This leaet sets out the library's recommendations for
referencing using the Harvard method. Some lecturers may require you to use a different method or style.
Accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all academic work. Whenever you quote from, use or are inuenced by the work of someone else, you must acknowledge this. You should acknowledge the sources of your information in two places in the main body of your text in a reference list or bibliography at the end of your work
Referencing should enable a reader of your work to nd your sources. You are strongly advised to make detailed records of all the sources you use.
Citing sources in your text Referring to someone elses work or ideas in the main body of the text of your work is known as 'citing'. Cite by giving both the authors family name (usually their last name) and the year of the source in brackets. If the authors name occurs naturally in the sentence, give only the year in brackets. Include page numbers, if available, for direct quotations or references to a particular part of the source.. For two or three authors, give the family names of all the authors. For more than three authors, give the family name of the rst author only, followed by et al. Not all sources have individuals as authors. An organisation, company or institution can be the author and is known as the corporate author. Gibbs (2009) believes that Gibbs (2009, p14) states that "traditional " (Hill and Peterson 2010) Madigan et al. (2009) discuss the (British Airways 2011) In a recent study (Gibbs 2009) it is argued If you cannot identify the author, cite by the title. If you cannot identify the year of the source, replace the year with (no date). Your citations should enable a reader of your work to nd the full references in your reference list or bibliography.
Reference lists and bibliographies At the end of your work, there should be a reference list or bibliography. A reference list contains references for each source you have quoted or referred to in the body of your text. A bibliography is similar but also includes any other sources used in your research.
References in a reference list or bibliography are arranged in one alphabetical sequence, by name of author or corporate author. If there is no author, list the source by title.
The family name and full given name(s) of any authors should be used if available. When only initials are given, use the family name and initial(s). For sources with one, two or three authors, give the names of all of them. If there are more than three, you should use the rst author's name followed by et al.
When referencing electronic sources, show the format as [online] and include the URL (web address). Electronic sources can be changed at any time, so give the date you last accessed them.
The following examples show how references should be laid out.
Books You should include the author(s), year, title, edition (other than rst edition), place of publication and publisher. You will usually nd the relevant information on the books title page and back of the title page. BROWN, Carol V., et al. (2009). Managing information technology. 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education. CHAPPELL, David and WILLIS, Andrew (2005). The architect in practice. 9th ed., Oxford, Blackwell. The Dictionary of biology (2004) denes ... Collins (no date) explains ... database. The URL for the particular article may not stay the same on return visits. If the journal or magazine is electronic, there may be no page numbers or the numbering may not be by volume and issue. Give as much information as you can. For newspaper articles, give the date of the newspaper instead of the volume and issue.
Web pages Include the author(s), year, title, [online], date you last accessed the web page and the URL. Web pages do not always have individual authors. You can use the corporate author. If you cannot identify an author or corporate author, reference the web page by title. CHARAVARYAMATH, Chandrashekhar and SINGH, Baljit (2006). Pulmonary effects of exposure to pig barn air. [online]. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, 1:10. Article from Biomed Central last accessed 26 January 2012 at: http://www.occup-med.com/ REITZIG, Markus (2004). Strategic management of intellectual property. [online]. MIT Sloan management review, 45 45 45 45 (3), 35-40. Article from Business Source Premier last accessed 18 February 2012 at: http:// web.ebscohost.com/ NATIONAL OSTEOPOROSIS FOUNDATION (2011). Bone basics. [online]. Last accessed 24 April 2012 at: http:// www.nof.org/aboutosteoporosis/bonebasics TOIBIN, Colm (2006). Pure evil. [online]. The Guardian, 3 June. Last accessed 13 March 2012 at: http:// www.guardian.co.uk/ CRICK, Bernard (2011). George Orwell: voice of a long generation. [online]. Last accessed 3 May 2012 at: http:// www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/ orwell_01.shtml Big Lottery Fund. (2012). [online]. Last accessed 30 April 2012 at: http://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/ If a book has an editor, show this by putting (ed.) after their name. If there is more than one editor, put (eds.).
Electronic books Include author(s), year, title, [online], edition (other than rst edition), place of publication, publisher, information database or website, last date accessed and the URL.
Journal, magazine and newspaper articles To reference a journal or magazine article, include author(s), year, title of article, journal/magazine title (in full), volume number, issue number and page numbers. For newspaper articles, give the date of the newspaper instead of the volume and issue. This information can be obtained from the cover and rst pages of the journal, magazine or newspaper.
Electronic journal, magazine and newspaper articles Include author(s), year, title of article, [online], journal title, volume, issue number and page number(s), information database or website, date you last accessed the article and the URL. If the article is from a database, use the URL for the CROUCH, David, JACKSON, Rhona and THOMPSON, Felix (eds.) (2005). The media and the tourist imagination: converging cultures. London, Routledge. ATRILL, Peter (2012). Financial management for decision makers. [online]. 6th ed., Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Book from Dawsonera last accessed 13 June 2012 at: http://www.dawsonera.com/ GRUBER, Jonathan and FRAKES, Michael (2006). Does falling smoking lead to rising obesity? Journal of health economics, 25 25 25 25 (2), 183-197. DAVIS, Simon (2004). Project management in local and central government: an interim view. Project manager today, XVI XVI XVI XVI (5), 4-5. DAVEY, Jenny (2000). Does free internet access really exist? Sunday Times, 23 April, 7. Online recordings of TV, radio and lm For an online recording from TV or radio, include the programme title, part title if applicable, broadcast year, [online], broadcast channel, broadcast date, location, date last accessed and the URL. For an online recorded feature lm, provide lm title, year of release, [online], director, broadcast channel, broadcast date, location, date last accessed and URL.
More examples For examples of how to reference and cite other sources such as conferences, government publications, images, DVDs and social media, see the Guide to Referencing and Citations on the Help on referencing web pages on the Library Gateway..
Referencing software You can use RefWorks bibliographic software to create a database of your references by importing the details of your sources. Citations and reference lists can then be produced in Microsoft Word.
There is also a tool in Microsoft Word which you can use to enter the details of your sources and create citations and bibliographies.
Help More information is available on the Help on Referencing web pages on the Library Gateway libguides.shu.ac.uk/referencing Changeling. (2008). [online]. Directed by Clint Eastwood. Sky Movies Premier. 7 November 2009. Video from shuplayer last accessed 28 June 2013 at: http:// shuplayer.shu.ac.uk/ Panorama. Wikileaks: the secret story. (2011). [online]. BBC1. 14 February. Video from shuplayer last accessed 17 May 2013 at: http://shuplayer.shu.ac.uk/ 0 8 / 2 0 1 3