the market

..|.. . aI,J|. :, .j ) |.! |

` | .. |.! .J . S ....: DO . a.........I:. .
Do they play tennis? They play tennis.
Do you write books?. I write books

' | .J . a. _.J |.! S ....: does . a.........I:. .
Does Ahmed play tennis? Ahmed plays tennis.
Does Huda watch TV? Huda watch TV.

..|.. . aI,J|. :, .j ) _.|! |

| ....: _.|! .J . .
a.........I:. .
They watched TV last night. Did they watch TV last night?
I played football yesterday Did you play football yesterday?.
aI. _j .J c.|.j 1.z ) z .,,..J | ..|.! .J .,J .J.
a........L.`. .
|..|,j :. a.|.J aI:.z ,, .. yes no . c.|. ... |z .J. .

_,.. _J a,J|.J .J .. ..j. .., ,,,. a.,. a.I. .|L.j .J . .. | .j .

Wh Questions
Where? , |:! . .IJ
When? _. |.,J . .IJ
Why? .|! ,..J . .IJ
What? |. / .|. ._. . .IJ
Which? _ _:,. _. |,..`J
Who? . .|. .|. . .IJ
Whom?
. .|. a. .. . .IJ

Wh Questions (Cont.)
Whose? ! a,:I! . .IJ
How? ., aJ|J . .IJ
How many?
... ..J . .IJ
How much? a,, .IJ a,,:J .
How long? L LJ . .IJ
How old? ,,. ,,J . .IJ
How far? .. a.|.! . .IJ

Steps for Making a Question .J ,:. .L.
:. .a.. .J .,! .,,IJ a..|.! .J c. ,.. . When, Where, Why..etc
. ..|.! .J helping verb ) ., j | c,.|.. .J c. .. _ .|.J .. .
.... ..|.. . aI,J|. :, .j .
+ .. |.! .J . S ....: DO
+ a. _.J |.! .J . S ....: does
+ ....: _.|! .J . did
! .J .. .|.J . `. aI,J|. .,! .. ..|. _j .J c.|.j aL.`. . |:... . ||...... _J
z a.,,.. _ aI. . .J ,, a:z a.. .J .,! .,J ... .

a......................I:. .
They are going to eat meat. What are they going to eat?
+ |.... |.: 1.z are _I. they a,I |.... ..|.! .J _ |z meat .J _I. ,J |z .

They played tennis at school. Where did they play tennis?
+ |...... |.: 1.z did _.|! _ .J z ..|.. . ., .J . ... |., 1.z ed . _ a..|. .J
aI. . |.... |.: 1.z at school .J _I. ,J |z .

aL.`. .
:. _! . ,.|... _:J ,:|,.J . ,. 1.z .
I g... g... you you g... g... I
we g... g... my you g... g... your

.J c. .: . |:... . ..|.. `. ....: z .|.J . .J | .j who `.|. .|.J | .j
what `.|. . .J | .j .
aI:. .
Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?

.z|,.. How

He was very pleased to meet his friend.
How was he to meet his friend?
a,.,:J aJ|J . .IJ How
Thirty boys are in this class.
How many boys are in this class?
..J . .IJ How many
I am twenty years old.
How old are you?
,,J . .IJ How old
You paid five pounds for this coat.
How much did you pay for this coat?
a,,:J . .IJ How much
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
.|.|.! . .IJ How far
This rope is two meters long.
How long is this rope?
Lz . .IJ How long
This fence is four meters high.
How high is this fence?
.|.|.. . .IJ
How high
Sami is meter and a half tall.
How tall is Sami?
|..z L . .IJ How tall



) Some . ( any) _ |

..... some .J a,..! ..,J a,,J ,J _ |. .
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there . 3) He is somewhere.

..... any _..J .J . |. . .J . .
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home? 3) Is he anywhere?

_..J . .
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody. 3) He is not anywhere.

_..J ,:. Making Negative

a,I .: _.: _j a,,J aI,J ,..J not J ..|.! . .
_ c..|.! |.z . Helping Verbs
am . is . are . was . were . have . has . had . will . would . shall . should . can . could . may . might . must . ought to

a.........I:. .
They are not happy. They are happy.
He can not help us. He can help us.

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be

(Negative) _..J _ (Affirmative) .|.: _
Long Forms Short Forms Long Forms Short Forms
I am not Im not I am Im
He is not Hes not He is Hes
She is not Shes not She is Shes
It is not Its not It is Its
You are not Youre not
You are Youre
We are not Were not We are Were
They are not Theyre not
They are Theyre


.. . aI,J _ :, .j |:... . ..|.. .. _|.. ..| .
_ c..|.! |.z (do, does, did) .: (not) z .,,..J _ aI. _j .J c.|.j aL.`. . c.. .

aL.`. . _|.J .J _ |, a,I:J _... aI,J _.... aI,J _ a,.z .|,I:J ..j .:| .j .

.: .| Affirmative _.: Negative
some . no, any
bothand . ....
neither.nor
either..or |.j ...... neither.nor
sometimes |:|,. never
asas aI:. ....... :.
not so..as
all not all
every no, not every

a..z TENSES

1,..J |.! Present Simple Tense

. ..IJ .,J . ...., _:|J ..J .,J|.J ..|J .
.,J .J _ .IJ z .,,..J . .,J . :., .
:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .

every Always |,:. Usually c.|.
Generally | .,. Often |.J|. Sometimes |:|,.
Rarely .|: Never .. from time to time ,.z _. .

a......................I:.
I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.

aL.`. . .,.: ,:|. .,.. .|.J | .j S .IJ c.|, .
Ali drinks milk every morning. A cow gives us milk.


Past Simple Tense 1,..J _.|!

_.|! _ . ... . ..IJ .,J . ...., .
a.|.j _ .IJ _|:J .,,..J . .,J . :., ed c.|.J |.z aL.`. . .
_|, :. .|,I . c.|. .,J . .

yesterday . Last _.|! Ago _..
in 1988 AD , in 1415 AH: :. _.|! _ ,|. _


I, He, She, it ===== was
They, We, You ===== were
a......................I:.

I watched television last night.
They visited their uncle yesterday.
We went to Makkah two months often.

1,..J ...! Future Simple Tense
...! _ a:.. ... ... . ..IJ .,J . ...., .
Will / shall + ........IJ z ........,,..................J

_|. shall I:.! ,. . I WE |. WILL ,:|,.J _.|. . _|.. .
:J SHALL a,I .I. .. a:,.J a,,,I, _ |..... .: WILL ,:|,.J ,, . |.. .
:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .
tomorrow .. Next .|J in the future ...! _
in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH : :. ...! _ ,|. _

I:. a......................
I will go to school tomorrow.
They will play foot ball next Friday.
He will join the army in the future.
....|. 1,..J ...,IJ ,. ,:. .|. .
am , is , are ====== going to

,,..! |.! Present Continuous Tense

1. z , ... . ..IJ .,J . ...., . . .,J . :., . + ing . . . . + ++ + am / is / are
I --------------------- am + verb + ing
He, she, it------------- is + verb + ing
They, we, you------ are + verb + ing

. c.|. .,J . _|, :. .|,I .
now z at the moment aL.IJ c. _ look ,L:
listen ,.. at the present time ,.|J ..J _

a......................I:.
I am reading a story at the moment.
They are watching television now.
Look! the bus is coming.
.z .J . ,. |.z c. ,,..! _.|! ,,..! |.! .. ,,..z _ . :, z |.z .
|.z c. . |.. .

Like ,; Love ,; Want .,,, Prefer ..,
Wish _,., Hate c,:, Dislike , c,: Feel ,.,
Hope .|, Hear ,., Think .., Seem ..,
Appear ,L, Fear _.; Consider ,., Fit ,.|.,
Believe .. Trust _:, Understand .,

Past Continuous Tense ,,..! _.|!
. ..IJ .,J . ...., ,. . . .|.: _.|! _ . . .
. .,J . :., . .,J . :., . .,J . :., . .,J . :., . .. . + ing verb + ++ + was / were

:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .
when |.... While |,.,. As .,. Because z

aL.I. .
_.|! . a. _|, |. c.|. .,J . a:.. .|.: . _.J _ ,,..! _.|! Is _.J 1,..J .
a......................I:.
my room. entered , a thief was sleeping While I
) _.,. J .. . |,:|: .. |,.,. | IJ .. ,.z .J ,,... _.|. |,.. _:.. _I. _. aI,J c.
.. _.J a.,J .J .|.: .

. came , my father were eating When we
) _.J .|, . |: |. |,.,. | _.J _.J ._, ,.z z ,,... _.|. |,.. _:.. _I. _. aI,J c.
z .|.: .. .

aL.`. . ., . aI,J 1. 1.,J c. . :, _I, |, a.|.J |.I,J g.... _! .

. was sleeping my room while I entered A thief |,:|: .. |,.,. _.,. J ..

. were eating when we came My father |: |. |,.,. _.J .|,
aL.`. .
a,I:. aI,J ... .j aI.|.J ,.:. While _ .. .j .. _z aI,J ..... .
c..|. |,:. ,.. while 1,.. _.|. _,|.. ,.z ,,... ,L z `. | .

Future Continuous Tense ,,..! ...!
c,..J ,,.., ...! _ a:.. ... ._. . ..IJ .,J . ...., .

. .,J . :., Will + be + verb + ing
:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .
At .,IJ ... ByI, In .. _
fromto . .. _j All ,,. After ..
a......................I:.

By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

Present Perfect Tense |.J |.!

_. c.,. c|: .Jz _.|! _ _.: .|LJ .. _.: _.|! _ .. ... . ..IJ .,J . ....,
z .
. .,J . :., . .IJ .J|:J .,,..J .IJ .J|:J .,,..J .IJ .J|:J .,,..J .IJ .J|:J .,,..J has / have +

:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .

Since ... For c.! just .J _
Yet z _. Ever ..z _ never ..
Recently |:,.. Already |.|.

a......................I:.

I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
I have not visited him since 1995.
Ahmed has already finished his homework.
She has written three letters just now.

Since & For

Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now
a,I _. ... . |... z _. _.|! _ c.., c,.. aL: .

For means a definite period of time
a,I _. c.! a,.. c,.. _I. .
Since ... For c.!
2 oclock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came a century

Past Perfect Tense |.J _.|!
_.|! . _ |. aLJ _ _.: .. ... . ..IJ .,J . ...., .

. .,J . :., . .IJ .J|:J .,,..J + had

:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .

After .. Before ..
Which z _. as soon as ..z _

a......................I:.

I had washed before I prayed.
They went home after they had finished their work.
Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to
Makkah.

|.J _.|! .|.: .. ... _.J 1,..J _.|! . a. _|, |. |.J|. .,J . 1.z .

Future Perfect Tense |.J ...!

a:.. ... ... . ..IJ .,J . ...., ...! _ |. . _ c|.: .

. .,J . :., . .IJ .J|:J .,,..J + will + have

:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .

By I, At ...

a......................I:.
By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.
At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

. Present Perfect Continuous Tense |.J |.! ,,..!

z _. ,,... a.:J _.|! _ a.. .,, . ... . ..IJ .,J . ...., .
. .,J . :., .
ing + verb + has / have + been

:. .|,I . c.|. .,J . _|, .

For c.! Since ...

a......................I:.
I have been studying English for six years.
She has been sleeping since 2 oclock

|.J |.! ,,..! |.J |.! _. ,.: _:J . a,J|.J aI:.z 1.z .

Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table.
:: _.I,J c. . .
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ! |.J |. ,,..! She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense |.J |.! She has made 100 cakes.


Imperatives ,.z a,.

Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate
instructions, invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
.|L.`! .|. ...J ..|,,I.J . ,.J .|.: _ :. |. ,J a,.. _ ..... |. _ ,.z a,.
.j ., .|. .. |. .
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,.etc.
z .,,..J _ .IJ aL,..J a,.J ,.z a,. ..... .
a......................I:.
.j ....... L ..... . .| ..... ....... I ..... , .... , ..... .| Give Instructions
(Affirmative) .|.:j . Mix the flour and the sugar
(Affirmative) .|.:j
Take two tablets every four hours.

. ...... , ........ ........ J a ....... .. ....... Make Invitations
(Affirmative) .|.:j
Come in; make yourselves at home
(Negative) _.:
Please start; do not wait for me.

.j .... . ....... . | ... . .... . .... . | .... , .... . I . a Tell someone what to do
(Affirmative) .|.:j Open your book
(Negative) _.:
Do not forget to post the letter


.j .... L ..... .| .... ,. ..... ., Give Warnings
(Affirmative) .|.:j .
Keep out. Danger.


. ...... : ... , .... .j ..... . .| ...... .` ........ L ...... .| Make Signs & Notices
(Affirmative) .|.:j .
Push
(Affirmative) .|.:j
Insert 2 X 50 SR.
. (Affirmative) .|.:j
Keep off the grass.


. .......... : .......... , ........ J ..... L ..... ,I Make Requests
(Affirmative) .|.:j .
Please open the door.





Modals a..|.J |.z

A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have several meanings and time frames,
depending on the context in which it is used.
..z ,, . c.. a,. aJ .|.J .J a,. ..... _.J .J ,.. a,.. |:. _|. c.. aJ :J | .

Form a,.J
) .IJ z .,,..J | shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +

.J|: .,,.. ... .|.J .IJ ,J . . Modals have no infinitives or past participles

Modals
a..|.J |.z
Expresses: . ,. . Example |:.
shall Promise .. You shall take a reward.

Determination ,,..
He does not want to obey me: but he shall.

Threat .,. You shall be punished if you come late.
should
Duty ,,J
You should obey your teachers.
Advice or opinion _,J a.,..J You should stop smoking.
will
The simple future tense. ...! a,.
1,..J
He will visit us tomorrow.

Determination or promise ,,..J
..J
I will travel when I like.
We will do as you wish.
might Possibility a,:|:.
I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are
able to
Ability c.!
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able,
will be able
Ability in the future ...! _I. c.! I shall be able to help you.
could
Past, present or future possibility
_.|! _ a,:|:. / |.! / ...!
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must Necessity c,.J You must listen to your teachers.
had to
The past form of must :past necessity
_.|! _ c,.J
Faisal could not come to our dinner party. He
had to stay home to study.
ought to Advice a.,..J You ought to help the poor.
ought to have
Actions that were advisable in the past
_.|! _ |I,. ....! . | ...
You ought to have studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake)




Affirmative .|.:j Negative _.: Question .|.:j Short Answers c,.., .|.|,j
Affirmative Negative
They should eat now. They should not
eat now.
Should they eat
now?
Yes, they should. No, they should not.
He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.
He would succeed. He would not
succeed.
Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.
I might succeed. I might not
succeed.
Might I succeed?
I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.
He could talk. He could not talk. Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.

We could have a test
tomorrow.
We could not have
a test tomorrow.
Could we have a
test tomorrow?
Yes, you could. No, he could not.
You must go now. You must not go
now.
Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.
You ought to help
them.
You ought not to
help them.
Ought you to help
them?
Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.


Comparing Adjectives . .|..J a:|

Comparing Short Adjectives J .|..J a:|. c.

` . _... _:,. _. a:|! .

a.`J a.|.j 1.`: a:|! . .J . _ er a,I c.J .|..J ,I.z than
Ali is older than Ahmed.
My Car is faster than yours.

.,, a..J ..: .j e .,.: |.:|. r 1. .
safer than safe
simple simpler than

.,, a..J ..: .j y ,I: |.:|. y _j i .,.: er c.|J| .
easier than easy
heavier than heavy


' . _... _:,. . ,: _. a:|! .

a,I a,, |. 1.`: the a..J _... _J a.|.j 1.`, a:|! est c,! c. .
Everest is the highest mountain.
This is the biggest building in Riyadh.

.,, a..J ..: .j e .,.: z |.:|. e c.,., .
the safest safe

.,, a..J ..: .j y ,I: |.:|. y _j i .,.: est c.|J| .

the easiest easy

Comparing Long Adjectives aI,LJ .|..J a:|.

` . _... _:,. _. a:|! .
. ,: _I. _.; L. .L. . ,: . a..J :.. |. ,..|... _,... _.,. .
Beautiful ,, Difficult ,.
Dangerous ,L. Correct g,..
Important . Fluent g,..

., z .|..J . .J . er z est .
a,I .|..J c. _... _:,. _. a:|! aJ|. _.. more a,I than
than Riyadh. more beautiful Jeddah is
than English. more difficult French is


' . _... _:,. . ,: _. a:|! .
a,I .|..J c. _... _:,. . ,: _. a:|! aJ|. _ the most

class. girl in her most beautiful Amal is the
subject in this book. most important This is the
a............L.`. .
_! a..J _.: _. a:|. _.: . ,: _. a:|.
.,,
good better than the best
_,. bad worse than the worst
: ) ..,IJ |
: ) ..! J |
many
much
more than the most
,I. ) ..! J | little less than the least
.,.
far farther than the farthest

than his brother at school. better Adel is
one in her class. worst This girl is the

as..as :. aI:. ) 1..J|. | not as.as :. aI:. ,J as..as :. aI:. ) 1..J|. |
_... _. c|.. ., _. g`L.z . ...., .
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.

not as..as :. aI:. ,J
aJ|. _ g`L.z . ...., .. _... _. c|.. ., .
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.

Adverbs .,LJ ] .z j

An Adverb always modifies a verb. |,:. .J .., .,LJ
Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives. a..IJ ly j. :. .,LJ L. a.|.
slowly slow nicely nice
happily happy carefully careful

There are many kinds of adverbs : .,LJ . : c.. .|. .
` - .I.J _I. aJ.J .,LJ . . ,. _J .,LJ ..J . a,.,
1.. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done .
I closed the window carefully. The soldier fought bravely.

- |.,J .,L . .J ... . a,., . ,. _J .,LJ .
. express the time when an action is or was done. 2. Adverbs of time :
Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow. Whats going to happen next?

- |:! .,L . ..J . |:. . ,. _J .,LJ .
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
I shall stand here. Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen.

.. _... _J .|,I:J . ly :. :,! . .|.. .,L . ..J _I. .. .|,I:J c. L. . :. .
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.

Daily |,., Weekly |,...
Monthly |,,. Yearly |,..

A daily newspaper is published daily. We get up early to catch an early train.

- ,:.J _I. aJ.J .,LJ . ._.J ... .,. ... . |:,s _J . .,LJ c. . .
. tell how often we do something. 4. Adverbs of frequency :

Always |,:. Often |. |.J
Usually c.|. Sometimes |:|,.
Seldom .|: Rarely ., .|:
Never .. Occasionally ,.z _. .

:, . . ..|.! .J .. ,:.J .,L _|, Verb to BE:
Ali is always on time.
,.z |.z . _.|J .J .. ,:.J .,L _|, Other Verbs:
Ali sometimes reads a book.

Adverbial Clause of Time ..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.
a,.,:,J aI,J . ..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. .
|:. .
I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
I found a watch while I was walking in the street.


Adverbial Clause of Place |:! _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) where, wherever |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence.
a,.,:,J aI,J . |:! _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. .

|:. . Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause ,..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) because, since, as |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence.
. ,..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. a,.,:,J aI,J .

|:. . I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of Manner .I.J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) ) ) ) As, as if, as through | || |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence.
a,.,:,J aI,J . .I.J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. .
.. _|, |,:. as if _,. . _.|. .
|:. .
He speaks as if he were a king.
.... 1.z were . z.. was |,. .,, a,,. . |z .

It looks as if it would rain.
.... 1.z would . z.. will .. .,, | _,. . _.|. .

Adverbial Clause of Purpose ,J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) )) ) that, so that, in order that | || |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
a,.,:,J aI,J . ,J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. .

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
....: ) |, + ..! | ...! |.! _ _.,:,J .J :, |.... .
|:. .
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
....: ) |, + ..! | 1,..J _.|! _ _.,:,J .J :, |.... .
|:. .
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.


Adverbial Clause of Result a,,..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

We use: ( so + adverb + that ) ( such + noun +that )

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.
,.J c. ..... a,.,:,J aI,J . a,,..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,J .| .

|:. .
The man is so weak that he can not walk.
He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.


Adverbial Clause of Contrast .|..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) though, although |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.
a,.,:,J aI,J . .|..J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. .

|:. .
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast a:|! _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

) ) ) ) as.as, soas | || |

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.
a,.,:,J aI,J . a:|! _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1.,. c. 1.,J .. .

|:. .
Nabeel is as clever as his father.
Sami is not so strong as his brother.


Adverbial Clause of Condition aJ|J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J

If , unless

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence.
. c. 1.,J .. a,.,:,J aI,J . aJ|J _I. aJ.J a,.,LJ ,J 1., .

|:. .
If we are ill, we go to bed.
If we work hard, we will succeed.
If we worked hard, we would succeed.
If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.


as..as :. aI:. ] 1..J|. j not as.as :. aI:. ,J


as..as :. aI:. ] 1..J|. j

_J|. _. c|.. ., _. g`L.z . ...., .
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.


not as..as :. aI:. ,J

. _ g`L.z . ...., aJ| .. _J|. _. c|.. ., .
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

Active & Passive ,,IJ _.! I,IJ _.!

|.I. |I.|. :, _J aI,J I,IJ _.!|. .., .
. . |I.|. :, _J aI,J ,,IJ _.!|. .., a,,z ,I. I .
,,IJ _.! I,IJ _.! . : c.. .|. .

J ,J a,, Statements / aI:.z Questions / ,..z Command

J .... , ...... J ...... . ..... . ... ,, ... a Statements

Ahmed broke the window yesterday.
I,IJ _.. aI,J c. active I. |,. .|.J z .J. ahmed .

The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
,,IJ _.. aI,J c. passive I. . |,. .|.J z .J. ahmed z aI,J _ |, |:. . _
... |.... a. .! by a,:|:J aI,J _ |, .


I,IJ _.! . ,..IJ active ,,IJ _.! _j passive a,J|.J .LJ ..: a,,J ,J aJ|. _ .
` . `.|. g.., a. .! ) . c,.|.. .J .. c.,. a. .! .,, |
' . . .: to be a. .,IJ |..|.. aI,J . .: _ .
. .J|:J .,,..J _ _I.z .J . .
: . ... |.... .|.J .: by ,. | .j ,L., .. .
. ,. . aI,J a,| _ |, ., aI,J _ c.|, _ .

a...................I:. a...................I:. . .
Active I,IJ _.. Passive ,,IJ _..
Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).

. .,., to be _I, |, a.I..! a..z . .

am, is, are 1,..J |.!
was, were 1,..J _.|!
shall be, will be
1,..J ...!
am being, is being, are being ,,..! |.!
was being, were being ,,..! _.|!
has been, have been |.J |.!
had been |.J _.|!
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be ..|.. .


.z .... : ...... I ............ a........... Questions

I,IJ _.! . ,..IJ Active _j ,,IJ _.! Passive a,J|.J .LJ ..: aI:.z aJ|. _ .

` . `.|. g.., a. .! ) . c,.|.. .J .. c.,. a. .! .,, |
' . . .: to be .J . .: _ .
. .J|:J .,,..J _ _I.z .J . .
: . ... |.... .|.J .: by .j ,L., .. ,. | .
. ,. . aI,J a,| _ |, ., aI,J _ c.|, _ .

a...................I:. .

Active I,IJ _.. Passive ,,IJ _..
Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?

...z ....................... ,........... Command

I,IJ _.! . ,..IJ Active ,,IJ _.! _j Passive a,J|.J .LJ ..: ,.z aJ|. _ .
` . a,I . let aI,J _ .
' . `.|. g.., a. .! ) . c,.|.. .J .. c.,. a. .! .,, |
. . . to be .,J .: _ :,. ,.z _ be .
: . .J|:J .,,..J _ _I.z .J . .
a...................I:. a...................I:. . .
ActiveI,IJ _.. Passive,,IJ _..
Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.
Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.

,,..J .J . a,. _I. aL.|J , .J `,.. z. a,... ,,IJ _.! _j |I, .,! aI,J :. ..
,,IJ _.! _j ,..J ... .
a...................I:.

ActiveI,IJ _.. Passive,,IJ _..
Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels, didnt he? Those novels were written by Dickens, werent they?
Dickens didnt write that play, did he? That play wasnt written by Dickens, was it?

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs a,..! |.z a.`J |.z

.Intransitive Verbs ) a.`J |.z |
a. z.. ..|. z _J _ . :. The sun rises
,: .. a. z.. ..|. _J _ . his hand raised Ali


+ , z a.`J |.z :,,. a,... |. _ _J ,J |. .| a. .. ., .J ,,IJ _.. _j |I, :
,,IJ _.. _j |I, .
+ ,,IJ _.. _j |I, :, .J _J.! a,..! |.z . .|. . |:. .
Ahmed gave Huda a flower . _.,,L. _.. .

a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).

b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed ) c.|. _. Huda .|J a. .,IJ to . 1.z

Prepositions ,J .,.

_ a.. ,.. .J. _. . ,: ..J .,.IJ :, .. .a:.|... c: ,J .,. aI,J . I.J _I:! a,,LJ
aI.... .,. ..,J , `. . |,I. ,..J _ ,J .,. .
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are also prepositions of time and
prepositions of place.

_. a.`J _I. ,J .,. .. |:! _I. aJ. ,, .,. .,J _I. aJ. ,, .,. |., .,, a. .! .|.J .

Use of Prepositions ,J .,. ....

Prepositions ,J .,. Use ....z Example |:.
on
Day |,z
On Monday
Day + morning, night |,z + c,..J
On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening, date ,|.J My birthday is on June 10.
Special days a.|. |,
I will travel on National Day.
To mean above . _,
The tea is on the table.
in
Season ..
The trees grow in spring.
Year a..
I was born in 1968.
Month . ,
The test is in May.
The morning g|..J
I go to work in the morning.
The evening .|,.J
I go home in the evening
To mean above ..J _ He is in the mosque.
at
Time ..J
I will come back at 2 oclock.
Festival .z|...z .|,.z I will meat you at the school
festival.
Meal times .|.,J .|.
I will talk to my father at lunch.
The weekend ..z a,|
We will travel at the weekend.
Noon ,LJ We pray at noon everyday.
Night ,IJ
We sleep at night.
To mean place |:,IJ He is at the grocers.

Prepositions of Place ,J .,. |:! _I. aJ.J
Prepositions ,J .,. Use ....z Example |:.
at
at an exact place .., |:. _
He lives at number 5, King Fahad
Street.
at work ,J _
Ahmed is at work.
at the table aJ|LJ _I.
They are standing at the dinner table
under
. _,
The cat is under the table.
in front of
|. _, The teacher is in front of the class.
to
direction/place |:. / c|, I go to school everyday.
in
To mean inside .. _,
Put this book in the box.
In a country .I. _
I live in Saudi Arabia.
In a town./street a.,.. _ / |. _
I live in Al-Madina.
in bed ,.J _
The baby is in bed.
In a building or area _.. _ aL..
You were in the club last night.
In a chair _.,:J _I.
Ali is sitting in his chair.
with
.. _,
I write with a pen.
from . _, I am from Riyadh.
behind .I. _, The wall is behind the class.
between
_. _,
Samah is sitting between Fatma and
Salwa.
on T TV V ,,.I.J a.|. _I. ,,.I.J a.|. _I. A Al li i w wa at tc ch he es s f fo oo ot tb ba al ll l o on n T TV V e ev ve er ry y S Sa at tu ur rd da ay y. .
T Ti im me e ..J ..J ..J ..J H He e a ar rr ri iv ve es s o on n t ti im me e. .

Prepositions ,J .,. Example |:.
In _ The medicine is in the bottle.
On _I.
The knife is on the table.
At ,,J|. ....
Someone is at the door.
Near . ,,J|. Ahmed is sitting near the window.
Between _.
The house is between the school and the mosque.
Opposite .|.
The bank is opposite to the post office.
Into _ ...
The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
Onto _I.
The water is spilling onto the floor.

Round . The car is going round the tree.
in front of |.
The child is sitting in front of the TV.
Behind . ..I.
The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of _I. .. The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of ,:|;
The garage is at the side of the house.
Along L _I.
The man is walking along the street.
next to ; The bank is next to the bakers.
Off _I. .
The man is falling off the chair.
out of . .
The child is falling out of the window.
Across `. .,. The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above _I. ..
The light is over (above) the table.
under/below .. ..
The fire is under (below) the stairs.
Through `. .,. The ball is going through the window.
Among 1.
The teacher is sitting among the students.


Question-Tags aI,.! aI:.z

.|. _ aI,.! aI:.z |,I. _IL, aI:.z . .J . .J. ,J a,.,J aIJ|. . ,.., . . c|..
,. . aI,J c. .J|; |. c.|. .J . a... a,,. aI, .., _..J .|.: . . a... _J aI,J .:| .j.
|..:. .J :, a,... .:| .j _..J _ .J . :, a..:. .
+ .J .J|; _ _..J .|.: .,. . aI,J ..,. .J . ,, |. .
+ ,I, aIJ|. ....J ... : ... aI:.z . .J . a..:! a,,,I, _ a..... , a: zj a,, .

Questions that we expect the answer Yes .. |,I. a.|, ..: aI:. :

a,I. a.|, .J . ,L: .
* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there? Yes , there is.

+ I,J |,I. .J .|, .J a..:. aI, .J . .... _J a ) ,,..J | |,... . .|.:|. :,. ,J |. yes .
+ .: ..|.! .J .: .J . . z. :: _:J not _..IJ .J. c.. .

_|.J |:! ,L: z .
* You come from the United States, dont you? Yes, I do.

+ ....|. .J ,,.. |:! . _ do ..|.. . ., .J .J. .

Questions that we expect the answer No .. |,I. a.|, ..: aI:. z

1) You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you? No, I dont.

2) It doesnt take long time be car, does it? No, it doesnt.

..|.. . Do / does + |...... .J 1,..J |.! . _ .J |. 1.z

3) You didnt travel last year, did you? No, I didnt.

..|.. . Did + _.|! . _ .J |. 1.z |...... .J 1,..J

Conditional if J a,L,.J

1 ) if + present |.. |.. |.. |.. will .,,.. .,,.. .,,.. .,,.. + ++ +

a.. :. ..J . .
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. ) .,.J _ _.|. . .. ,L. j |

|:. If you eat too much, you will become fat.

2 ) if + past _.|. _.|. _.|. _.|. would .,,.. .,,.. .,,.. .,,.. + ++ +

a.. ,.... :. . ..J . .

If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
,J |,. :, ,.... ..:. 1.z . .z z a.:J aI, . 1,..J _.|! .J |...... |.: |., 1
_.|! _I. ., .
|...... ) ..! + would | c..|J _ c. aI,J . _|:J .,J _ .
if + subject + past subject+ would + .,,..

|., 1.z be _j ... were _ .... ,L..: z c..|J c. was .,.. .|.J | J _. .

|:. . If I were you, I would buy a new car.

3 ) if + had + .J|: .,,.. would have + .J|: .,,..

If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.

If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba.


5) if + present |.. present|..
a..|: a,:. a,. .J a,,.: |,. :. _J aJ|J _ ,,,.J . ...., .
If you boil water, it becomes steam. ) |.,I. |.: J |s g.., a:|. ..|! |
a,I ..|, .J _. ... c.,. ..,J a..|: a,. c. becomes ...! _ ..,J |.! _ .

6) if + present |.. instructions.|,,I.

If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.

If you are under 17, dont drive a car. Or Dont drive a car if you are under 17.

Reported Speech .! `:J

,.|.. J `:J |., _,., ,J . .J . . Indirect Speech


There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech. ,.|.! . ,.|.! `:J . : a. .|. .

1) Statement a,,J aI,J 2) Question .J
3) Command ,ILJ 4) Exclamation ,,.J

Statement a,,J aI,J


+ ,.|.. . a,,. aI, ,..J direct .. ` _j Reported a,J|.J .LJ ..: .
` - J . ,.J .z .: said
' - 1.,J c. .: that |.. .|...z |..:, .
- ,:|,.J c. _! ,.. ,:|,.J .
I-------------------he, she we------they
My----------------his, her our------their
: - _I, |, a..z .
Present |..----------- Past _.|.
Past _.|.-----------------Past Perfect |. _.|.
- _I, |, .., j .|,I:J . .
Now z ------------then .:.,. here |. ------------there .|.
Last night |.-------------the night before .|. this |.---------------------that |.
yesterday |.--------------the day before .|. tomorrow |.--------------the following day .|.

Direct ,.|.. Indirect ,.|.. .
I live in Riyadh He said that he lived in Riyadh.
We are happy They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school library
recently.
She said that she had not been to the school library
recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow. He told me that he would see me the next day.
.|. | .j |.) c|.. |.. z.. .: .. I:.. ..J _.I, _. . and added that .|. _. _J .
They said to him: We shall see you tomorrow. We
shall visit Ahmed.
and y They told him that they would see him the next da
they would visit Ahmed. added that
J a,I .:| .j say / says ,:|,.J _ 1. :, ,.J |.j aI,J a.. . z .:.,. |.. .
She says: I will cook the food tomorrow. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: We are playing football now. We say that we are playing football now.

Question .J

+ ,.|.. . . ,..J dierct .. ` _j reported a,J|.J .LJ ..: .
` - .J asked _I, |, _ . .J . ..; .
Present |..-------------------Past .|. _
Past _.|. -------- Past Perfect |. _.|.
' - 1. c.| |..: ..... . c. _I. _.; .J | .j .
- ..|.! .J _I. .|.J _... a,,. aI, _j .J , ., .
: - aI,J _. ,.. ,:|,.J . ,. 1.`, .

Direct ,.|.. Indirect ,.|.. .
What is your name?. He asked me what my name was.
Why are you late? The teacher asked me why I was late.
Where is your book?. He asked me where my book was.
..... if . c. _I. _.; z _.J .IJ 1. c.| .
Is your school very large?. my school was very large. if He asked me
_I. _.; .., .J | .j do does 1,..J _.|! . _j .J . |... .
Where do you live. He asked me where I lived.
Does he go to school?. I asked him if he went to school.
| .j _I. _.; .., .J did 1,..J _.|! . _j .J . |... ) .J|: .,,.. + had .|
Where did you go yesterday?. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.
Did Ahmed buy a new car?. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.
.:| .j .J a,I ask, asks ,:|,.J _ 1. :, ,.J |.j aI,J a.. . z .:.,. |.. .
Who is your English teacher?. They ask me who my English teacher is.
What are your marks?. He asks me what my marks are.

Command ,ILJ

+ a,.IL aI, ,..J ,.|.. . direct ` _ .. reported a,J|.J .LJ ..: .
` - ....: ) ,. ordered | ,.z a. .., `:J | .j .
....: ) .|, begged | ..J .|,,J a. .., `:J | .j .
....: ) g.: advised | .,..J a. .., `:J | .j a .
....: ) ,. told | a..,! _ a,|., .. _j .. . a,. `:J | .j .

' - a,I . a...! .z ... to .J ..
- _,I ... please ,do |.., j aI,J . .
: - _.. |, _! ,.. ,:|,.J .|,I:J . . .

Direct ,.|.. Indirect ,.|.. .
He said to the servant: bring me a glass of water. the servant to bring him a glass of water. ordered He
The son said to his father: please , give me some
money.
his father to give him some money. begged The son
The doctor said to me: Drink a lot of water. me to drink a lot of water. advised The doctor
He said to me: Do not go to the market tonight. He told me not to go to the market that night.


Exclamation ,,.J

+ ,.|.. . ,,. aI, ,..J direct .. ` _j reported a,J|.J .LJ ..: .
` - :. |,I. .. a,I |.. z.. . ,,.J a,I ... .

With regret ... With anger ,..
With joy g,.. With admiration ,|,.j.
With sadness ,,


' - a,I . .z ... that
- . a,,J aI,J _ _.. |, _! ,.. |.z ,:|,.J .|,I:J .
aL.`. . :. ,,. a,I: ,.. |... .,. |.j ,,.J .|,I . how. what _ ,,. a.`. .,. |.,.
aI,J a,|
:. |.. ,,. a,I . Alas, Hurrah, Oh .J a.`. .,. |.,. ,, '

Direct ,.|.. Indirect ,.|.. .
He said : Alas! I will not find my money. He said with sorrow that he would not find his money.
He said : How foolish I have been. He said with regret that he had been foolish.

Countries and Nationalities .|,..J .I.J

.,. .,.: |. c.|. a,.,J aIJ _ _ `:. .. a,..J ,:.J .J. .I.J .z . a,..J . _..

_ a.|.J aI,., .,. , .|.. a,,,I, aIJ _ |. . i, n, ian, ish, ese
..|: c..|. .|. ,J .,J c. a . aI:.z . c. .

Country Nationality
Saudi Arabia Saudi
Oman Omani
Algeria Algerian
Libya Libyan
Palestine Palestinian
Syria Syrian
Britain British
Turkey Turkish
China Chinese
Lebanon Lebanese
France French
Switzerland Swiss