Shorthand - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

The Lord's Prayer in Gregg and a variety of
19th-century systems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that
increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to a
normal method of writing a language. The process of
writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek
stenos (narrow) and graph or graphie (writing). It has also
been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys (short) and
tachygraphy, from Greek tachys (swift, speedy), depending
on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal.
Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system
provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common
phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the
system to write as quickly as people speak. Abbreviation
methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating
approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or
integrated in text editors, based on word lists, also include a
shorthand function for frequently-used phrases. Many
journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at
press conferences or other similar scenarios.
Shorthand was used more widely in the past, before the
invention of recording and dictation machines. Shorthand
was considered an essential part of secretarial training as
well as being useful for journalists. Although the primary
use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or
discourse, some systems are used for compact expression.
For example, health-care professionals may use shorthand
notes in medical charts and correspondence. Shorthand
notes are typically temporary, intended either for immediate
use or for later transcription to longhand, although longer
term uses do exist, diaries (like that of the famous Samuel
Pepys) being a common example.
[1]
1 History
1.1 Classical Antiquity
1.2 Imperial China
1.3 Modern Europe
1.4 Modern Japan
1.5 Pitman shorthand
Shorthand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand
1 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Dutch stenography using the
"System Groote"
1.6 Gregg shorthand
2 Classification
2.1 Geometric and script-like systems
2.2 Systems resembling standard writing
2.3 Varieties of vowel representation
2.4 Machine shorthand systems
3 Common modern English shorthand systems
4 Notable shorthand systems
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Classical Antiquity
The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from Ancient Greece namely, the Parthenon in which
a stone from mid-4th century BC was found. The marble slab shows a writing system primarily based on
vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd
century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older. The oldest datable reference is a
contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the "semeiographer" Apollonios for two years to be
taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs. Over
time, many syllabic signs were developed.
In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro (1034 BC), a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, developed the
Tironian notes so he could write down Cicero's speeches. The Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem
abbreviations (notae) and of word ending abbreviations (titulae). The original Tironian notes consisted of about
4000 signs but new signs were introduced so that their number might increase to as many as 13,000. In order to
have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the
Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were still known
and taught, particularly during the Carolingian Renaissance. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly
forgotten.
When many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation,
long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered.
Imperial China
In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court
proceedings and criminal confessions. These records were used to create more formal transcripts. One
cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the accused's
signature, personal seal, or thumbprint, requiring fast writing. Versions of this technique survived in clerical
professions into the modern day, and influenced by Western shorthand methods, some new methods were
invented.
[2][3][4][5]
2 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Sun Guoting's Treatise on
Calligraphy, an example of
cursive writing of Chinese
characters.
Modern Europe
An interest in shorthand or "short-writing" developed towards the end of the
16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie; An
Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a
system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word. Bright's book
was followed by a number of others, including John Willis's Art of Stenography
in 1602, Edmond Willis's An abbreviation of writing by character in 1618, and
Thomas Shelton's Short Writing in 1626 (later re-issued as Tachygraphy).
Shelton's system became very popular and is well known because it was used by
Samuel Pepys for his diary and for many of his official papers, such as his letter
copy books. It was also used by Sir Isaac Newton in some of his notebooks.
[6]
Shelton borrowed heavily from his predecessors, especially Edmond Willis.
Each consonant was represented by an arbitrary but simple symbol, while the
five vowels were represented by the relative positions of the surrounding
consonants. Thus the symbol for B with symbol for T drawn directly above it
represented "bat", while B with T below it meant "but"; top-right represented
"e", middle-right "i", and lower-right "o". A vowel at the end of a word was
represented by a dot in the appropriate position, while there were additional
symbols for initial vowels. This basic system was supplemented by further
symbols representing common prefixes and suffixes.
One drawback of Shelton's system was that there was no way to distinguish long and short vowels or
diphthongs; so the b-a-t sequence could mean "bat", or "bait", or "bate", while b-o-t might mean "boot", or
"bought", or "boat". The reader needed to use the context to work out which alternative was meant. The main
advantage of the system was that it was easy to learn and to use. It was popular, and under the two titles of Short
Writing and Tachygraphy, Shelton's book ran to more than 20 editions between 1626 and 1710.
Shelton's chief rivals were Theophilus Metcalfe's Stenography or Short Writing (1633) which was in its "55th
edition" by 1721, and Jeremiah Rich's system of 1654, which was published under various titles including The
penns dexterity compleated (1669). Another notable English shorthand system creator of the 17th century was
William Mason (fl. 16721709) who published Arts Advancement in 1682.
Modern-looking geometric shorthand was introduced with John Byrom's New Universal Shorthand of 1720.
Samuel Taylor published a similar system in 1786, the first English shorthand system to be used all over the
English-speaking world. Thomas Gurney published Brachygraphy in the mid-18th century. In 1834 in German,
Franz Xaver Gabelsberger published his Gabelsberger shorthand. Gabelsberger based his shorthand on the
shapes used in German cursive handwriting rather than on the geometrical shapes that were common in the
English stenographic tradition.
Despite being 175 years old Pitman's shorthand is still relevant today and used by thousands of journalists,
executive PAs and secretaries across the world. In Europe, particularly in Great Britain there are thousands of
educational institutions teaching Pitman's famous shorthand.
Modern Japan
Our Japanese pen shorthand began in 1882, transplanted from the American Pitman-Graham
system. Geometric theory has great influence in Japan. But Japanese motions of writing gave some
influence to our shorthand. We are proud to have reached the highest speed in capturing spoken
3 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Tombstone of Heinrich
Roller, inventor of a German
shorthand system, with a
sample of his shorthand
words with a pen. Major pen shorthand systems are Shuugiin, Sangiin,
Nakane and Waseda [a repeated vowel shown here means a vowel spoken
in double-length in Japanese, sometimes shown instead as a bar over the
vowel]. Including a machine-shorthand system, Sokutaipu, we have 5
major shorthand systems now. The Japan Shorthand Association now has
1,000 members.
Tsuguo Kaneko
[7]
There are several other pen shorthands in use (Ishimura, Iwamura, Kumassaki,
Kotani, and Nissokuken), leading to a total of nine pen shorthands in use. In
addition, there is the Yamane pen shorthand (of unknown importance) and three
machine shorthands systems (Speed Waapuro, Caver and Hayatokun or
sokutaipu.) The machine shorthands have gained some ascendancy over the pen
shorthands.
[8]
Japanese shorthand systems ('sokki' shorthand or 'sokkidou' stenography)
commonly use a syllabic approach, much like the common writing system for
Japanese (which has actually two syllabaries in everyday use). There are several
semi-cursive systems.
[9]
Most follow a left-to-right, top-to-bottom writing
direction.
[10]
Several systems incorporate a loop into many of the strokes, giving the appearance of Gregg,
Graham, or Cross's Eclectic shorthand without actually functioning like them.
[11]
(This is in fact similar to the
Graham and Lindsley adaptations of Pitman for English; examples of Gregg, Graham and Eclectic are above.)
The Kotani (aka Same-Vowel-Same-Direction or SVSD or V-type)
[12]
system's strokes frequently cross over
each other and in so doing form loops.
[13]
Gregg is English by origin and uses loops for several vowels between consonant strokes; Waseda (among
others) is syllabic, and though there always is a vowel included in every syllable, and often a loop in writing a
syllable, the vowel is not indicated in and of itself by any loop, and the operation of the systems is distinct.
There exists a Japanese version of Gregg shorthand that was created in the early 20th century but which is not
professionally used.
Japanese also has its own variously cursive form of writing kanji characters, the most extremely simplified of
which is known as Ssho.
The two Japanese syllabaries are themselves adapted from the Grass Script versions of the Chinese characters;
the hiragana being direct adaptations and the katakana being adapted from the hiragana (both katakana and
hiragana are in everyday use alongside the Chinese characters known as kanji; the kanji, being developed in
parallel to the Chinese characters, have their own idiosyncrasies, but Chinese and Japanese ideograms are
largely comprehensible, even if their use in the languages are not the same.)
Prior to the Meiji era, Japanese did not have its own shorthand (the kanji did have their own abbreviated forms
borrowed alongside them from China). Takusari Kooki was the first to give classes in a new Western-style
non-ideographic shorthand of his own design, emphasis being on the non-ideographic and new. This was the
first shorthand system adapted to writing phonetic Japanese, all other systems prior being based on the idea of
whole or partial semantic ideographic writing like that used in the Chinese characters, and the phonetic
approach being mostly peripheral to writing in general (even today, Japanese writing uses the syllabaries to
pronounce or spell out words, or to indicate grammatical words. Furigana are written alongside kanji, or
Chinese characters, to indicate their pronunciation especially in juvenile publications. Furigana are usually
4 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
written using the hiragana syllabary; foreign words may not have a kanji form and are spelled out using
katakana.)
[14]
The new sokki were used to transliterate popular vernacular story-telling theater (yose) of the day. This led to a
thriving industry of sokkibon (shorthand books). The ready availability of the stories in book form, and higher
rates of literacy (which the very industry of sokkibon may have helped create, due to these being oral classics
that were already known to most people) may also have helped kill the yose theater, as people no longer needed
to see the stories performed in person to enjoy them. Sokkibon also allowed a whole host of what had
previously been mostly oral rhetorical and narrative techniques into writing, such as imitation of dialect in
conversations (which can be found back in older gensaku literature; but gensaku literature used conventional
written language in-between conversations, however.)
[15]
Pitman shorthand
Taylor's system was superseded by Pitman Shorthand, first introduced in 1837 by Sir Isaac Pitman, and
improved many times since. Pitman's system has been used all over the English-speaking world and has been
adapted to many other languages, including Latin. Pitman's system uses a phonemic orthography. For this
reason, it is sometimes known as phonography, meaning 'sound writing' in Greek. One of the reasons this
system allows fast transcription is that vowel sounds are optional when only consonants are needed to determine
a word. The availability of a full range of vowel symbols, however, makes complete accuracy possible. Isaac's
brother Benn Pitman, who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, was responsible for introducing the method to America.
The record for fast writing with Pitman shorthand is 350 wpm during a two-minute test by Nathan Behrin in
1922.
[16]
Gregg shorthand
Pitman shorthand is still in widespread use, but in the U.S. and some other parts of the world it has been largely
superseded by Gregg shorthand, which was first published in 1888 by John Robert Gregg. This system was
influenced by the handwriting shapes that Gabelsberger had introduced. Gregg's shorthand, like Pitman's, is
phonetic, but has the simplicity of being "light-line." Pitman's system uses thick and thin strokes to distinguish
related sounds, while Gregg's uses only thin strokes and makes some of the same distinctions by the length of
the stroke.
In fact, Gregg claimed joint authorship in another shorthand system published in pamphlet form by one Thomas
Stratford Malone; Malone, however, claimed sole authorship and a legal battle ensued.
[17]
The two systems use
very similar, if not identical, symbols; however, these symbols are used to represent different sounds. For
instance, on page 10 of the manual is the word d i m 'dim'; however, in the Gregg system the spelling would
actually mean n u k or 'nook'.
[18]
Geometric and script-like systems
Shorthands that use simplified letterforms are sometimes termed stenographic shorthands, contrasting with
alphabetic shorthands, below. Stenographic shorthands can be further differentiated by the target letter forms as
geometric, script, and semi-script or elliptical.
5 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Geometric shorthands are based on circles, parts of circles, and straight lines placed strictly horizontally,
vertically or diagonally. The first modern shorthand systems were geometric. Examples include Pitman
Shorthand, Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand, Samuel Taylor's Universal Stenography, the French Prvost-Delaunay,
and the Duploy system, adapted to write the Kamloops Wawa (used for Chinook Jargon) writing system.
[19]
Script shorthands are based on the motions of ordinary handwriting. The first system of this type was published
under the title Cadmus Britanicus by Simon Bordley, in 1787. However, the first practical system was the
German Gabelsberger shorthand of 1834. This class of system is now common in all more recent German
shorthand systems, as well as in Austria, Italy, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Russia, other Eastern European
countries, and elsewhere.
Script-Geometric, or semi-script shorthands are based on the ellipse. Semi-script can be considered a
compromise between the geometric systems and the script systems. The first such system was that of George
Carl Mres in 1885. However, the most successful system of this type was the one introduced by John Robert
Gregg in 1888, who had studied not only the geometric English systems, but also the German Stolze
stenography, a script shorthand. The semi-script philosophy gained popularity in Italy in the first half of the
20th century with three different systems created by Cima, Meschini, and Mosciaro. Other examples include
Teeline Shorthand and Thomas Natural Shorthand.
Systems resembling standard writing
Some shorthand systems attempted to ease learning by using characters from the Latin alphabet. Such
non-stenographic systems have often been described as alphabetic, and purists might claim that such systems
are not 'true' shorthand. However, these alphabetic systems do have value for students who cannot dedicate the
years necessary to master a stenographic shorthand. Alphabetic shorthands cannot be written at the speeds
theoretically possible with symbol systems200 words per minute or morebut require only a fraction of the
time to acquire a useful speed of between 60 and 100 words per minute.
Non-stenographic systems often supplement alphabetic characters by using punctuation marks as additional
characters, giving special significance to capitalised letters, and sometimes using additional non-alphabetic
symbols. Examples of such systems include Stenoscript, Stenospeed, Speedwriting, Forkner shorthand,
Quickhand and Alpha Hand. However, there are some pure alphabetic systems, including Personal Shorthand,
SuperWrite, Easy Script Speed Writing, Agiliwriting and Keyscript Shorthand which limit their symbols to a
priori alphabetic characters. These have the added advantage that they can also be typedfor instance, onto a
computer, PDA, or cellphone. Early editions of Speedwriting were also adapted so that they could be written on
a typewriter, and therefore would possess the same advantage.
Varieties of vowel representation
Shorthand systems can also be classified according to the way that vowels are represented.
Alphabetic Expression by "normal" vowel signs that are not fundamentally different from consonant
signs (e.g., Gregg, Duployan).
Mixed Alphabetic Expression of vowels and consonants by different kinds of strokes (e.g., Arends'
system for German or Melin's Swedish Shorthand where vowels are expressed by upward or sideway
strokes and consonants and consonant clusters by downward strokes).
Abjad No expression of the individual vowels at all except for indications of an initial or final vowel
6 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
(e.g., Taylor).
Marked Abjad Expression of vowels by the use of detached signs (such as dots, ticks, and other marks)
written around the consonant signs.
Positional Abjad Expression of an initial vowel by the height of the word in relation to the line, no
necessary expression of subsequent vowels (e.g., Pitman, which can optionally express other vowels by
detached diacritics).
Abugida Expression of a vowel by the shape of a stroke, with the consonant indicated by orientation
(e.g., Boyd).
Mixed Abugida = Expression of the vowels by the width of the joining stroke that leads to the following
consonant sign, the height of the following consonant sign in relation to the preceding one, and the line
pressure of the following consonant sign (e.g., most German shorthand systems).
Machine shorthand systems
Traditional shorthand systems are written on paper with a stenographic pencil or a stenographic pen. Some
consider that strictly speaking only handwritten systems can be called shorthand.
Machine shorthand is also a common term for writing produced by a stenotype, a specialized keyboard. These
are often used for court room transcripts and in live subtitling. However, there are other shorthand machines
used worldwide, including: Velotype; Palantype in the UK; Grandjean Stenotype, used extensively in France
and French-speaking countries; Michela Stenotype, used extensively in Italy; and Stenokey, used in Bulgaria
and elsewhere. See also Speech-to-Text Reporter a person using a form of realtime shorthand originally
designed to assist deaf people.
One of the most widely used forms of shorthand is still the Pitman shorthand method described above, which
has been adapted for 15 languages. Although Pitman's method was extremely popular at first and is still
commonly used, especially in the UK, its popularity has been superseded especially in the U.S. by the method
developed by J.R. Gregg in 1888.
In the UK, Teeline Shorthand is now more commonly taught and used than Pitman, being a spelling based
system as opposed to one based on phonetics. Teeline is also the most common method of shorthand taught to
New Zealand journalists, who typically require 80 words per minute to obtain certification. Teeline is the
recommended system of the National Council for the Training of Journalists. Other less commonly used
systems in the UK are Pitman 2000, PitmanScript, Speedwriting and Gregg.
Current Shorthand (Henry Sweet)
[20]
Duployan Shorthand (mile Duploy)
[21]
Eclectic Shorthand (J.G. Cross)
[22]
Gabelsberger shorthand (Franz Xaver Gabelsberger)
[23]
7 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift
[24]
(German Unified Shorthand), which is based on the ideas of systems by
Gabelsberger, Stolze, Faulmann and other German system inventors
Gregg Shorthand (John Robert Gregg)
[25]
Munson Shorthand (James Eugene Munson)
[26]
Personal Shorthand, originally called Briefhand
[27]
Pitman Shorthand (Isaac Pitman)
[28]
Speedwriting (Emma Dearborn)
[29]
Teeline Shorthand (James Hill)
[30]
Tironian notes (Marcus Tullius Tiro), 63 BC
[31]
Abbreviation
Autocomplete
Breviograph
Captioned telephone
Closed captioning
Court reporter
Internet slang
Interpreting notes
Modi script
Quikscript
Shavian alphabet
Stenomask
Transcript (law)
^ Pepys, Samuel; Latham, Robert; Matthews,
William (1970), The diary of Samuel Pepys: a new
and complete transcription (http://books.google.com
/books?id=JS9bAAAAMAAJ), Bell & Hyman,
ISBN 978-0-7135-1551-0, Volume I, pp. xlviiliv (for
Thomas Shelton's shorthand system and Pepys' use of
it)
1. ^ ()
(http://blog.163.com/su_yi168/blog/static
/25354182200762410439112
/?hasChannelAdminPriv=true)
2.
8 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
^ (http://www.59146.com
/sujichangshi/2006/6
/2006060511315637175.html)Archive copy
(https://web.archive.org/web/*/http:
//www.59146.com/sujichangshi/2006/6
/2006060511315637175.html) at the Wayback
Machine
3.
^ 110() (http://suji.net.cn
/news/jctj/jctj/2006810183842.htm)
4.
^ (http://blog.sina.com.cn/suji123) 5.
^ Richard S. Westfall (1963), "Short-Writing and the
State of Newton's Conscience, 1662"
(http://books.google.co.uk
/books?id=SGQSAAAAIAAJ), Notes and records of
the Royal Society, Volume 18, Issue 1, Royal Society,
pp. 1016
6.
^ "Books" (http://pitmanshorthand.homestead.com
/PitmanBooks.html), Pitman Shorthand, Homestead.
7.
^ Kaneko (http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&
q=cache:0wFQgRG8D28J:www.intersteno.it
/materiale/Beijing2009/Conferences
/KanekoEduRepo.ppt+waseda+shorthand&hl=en&
gl=us&pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESi5g9mOKLjmpBYwrJBdnChhPYsyJ
GETPYORFlmLF8RG1vhQ-
8SenUgCjn1Xn0iOabQ4iyN1gfT-
nDQJ75sUJdzfL9kT1v-
hF4aucYPwRBEYhStfh7XW_UAZNRIrkbj4dcBwm
h9N&sig=AHIEtbQg7JA8L_WavE91bbxQO-
ql4RTWlg) (PPT), IT: Intersteno.
8.
^ Housiki (http://sokki.okoshi-yasu.net
/sb-housiki.html), Okoshi Yasu.
9.
^ sokki.okoshi-yasu.net (http://sokki.okoshi-yasu.net
/sb-bunrei.html)
10.
^ Sokkidou (http://www12.ocn.ne.jp/~sokkidou/t12/),
JP: OCN.
11.
^ Sokkidou (http://www12.ocn.ne.jp/~sokkidou
/t12/60c.html), OCN, p. 60.
12.
^ Steno (http://homepage3.nifty.com/Steno/001g/2
/20.html), Nifty.
13.
^ Miller, J. Scott (1994), Japanese Shorthand and
Sokkibon (http://www.jstor.org/pss/2385259), Sophia
University, Volume 49, No. 4, pp. 473 (for the origins
of modern Japanese shorthand)
14.
^ Miller, J. Scott (1994), Japanese Shorthand and
Sokkibon (http://www.jstor.org/pss/2385259), Sophia
University, Volume 49, No. 4, pp. 471487 (for the
origins of modern Japanese writing and shorthand)
15.
^ "NEW WORLD'S RECORD FOR SHORTHAND
SPEED" (http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-
free/pdf?res=F20610FF3C5411738DDDA90B94DA4
15B828EF1D3).
16.
^ legacy.www.nypl.org (http://legacy.www.nypl.org
/research/chss/spe/rbk/faids/greggj.pdf)
17.
^ archive.org (http://www.archive.org/stream
/scriptphonograph00maloiala#page/10/mode/2up)
18.
^ std.dkuug.dk (http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2
/WG2/docs/n3895.pdf)
19.
^ Sweet, Henry (1892), A manual of current
shorthand orthographic and phonetic by Henry Sweet
(in Book), Clarendon, OCLC 250138117
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/250138117)
20.
^ Perrault, Denis R; Duploye, Emile; Gueguen, Jean
Pierre; Pilling, James Constantine, La stnographie
Duploy adapte aux langues des sauvages de la Baie
d'Hudson, des Postes Moose Factory, de New Post,
d'Albany, de Waswanipi & de Mkiskan, Amrique du
Nord / [between 1889 and 1895] (in French),
OCLC 35787900 (https://www.worldcat.org
/oclc/35787900)
21.
^ Cross, J G (1879), Cross's eclectic short-hand: a
new system, adapted both to general use and to
verbatim reporting, Chicago, S.C. Griggs and Co.
[1878], OCLC 2510784 (https://www.worldcat.org
/oclc/2510784)
22.
^ Geiger, Alfred (1860), Stenography, or, Universal
European shorthand (on Gabelsberger's principles) :
as already introduced in Germany, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, Russia, Greece, Italy &c, Dresden,
/oclc/41010411)
23.
9 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Look up shorthand in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Shorthand.
^ Czerny, Karl (1925), Umlernbuch auf die deutsche
Einheitskurzschrift : Fr Gabelsbergersche
Stenographen (in German), Eigenverl,
/oclc/72106122)
24.
^ Gregg, John Robert; Power, Pearl A (1901), Gregg
shorthand dictionary, Gregg Pub. Co,
/oclc/23108068)
25.
^ Munson, James Eugene (1880), Munson's system of
phonography. The phrase-book of practical
phonography, containing a list of useful phrases,
printed in phonographic outlines; a complete and
thorough treatise on the art of phraseography ... etc,
New York, J.E. Munson, OCLC 51625624
26.
^ Salser, Carl Walter; Yerian, C Theo (1968),
Personal shorthand, National Book Co,
/oclc/11720787)
27.
^ Isaac Pitman (1937), Pitman shorthand, Toronto,
/oclc/35119343)
28.
^ Dearborn, Emma B (1927), Speedwriting, the
natural shorthand, Brief English systems, inc.,
/oclc/4791648)
29.
^ Hill, James (1968), Teeline: a method of fast
writing, London, Heinemann Educational,
/oclc/112342)
30.
^ Mitzschke, Paul Gottfried; Lipsius, Justus; Heffley,
Norman P (1882), Biography of the father of
stenography, Marcus Tullius Tiro. Together with the
Latin letter, "De notis," concerning the origin of
shorthand, Brooklyn, N.Y, OCLC 11943552
31.
Books on Shorthand from the Arnold Semeiology Collection
(http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/rarebooks/semeiology
/shorthand.html)
The Louis A. Leslie Collection of Historical Shorthand Materials
at Rider University (http://www.rider.edu/academics/libraries
/moore-library/moore-library-special-collections-and-university-
archives-0) materials for download
The Shorthand Place (http://www.t-script.co.uk/) includes chronological list of shorthand systems
The Joy of Pitman Shorthand (http://pitmanshorthand.homestead.com/) includes references to other
shorthand systems
Handywrite (http://www.alysion.org/handy/handywrite.htm) (Eric Lee)
Keyscript Shorthand (http://www.freewebs.com/cassyjanek) - alphabetical shorthand based on Pitman
Tersive Shorthand (https://sites.google.com/site/tersiveshorthand/) shorthand for lined paper (Troy
Heninger)
Groote (http://waij.com/shorthand/index.html) - full description of the Dutch shorthand system Groote
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shorthand&oldid=613045445"
10 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM
Categories: Western calligraphy Shorthand systems Stenographers Transcription (linguistics)
This page was last modified on 15 June 2014 at 19:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
11 of 11 7/26/2014 11:54 PM

Shorthand - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Shorthand - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

The Lord's Prayer in Gregg and a variety of

Anda mungkin juga menyukai