RT - 060 - 01 Guide For CFRP Systemsx

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATION
Guide for the Design of Externally Bonded

FRP Systems for Strengthening
TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT
R-IT-06/04

RT-060-01

DRIZORO S.A.U. C/Primavera, 50-52. 28850 Torrejn de Ardoz-Madrid (SPAIN)
Tel./Phone: +34 916766676 Fax: +34 916776175
e-mail: info@drizoro.com Web site: www.drizoro.com

n 6003176 / 6003176-MA

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INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION .
1
1.1. BACKGROUND... 1
1.2. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ..... 3

2. MATERIALS FOR FRP STRENGTHENING
4
2.1. WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS ... 6

2.1.1. DRIZORO

WRAP System

2.1.2. DRIZORO
CARBOMESH System
2.1.3. DRIZORO
WRAP QUADRIAXIAL System

2.2. PRECURED SYSTEMS.................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. DRIZORO
COMPOSITE System
2.2.2. DRIZORO
CARBOROD System

2.3. PRIMER ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1. MAXPRIMER
C

2.4. LEVELLING PUTTY.. 10
2.4.1. MAXEPOX
CP

2.5. RESINS FOR WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS 11
2.5.1. MAXEPOX
CS
2.5.2. CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX

2.6. ADHESIVES FOR PREFORMED SYSTEMS.......... 13
2.6.1. MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX

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3. BASIS OF DESIGN
14

3.1. BASIC REQUIREMENTS... 14

3.2. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS ...... 15

3.3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR STRENGTHENING DESIGN... 15
3.3.1. Limit states
3.3.2. Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
3.3.3. Serviciability Limit State (SLS)
3.3.4. Durability limit state

3.4. ACTIONS.. 18
3.4.1. Partial factors and design loads
3.4.2. Combination of actions

3.5. MATERIALS . 19
3.5.1. Concrete and steel. Design strength and partial safety coefficients
3.5.2. Partial coefficient for FRP materials

3.6. STRENGTHENING LIMITS IN CASE OF FIRE ..... 21

4. FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING .
23

4.1. INITIAL SITUATION.... 23

4.2. ANALYSIS AT FLEXURAL ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (ULS) 24
4.2.1. Strain regions

4.3. FLEXURAL CAPACITY FOR SECTIONS WITH REINFORCED WITH FRP.................

27
4.3.1. Failure by peeling-off of composite material
4.3.1.1. Mode 1 & 2. Peeling-off at the end anchorage and at flexural cracks
4.3.1.2. Mode 3. Debonding by diagonal shear cracks
4.3.1.3. Mode 4. Debonding by irregularities and roughness of the concrete surface
4.3.2. Design of flexural anchorage length

4.4. ANALYSIS AT SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS ... 34
4.4.1. Service stress limitation
4.4.2. Service train limits (Defection control)
4.4.3. Cracking limit state (Crack control)

4.5. DUCTILITY. .. 38

5. SHEAR STRENGTHENING.......
39

5.1. SHEAR CAPACITY FOR SECTIONS REINFORCED WITH FRP..

40
5.1.1. Caculus of V
u1

5.1.2. Calculus of V
u2

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6. CONFINEMENT STRENGTHENING .....
42

6.1. AXIAL CAPACITY FOR FRP-CONFINED ELEMENTS SUBJECT TO
COMPRESSIVE FORCES.

42
6.1.1. Confinement lateral pressure

6.1.1.1. Circular section: Coefficients k
H
, k
V
,
R

6.1.1.2. Rectangular section: Coefficients k
H
, k
V
,
R

6.1.1.3. Coefficient by continuous wrapping: k

6.1.1.4. Design strain for FRP:
Rd,conf

6.2. DUCTILITY OF FRP-CONFINED ELEMENTS UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND
AXIAL LOAD .

48

7. INSTALLATION, MONITORING AND CONTROL FOR THE APPLICATION......... 49

7.1. PREPARATION OF SUBSTRATE .. 49

7.2. WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS: SHEETS. 50
7.2.1. Primer application
7.2.2. Putty application
7.2.3. Cutting of carbon fibre sheets
7.2.4. Under/overcoat resin application, and carbon fibre sheet applications
7.2.5. Top-coating application

7.3. WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS: FABRICS..... 54
7.3.1. Cutting of the carbon fibre fabrics
7.3.2. Cement-based application and carbon fibre fabric application

7.4. PRE-CURED SYSTEMS: LAMINATES ....................................................................... 56
7.4.2. Cutting of pre-cured laminates
7.4.3. Epoxy structural adhesive application and pre-cured laminate pieces application

7.5. CUT-IN SYSTEMS: COMPOSITE BARS...........

58
7.5.1. Cutting of carbon fibre pre-cured bars
7.5.2. Epoxy structural adhesive application and pre-cured bars application

7.6. QUALITY CONTROL DURING INSTALLATION.................. 59
7.6.1. Semi-destructive tests

7.6.1.1. Pull-off tests

7.6.1.2. Shear tearing test

7.6.2. Non destructive tests

8. DESIGN EXAMPLE.......... 49

8.1. FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF A RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM ....

49

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1. INTRODUCTION

DRIZORO S.A.U., founded in 1977, is, today, a leading independent Spanish company, within
the Industry of Construction Chemicals in the world.

Its international character makes it present in all five continents and in over forty countries
where quality, price and service is crucial to maintain these markets, among which are some of the
most developed of the world as America, Sweden, United Kingdom, China or Australia, which in 1988
earned her the "Export Award of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Madrid."

For over thirty years, DRIZORO S.A.U. has developed its industrial activity based on research,
development, manufacture and marketing of building products that has allowed the standard in the
sector in areas as significant as the waterproofing and restoration and rehabilitation of concrete
structures.

Its strong commitment to quality, safety and the environment led to the introduction in 1997 of a
system of quality management based on the criteria of the UNE-EN-ISO 9002 standard, thus
beginning a process of continuous improvement which has led to the implementation of Integrated
Management System, supported by the award of the Certificate of Quality based on guidelines
established in the UNE-EN-ISO 9001 and Environmental Management Certificate according to UNE-
EN-ISO 14001, commitment to maintain in the future to ensure quality standards and services in
accordance with the requirements of the market and society.

On the other hand, as a core value is personal attention, technical advice and training of
applicators and customers, allowing us to reach the maximum quality and guarantee the
implementation of our systems to the final customer.

The continuing commitment to research and development of new products and systems, we can
offer solutions to market high quality and latest technology, backed by a proven and tested
experience under adverse conditions throughout the entire world geography.

In this spirit of technological innovation, technical support and customer service, it has been
created this "Guide for the Design of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening", in order to
provide the best tool for understanding and sizing structural strengthening based on the application
carbon fibre composite.

1.1. BACKGROUND

The strengthening through the use of carbon fibres is carried implementing with great success
for over 25 years. At first, the high costs of manufacturing and marketing led to its application was
directed primarily to markets where the use of high technology, was part of the value added product.

Carbon fibre has been used with great success in making materials of very high mechanical
stresses and maximum lightness.

Since its implementation in the aerospace industry, to the automotive industry, through its
implementation in the manufacture of sporting goods and consumer products, carbon fibre has always
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been very successful, which have led to significant improvements and increases in production and a
large drop in manufacturing costs.

All these factors combined with the large number and diversity of projects and research
conducted worldwide in search of new building materials capable of bearing the greatest challenges
that each day requires actual engineering, has made the carbon fibre becomes a real and competitive
alternative in the strengthening and design of structures.

On the other hand, the high costs of labour and the need for actions on structures in use and
rehabilitation makes it advisable to use this type of strengthening.

With the implementation of strengthening by applying carbon fibre sheets, you get to save a
portion of the costs of labour and aids in addition to allowing implementation of strengthening in
structures in use, quickly and easily.

The high strength carbon fibre, combined with its lightness and ease of installation, make it an
alternative to traditional metal systems strengthening structures, with the added advantage of
eliminating the problem of corrosion.

Likewise, the use of minimum material thickness for strengthening allows not alter the
dimensions of the structural elements, preserving and maintaining the standards of design and
functionality of the original structure.

The strengthening system based on the use of carbon fibre sheet structure, was developed
after years of research in Japan in 1984. After considering all possible forms, including sheets, woven
and moulded shapes, structural engineers concluded that the carbon fibre in its simplest form, a sheet
of unidirectional carbon fibre, provided the best and most reinforced flexible as possible.

The system of carbon fibre strengthening, namely DRIZORO WRAP, was the first in the world
to be used for strengthening of structures under construction. Since then it has been commonly used
in Asia, Europe, USA and Canada among others. The system has been applied to increase the
flexural capacity of beams, slabs and columns, shear in beams, columns and walls, pillars
compression, and to improve the ductility of columns.

DRIZORO WRAP products and application process becomes a cost-effective alternative to
conventional systems repair and strengthening of existing concrete structures.

The use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer reinforcing structures is relatively new. Some rules
for the calculation of structures have been built with external strengthening calculation of carbon fibre
order to standardize the design of such strengthening.

1.2. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This Guide is based on extensive research on existing technical literature, test results externally
bonded FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer) system. And a review of the design recommendations
developed by the International Federation for Structural Concrete (FIB), the American Concrete
Institute (ACI) and the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) and embodied in the following
documents:
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FIB, Technical Report, bulletin 14: Externally bonded FRP strengthening for RC structures,
July 2001.

ACI 440.2R-02 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems
for Strengthening Concrete Structures. 11 de Julio de 2002

CNR-DT 200/2004: Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP
Systems for Strengthening Existing Structures. Italian Design Guidelines. Roma 13 de Julio
de 2004.

This Guide aims to provide an overview of the strengthening of concrete structures by using
carbon fibre, by explaining the basic equations for calculating the most common cases of flexural,
shear and axial strengthening.

DRIZORO, S.A.U.

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2. MATERIALS FOR FRP STRENGTHENING

This chapter describes the physical and mechanical properties of composite materials
composed of carbon fibre, and those features that affect its use in reinforcing concrete structures. It
also shows the effects of factors such as use and time, temperature and humidity on the properties of
the composites.

Strengthening systems based on composite materials are marketed in a variety of forms
(unidirectional, bidirectional, quad-directional fibre sheets, preformed laminates and bars, etc.).
Factors such as fibre volume, fibre type, resin type, fibre orientation, three-dimensional effects, and
quality control during production, play an important role in the characteristics of a composite material.
Strengthening systems with composite materials can be classified according to how markets and their
method of installation. The backup system should be selected based on the successful transfer of
structural loads and the ease and simplicity of implementation. Application systems of composite
materials more common, form of execution, are:

Wet lay-up Systems.

Pre-impregnated Systems (Prepeg Systems)

Preformed Systems (Precure Systems)

The Wet lay-up systems consist on wet dry tissue sheets of carbon fibre unidirectional or multi-
directional which are impregnated with a resin at job site. Resin saturation, together with the primer, a
compatible levelling putty, if requiered, are used to bond sheets of carbon fibre fabric to the concrete
surface. Thus, wet lay-up installation systems are saturated formed and cured in place wherein they
are applied and, in this sense, they are analogous to a concrete poured on site. The three most
common wet lay-up installation systems are:

Dry tissue sheets of unidirectional carbon fibre, where resistant fibres are arranged in the
same predominantly.

Dry tissue sheets multidirectional carbon fibre, which has become resistant fibres oriented in
at least two plane directions.

Dry tissue dry carbon fibre on spools that wind mechanically to the concrete surface. The
dry fabric is impregnated with resin in the same place during the winding operation.

The Prepeg Systems consist of pre-impregnated unidirectional fibre sheets or multidirectional
fibre sheets with a saturating resin in the manufacturer's facilities. Pre-impregnated systems adhere to
the concrete surface with or without application of additional resin, depending on the specific system
requirements. Pre-impregnated systems are saturated at the factory but the curing is carried out on
site, such as wet lay-up systems installation, usually by additional heating for curing. The three most
common types of pre-impregnated are:

Pre-impregnated sheets of unidirectional carbon fibre, where resistant fibres are arranged in
the same predominantly.

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Pre-impregnated sheets of multi-directional carbon fibre, where resistant fibres are arranged
in at least two oriented plane directions.
Pre-impregnated carbon fibre fabric on reels that are wound mechanically to the concrete
surface. Thus dry fabric is impregnated with resin in the same place during the winding
operation.

Finally, Preformed Systems consist of a wide variety of pieces with different shapes made on
the manufacturer facilities. In general, an adhesive is used, along with a primer and a compatible
levelling putty, if requiered, to adhere the preformed elements of concrete surface. Preformed
systems are analogous to precast concrete. The three most common preformed systems are:

Plate laminates of unidirectional fibres, supplied, usually rolled into thin strips.

Perform bars of unidirectional fibres supplied individually or in rolls or multi-way mesh.

Special shapes Shirts, L, and others forms supplied as a preformed longitudinal segments
that can be opened and placed around columns or other concrete elements

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2.1. WET LAY-UP SYSTEM

2.1.1. DRIZORO
WRAP

DRIZORO WRAP is a system for repair and strengthening of concrete structures based on
flexible sheets of unidirectional high strength, high modulus of elasticity carbon fibres, and three
products based on epoxy resins specially designed to adhere to the above fibres to the concrete
substrate. Thus, the system is to generate "in situ" laminar system perfectly fitted to the geometric
characteristics and mechanical characteristics of the element to be reinforced. Its large capacity and
light resistance, as well as its versatility and ease of application provide the ideal characteristics to
repair damaged structures and/or strengthen existing structures or changes of use or project
execution errors. It is available in three different types of carbon fibre sheets to fit the requirements of
each case: DRIZORO
WRAP 200, DRIZORO
WRAP 300 and DRIZORO
WRAP HM.

Table 2.1.- Technical Data for DRIZORO
WRAP SHEET

Name
CARBON FIBRE SHEET
DRIZORO

WRAP 200
DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO
WRAP
HM
Appearance Sheet composed of black unidirectional carbon fibres
Thickness (mm) 0,111 0,167 0,163
Weight (g/m
2
) 200 300 300
Tensile modulus (N/mm
2
) 230.000 440.000
Tensile strength at break (N/mm
2
) 4.500 4.400 3.360
Elongation at break (%) 1,9 0,76
Guaranteed tensile strength (N/mm
2
) 3.400 2.400
Guaranteed rupture strain (%) 1,5 0,55

2.1.2. DRIZORO
CARBOMESH System

DRIZORO
CARBOMESH is a carbon fibre fabric of high tensile strength and elastic modulus,
arranged in two orthogonal directions (0 / 90), designed for repair and strengthening of reinforce
concrete, masonry, brick, wood and steel. It is bonded to the substrate to be strengthened with the
CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX cement-based mortar of low modulus or by using the MAXEPOX
CS
high performance epoxy-based adhesive, forming a laminar composite "in situ" system perfectly
adhered, and adapted to the substrate geometry and mechanical characteristics of the element to be
strengthened. It is available in two weights to fit the requirements of each case: DRIZORO

CARBOMESH 160 y 210.

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CARBOMESH

Name CARBOMESH 160 CARBOMESH 210
Appearance and colour Fabric composed of black bi-directional carbon fibres
Equivalent thickness for fabric 0/90 (mm) 0,04/0,04 0,06/0,06
Weight (g/m
2
) 160 5% 210 5%
2
) 230.000
2
) 4.900
Elongation at break (%) 2,1
2
) 3.400
Guaranteed rupture strain (%) 1,5

2.1.3. DRIZORO
WRAP QUADRIAXIAL System

DRIZORO
WRAP QUADRIAXIAL is a carbon fibre fabric of high tensile strength and elastic
modulus, arranged in four orthogonal directions (0/45/90/135), designed for repair and
strengthening of reinforce concrete, masonry, brick, wood and steel. It is bonded to the substrate to
be strengthened by using a high performance epoxy-based adhesive, forming a laminar composite "in
situ" system perfectly adhered, and adapted to the substrate geometry and mechanical characteristics
of the element to be strengthened.

WRAP QUADRIAXIAL

Name WRAP QUADRIAXIAL 380
Appearance and colour Fabric of black four-directional carbon fibre
Equivalent thickness for fabric 0/45/90/135
(mm)
0,053/0,053/0,053/0,053
Weight (g/m
2
) 380 5%
Tensile Modulus (N/mm
2
) 229.000
2
) 5.100
Guaranteed Tensile Strength (N/mm
2
) 3.400

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2.2. PRECURED SYSTEMS

2.2.1. DRIZORO
COMPOSITE System

DRIZORO
COMPOSITE is a pre-formed laminate composed of unidirectional carbon fibres,

embedded in a epoxy resin matrix and conformed by pultrusion process. Its high tensile strength,
lightness and easy to use, provides and efficient system for strengthening of reinforce concrete,
masonry, brick, wood and steel subject to tensile stress due to flexural loads. It is bonded to the
substrate to be strengthened with the MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX structural epoxy-based adhesive.

COMPOSITE

Name COMPOSITE 1405 COMPOSITE 1410
Appearance and colour Laminate of black unidirectional carbon fibre
Width (mm) 50 100
Thickness (mm) 1,4
Content of carbon fibre 68%
2
) 165.000
2
) 2.200
2
) 2.000

2.2.2. DRIZORO
CARBOROD System

DRIZORO
CARBOROD is a circular rod composed of unidirectional on carbon fibres

embedded in a epoxy resin matrix and conformed by pultrusion process. Its high tensile strength,
lightness and easy to use, provides and efficient system for strengthening of reinforce concrete,
timber and masonry structures. It is bonded to the substrate to be strengthened with the MAXEPOX

CARBOFIX structural epoxy-based adhesive, or with the MAXFIX
E anchoring resin.

CARBOROD

Name
CARBOROD
308 310 312
Appearance Black rod with rough finish surface
Diameter (mm) 8 10 12
Cross-section area (mm
2
) 50 78 110
2
) 150.000
2
) 2.000
2
) 1.800
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2.3. PRIMER

2.3.1. MAXPRIMER
C

MAXPRIMER
C is a two-component, solvent-free colourless epoxy-based liquid formula,

specially designed for priming and consolidation of substrates prior to application of strengthening
system based on composite.

It is available in two different versions:

MAXPRIMER
C S. For applications with temperatures from 15 C to 35 C.

MAXPRIMER
C -W . For applications with temperatures from 5 C to 15C.

Table 2.6.- Technical Data for MAXPRIMER
C

Name MAXPRIMER
C -S MAXPRIMER
C -W
Optimum temperature range (C) 15 35 5 15
Appearance and colour
Main agent Pale yellow liquid
Hardener Brown liquid
A:B mixing ratio (by weight) 4:1
Specific gravity 25C
Main agent 1,15 0,01 1,13 0,01
Hardener 0,96 0,01 0,97 0,01
Pot life (minutes) 30 C 90 -
23 C 130 18
15 C > 180 40
5 C - 130
Tack-free time (hours) 30 C 8,0 -
23 C 11,0 3,0
15 C 17,0 7,0
5 C - 15,0
Adhesive strength to concrete (N/mm
2
) >2,5 (breaks concrete)

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2.4. LEVELLING PUTTY

2.4.1. MAXEPOX
CP

MAXEPOX
CP is a two-component, solvent-free, epoxy-based liquid formula, specially

designed for patching and levelling of voids, honeycombs, small cracks, and other unevenness of
substrates prior to application of strengthening system based on composite.


MAXEPOX
CP S. For applications with temperatures from 15 C to 35 C.

MAXEPOX
CP -W. For applications with temperatures from 5 C to 15C.

Table 2.7.- Technical Data for MAXEPOX
CP

Name MAXEPOX
CP -S MAXEPOX
CP -W
Main agent White putty
Hardener Black putty
Main agent 1,50 0,01 1,51 0,01
Hardener 1,85 0,01 1,73 0,01
23 C 60 40
15 C > 180 60
5 C - 150
23 C 5,5 3,5
15 C 10,0 5,5
5 C - 10,0
2
) >2,5 (breaks concrete)

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2.5. RESIN FOR WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS

2.5.1. MAXEPOX
CS

MAXEPOX
CS is a two-component, solvent-free epoxy-based liquid formula, specially

designed for bond and saturating the carbon fibres for wet lay-up systems such as DRIZORO

WRAP, DRIZORO
CARBOMESH and DRIZORO
WRAP QUADRIAXIAL.


MAXEPOX
CS S. For applications with temperatures from 15 C to 35 C.

MAXEPOX
CS -W. For applications with temperatures from 5 C to 15C.

CS

Name MAXEPOX
CS -S MAXEPOX
CS -W
Main agent Green and thixotropic liquid
Hardener Brown liquid
Main agent 1,12 0,01 1,14 0,01
Hardener 0,96 0,01 0,97 0,01
23 C 130 25
15 C > 180 60
5 C - 120
23 C 11,0 4,0
15 C 18,0 7,0
5 C - 18,0
Curing time (days) 30 C 5 -
23 C 7 5
15 C 14 7
5 C - 14
Tensile strength (N/mm
2
) > 29
Flexural strength (N/mm
2
) > 39
Tensile shear strength (N/mm
2
) > 9,8
2
) >2,5 (break concrete)

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2.5.2. CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX

CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX is a one-component, polymer-modified cement-based mortar with

very low tensile modulus, specially designed for bonding of composite systems: carbon fibres, glass
fibres or vegetable fibres.

Table 2.9.- Technical Dates for CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX

Appearance and colour Grey powder
Maximum size, (mm) < 0,5
Density for powder, (g/cm
3
) 1,35 0,1
Density for mixed and fresh mortar, (g/cm
3
) 1,85 0,1
Mixing water, (%, by weight) 19 1
Application and curing conditions
Minimum application temperature for substrate and ambient, (C) > 5
Open time for mixture at 20 C and 50 % R.H., (min) 20 30
Initial/Final setting time at 20 C y 50 % R.H., (h) 3 4 / 5 - 6
Curing time at 20 C and 50 % R.H., (d) 28
Cured product characteristics
Compressive strength at 28 days, EN 12190 (N/mm
2
) 20
Flexural strength at 28 days, EN 196-1 (N/mm
2
) 5,5
Tensile modulus at 28 days, EN 13412 (N/mm
2
) < 10.000
Adhesion to concrete at 28 days, EN 1542 (N/mm
2
) 1,5
Reaction to fire, EN 13501-1 (Class) A1

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2.6. ADHESIVES FOR PREFORMED SYSTEMS

2.6.1. MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX

MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX is a two-component, solvent-free, epoxy-based structural adhesive,

specially designed for bonding of the preformed composite laminates such as DRIZORO

COMPOSITE or the carbon fibre bars such as DRIZORO
CARBOROD.

CARBOFIX

Product characteristics MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX
Component A White putty
Component B Black putty
Solid content (%, by weight) 100
Appearance and colour for A+B Grey putty
Density for mixture A+B at 20 C (g/cm
3
) 1,74 0,1
Application and curing conditions
Temperature/Relative Humidity of application (C / %) > 10 / < 85
Open time (minutes) 30 C 15
20 C 40
10 C 55
Tack-free time at 20 C (hours) 5 - 8
Total cuing time at 20 C (days) 7
Cured product Characteristics
Compressive strength at 7 days and 20C (MPa) 80
Flexural strength at 7 days and 20C (MPa) 60
Tensile strength at 7 days and 20C (MPa) 30
Elongation at break point at 7 days and 20C (%) 0,39
Compressive modulus at 7 days and 20C (MPa) 4.450
Flexural modulus at 7 days and 20C (MPa) 7.750
Adhesion on concrete at 7 days and 20C (MPa) > 2
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion (PPM/K) 62 11
Water absorption (%) 0,08
Hardness Shore D 80

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3. BASIS OF DESIGN

The subject of this chapter regards FRP strengthening of existing reinforced and pre-stressed
structures, as well as, masonry structures for which building code requirements are not met. The
same principles also apply to existing structures made out of steel and timber, not included in this
document.

The following is assumed:

The choice and the design of the strengthening system are made by an appropriately
qualified and experienced engineer.

The installation phase is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skills and
experience.

Proper supervision and quality control is provided during installation.

Construction materials are used as specified in the following.

The FRP strengthening system shall be designed to have appropriate strength, and meet
serviceability and durability requirements. In case of fire, the strength of the selected FRP system
shall be adequate to the required period of time.

The FRP strengthening system shall be located in areas where tensile stresses are to be
carried out. FRP composites shall not be relied upon to carry compressive stresses.

3.1. BASIC REQUIREMENTS

Design of FRP strengthening system shall be performed in compliance with the following principles:

The risks to which the structure can be subjected shall be accurately identified, removed or
attenuated.

The strengthening configuration shall not be very sensitive to the above risks.

Strengthening systems shall survive the occurrence of acceptable localized damages.

Strengthening systems collapsing without warning shall be avoided.

The above defined basic requirements can be considered met if the following are satisfied:

Suitable materials are chosen.

Design is properly performed, with a careful choice of the construction details.

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Quality control procedures are defined for design and construction relevant to the particular
project.

If FRP strengthening concerns structures of historical and monumental interest, a critical
evaluation of the strengthening technique is required with respect to the standards for preservation
and restoration. The actual effectiveness of the strengthening technique shall be objectively proven,
and the adopted solution shall guarantee compatibility, durability, and reversibility.

3.2. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS

A strengthening application shall be designed such that deterioration over the design service life
of the strengthened structure does not impair its performance below the intended level. Environmental
conditions as well as the expected maintenance program need to be carefully addressed

Durability is of fundamental relevance and all the operators involved in the FRP-based
strengthening processes shall pursue such requirement.

To ensure durability to FRP strengthened members the following shall be taken into account:

Intended use of the strengthened structure.

Expected environmental conditions.

Composition, properties, and performance of existing and new materials.

Choice of the strengthening system, its configuration, and construction details.

Quality of workmanship and the level of control.

Particular protective measures (e.g., fire or impact).

Intended maintenance program during the life of the strengthened structure.

Special design problems (regarding environmental issues, loading, etc.) shall be identified at the
design stage to evaluate their relevance for a durability point of view, assign proper values of the
conversion factors and take the necessary provisions for protection of the adopted FRP system

3.3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE STRENGTHENING DESIGN

3.3.1. Limit states

Design with FRP composites shall be carried out both in terms of Serviceability Limit state
(SLS) and Ultimate Limit State (ULS), as defined by the current building code.

Limit states are defined as those situations for which, when exceeded, shall be considered that
the structure does not meet any of the functions for which it was designed.

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Limit States are classified as:

Ultimate Limit State

Serviceability Limit States

Durability Limit State

Verification that a structure does not exceed any of the above limit states defined in any of the
situations of the project, considering the design values of actions, of the characteristics of the material
and geometric data.

The procedure to verify a limit state, is to deduce, on the one hand, the effect of actions on the
structure or part of it and, secondly, the response of the structure to the limit situation under study.
Limit State will be ensured if verified, with a sufficient level of reliability that the structural response is
not less than the effect of the applied actions. To determine the effect of actions must be considered
the combined design actions and the geometric data and a structural analysis should be performed.

Verification of one limit state may be omitted provided that sufficient information is available to
prove that it is satisfied by another one.

3.3.2 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

The name of Ultimate Limit States includes those that cause structural failure, loss of balance,
collapse or breakage of the same or part of it. As Ultimate Limit State should be considered those due
to:

Failure by excessive plastic deformation, breakage or loss of stability of the structure or part
of it.

Loss of balance in the structure or part of it, considered as a rigid body

Failure to progressive deformation or cracking under repeated loading.

Structures and structural members strengthened with FRP shall be designed to have design
strength, Rd, at all sections at least equal to the required strength, Ed, calculated for the factored load
and forces in such combinations as stipulated in the current building code.

The following inequation shall be met:

Rd Sd (Eq. 3-1)

Where:

R
d
: Design value of the structural response.
S
d
: Design value of action effects.

For the evaluation of Equilibrium Limit State should be satisfied the condition:
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E
d,stab
E
d,destab
(Eq. 3-2)

Where:

E
d,stab
: Design value of the effects of stabilizing actions.
E
d,destab
: Design value of the effects of destabilizing actions.

Fatigue Limit State is related to the damage that a structure may suffer as a result of repeated
variables solicitations.

When verifying the Fatigue Limit State shall satisfy the condition:

R
F
S
F
(Eq. 3-3)

where:

R
F
: Design value of the fatigue resistance
S
F
: Design value of the effects of fatigue actions

3.3.2. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

The name of Serviceability Limit States includes all those states in which the requirements of
functionality comfort or appearance required are not satisfied.

When verifying the serviceability limit states shall satisfy the condition:

C
d
E
d
(Eq. 3-4)

where:

C
d
: Permissible limit value for the limit state to be verified (strain, vibration, crack width, etc.).
E
d
: Design value of the effect of actions (stress, vibration level, crack width, etc.).

3.3.3. Durability limit state

Durability limit state is produced by chemical and physical actions, different to loads and actions
of the structural analysis, which can degrade the concrete or reinforcement to unacceptable limits.

Verifying the durability limit state is to verify that the following condition is satisfied:

t
L
t
d
(Eq. 3-5)

where:

t
L
: Time needed for the agent to produce an aggressive attack or significant degradation.
t
d
: Design value of performance life.

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3.4. ACTIONS

3.4.1 Partial factors and design loads

The design values should be obtained by using the characteristic values, in combination with
partial factors, in accordance to the current Standard and conveniently integrated in the present
Standard as far as the tensile strength of FRC is concerned.

The characteristic value of an action can be determined by a mean value, a nominal value or, in
cases where statistical criteria is set by a value, which has a certain probability of not being exceeded
during a reference period, which has account of the performance life of the structure and the duration
of the action.

As safety factors of actions for the verifications of Ultimate Limit States shall be adopted the
values in Table 3.1, whenever the applicable specific local regulation does not set other criteria.

In general, for permanent action, obtaining favourable or unfavourable effect is determined by
considering all the actions of the same origin with the same coefficient, as shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1.- Safety partial factors for actions in the Ultimate Limit State.

ACTIONS
Persistent o transient situation Accidental situation
Favourable
effect
Unfavourable
effect
Favourable
effect
Unfavourable
effect
Permanent
G
= 1,00
G
= 1,35
G
= 1,00
G
= 1,00
Pre stressed
P
= 1,00
P
= 1,00
P
= 1,00
P
= 1,00
No constant value
and permanent
G
* = 1,00
G
* = 1,50
G
* = 1,00
G
* = 1,00
Variable
Q
= 0,00
Q
= 1,50
Q
= 0,00
Q
= 1,00
Accidental - - A
= 1,00
A
= 1,00

As partial safety factors of actions for verification of serviceability limit states adopting the
values in Table 3.2, whenever the applicable specific local regulation does not set other criteria.

Table 3.2.- Partial safety factors for actions in the Serviceability Limit State.

TYPE OF ACTION Favourable effect Unfavourable effect
Permanent
G
= 1,00
G
= 1,00
Pre-stressed
Pre stressed steel
reinforcement
P
= 0,95
P
= 1,05
Post stressed steel
reinforcement
P
= 0,90
P
= 1,10
No constant value and permanent
G
* = 1,00
G
* = 1,00
Variable
Q
= 0,00
Q
= 1,00

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3.4.2. Combination of actions

For each one of the studied situations are set out the possible combinations of actions. A
combination of actions is a set of consistent actions to be considered simultaneously acting for a
particular verification.

Each combination, in general, will consist of permanent actions, a determinant variable action
and one or more concomitant variables actions. Any of the variables can be decisive.

For different design situations, combinations of actions are defined in accordance with the
criteria set out in current building code both Ultimate Limit States and serviceability limit states.

3.5. MATERIALS

3.5.1. Steel and concrete. Design strength and partial safety coefficients.

The characteristic values of the strength of materials are the quantiles corresponding to a
probability 0.05.

For the study of Serviceability Limit States shall be taken as partial safety factors values equal
to the unity.

Design values of material properties in the Ultimate Limits States are obtained from the
characteristic values divided by a partial safety factor. The values of partial safety factors of the
materials are listed in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3.- Partial safety factors for the materials in the Ultimate Limit State

Design situation Concrete Steel
Persistent o transient situation c
= 1,50
s
= 1,15
Accidental c
= 1,30
s
= 1,00

Considered as resistance of the steel f
yd
; the value

s
yk
yd
f
f
=
(Eq. 3-6)
where; f
yk
is the characteristic elastic yield.

These given expressions, are valid for both tension and compression.

For concrete, the characteristic design strength, f
ck
, is the value that is adopted in the project as
compressive strength as a basis for calculations. The estimated characteristic strength, f
c, est
, is the
estimated value for the actual characteristic strength from a finite number of standardized
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compressive strength test results, on samples taken on the job site. Normally called, characteristic
strength. The design strength, f
cd
, takes the value:

c
ck
cd
f
f
=
(Eq. 3-7)

The value of average tensile strength of concrete, f
ct, m
, can be estimated, in the absence of test
results, as:

3
2
ck m , ct
f 30 , 0 f =
(Eq. 3-8)

The characteristic tensile strength for concrete, f
ct, k
, can be expressed as:

m , ct k , ct
f 70 , 0 f =
(Eq. 3-9)

The factors in Table 3.3 are not applicable to the verification of Ultimate Limit State Fatigue, or
the fire resistance testing.

In structural elements subjected to repeated significant variables actions, may be necessary to
verify that the effect of these actions does not compromise their safety during the expected period of
service. In normal structures, generally it is not necessary to verify the state limit.

The safety of a structural element or detail regarding fatigue is guaranteed if the condition
established in Section 3.3.2., is accomplished. Concrete and steel shall be verify separately.

In the case of concrete, it must be limited the maximum values of compressive stress produced
by both normal stress and tangential stress (compression struts), due to permanent loads and
overloads that cause fatigue. For elements under shear stress without shear steel reinforcement, it
also limited the strength capacity due to the effect of fatigue.

The maximum values of compressive stress and shear strength are defined according with
existing experiments or, where appropriate, contrasted with the contrasted criteria set in the technical
literature.

In the case of steel, the maximum stress,
sf
, due to overloads that produce fatigue should be
below to the fatigue limit,
d
= 150 MPa

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3.5.2. Partial factors for FRP materials

For serviceability limit state, a value of 1.0 is assigned to all partial factors, except where
otherwise indicated.

For Ultimate Limit States, values to be assigned to the partial factor, indicated by
m
for FRP
materials, suggested in Table 3.4, as a function of the FRP failure mode; completed by the partial
factor indicated by
Rd
, suggested in Table 3.5, as a function of the resistance model and the partial
factor, and the partial factor as a function of the ambient, indicated by
a
in Table 3.6.

Table 3.4.- Partial safety factors of materials in Ultimate Limit States.

Type of failure Wet lay-up systems
Composite rods and
laminates
Compound failure m
= 1,25
m
= 1,25
Bonding failure m,d
= 1,35
m,d
= 1,50

Table 3.5.- Partial safety factors of materials as in mechanical theory

Mechanical
Theory
Simple or composite flexural
stress
Torsion and shear
stress
Confinement
Rd
= 1,00
Rd
= 1,20
Rd
= 1,10

Table 3.6.- Safety factors as in ambient conditions

Ambient
conditions
Indoor Outdoor Aggressive ambient
a
= 0,95
a
= 0,85
a
= 0,85

In the case of Fatigue Ultimate Limit State, performance of FRP systems under fatigue
conditions, need to be taken into consideration as well. Such performance depends on the matrix
composition and, moderately, on the type of fibber. In unidirectional composites, fibbers usually have
few defects; therefore, they can effectively delay the formation of cracks. The propagation of cracks is
also prevented by the action of adjacent fibbers.

To avoid failure of FRP strengthened members under continuous stress or cyclic loading,
values of the conversion factor for long term effects, as a safety additional factor is taken
l
= 0,80.

3.6. STRENGTHENING LIMITATIONS IN CASE OF FIRE

FRP materials are particularly sensitive to high temperatures that may take place during fire.
When the room temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature of the resin (or the
melting temperature in the case of semi-crystalline materials), both strength and stiffness of the
installed FRP system are reduced. In case of FRP applied as external reinforcement to concrete or
masonry members, exposure to high temperature produces a fast degradation of the bond between
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the FRP system and the support. As a result, degradation of the strengthening effectiveness and
debonding of FRP composite may take place.

With regard to fire exposure, mechanical properties of FRP strengthened members may be
improved by increasing the thickness of protective coatings. It is suggested to employ coating capable
of reducing the spreading of flames as well as smoke production. It is also recommended to employ
protective coating systems provided with official certificates. Further specifications on the application
of protective coating systems are reported in Section 4.8.

In order to prevent collapse of the FRP strengthened structure, as long as further information on
the actual performance of coatings and resins under fire exposure is not available, it is recommended
to keep low the FRP contribution to the member capacity.

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4. FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING

Flexural strengthening is necessary for structural members subjected to a bending moment
larger than the corresponding flexural capacity. Flexural strengthening with FRP materials may be
carried out by applying one or more laminates or one or more sheets to the tension side of the
member to be strengthened. The strengthening is very effective with low steel reinforcement ratios.

4.1. INITIAL SITUATION

The effect of the initial load prior to strengthening should be considered in the calculation of the
strengthened member. Based on the theory of elasticity and with Mo the service moment (no load
safety factors are applied) acting on the critical RC section during strengthening, the strain distribution
of the member can be evaluated. As M
o
is typically larger than the cracking moment M
cr
, the
calculation is based on a cracked section (see Figure 4-1). If Mo is smaller than M
cr
, its influence on
the calculation of the strengthened member may easily be neglected.

Figure 4.1 Initial situation

Based on the transformed cracked section, the neutral axis depth x
o
can be solved from:

( ) ( )
o 1 s 2 o 2 s
2
o
x d nA d x A ) 1 n ( bx
2
1
= + (Eq. 4-1)

where n = E
s
/E
c
.

As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
xo
co
Mo
o
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6
bh f
M
GPa 200 E
(MPa) 8 f f
f 8500 E
2
ctm
cr
s
ck cm
3
cm c
=
=
+ =
=
(Eq. 4-2)

where f
cm
is the concrete average compressive strength at 28 days. Thus, the concrete strain
co
at
the top fibre can be expressed as:

co c
o o
co
I E
x M
= (Eq. 4-3)

where I
co
is the moment of inertia of the transformed cracked section:

( ) ( )
2
o 1 s
2
2 o 2 s
3
o
co
x d nA d x A ) 1 n (
3
bx
I + + = (Eq. 4-4)

Based on strain compatibility, the concrete strain
o
at the extreme tension fibber can be derived
as:

o
co o
x
h
o
x
= (Eq. 4-5)

This strain equals the initial axial strain at the level of the FRP EBR, needed for the evaluation
of the strengthened member.

4.2. ANALYSIS AT FLEXURAL ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (ULS)

Flexural design at ULS of FRP strengthened members requires that both flexural capacity,
M
Rd
, and factored ultimate moment, M
Sd
, satisfy the following inequation:

Rd Sd
M M (Eq. 4-6)

ULS analysis of RC members strengthened with FRP relies on the following fundamental
hypotheses:

Cross-beam sections, perpendicular to the beam axis prior to deflection, remain still plane
and perpendicular to the beam axis after deflection.

Perfect bond exists between FRP and concrete, and steel and concrete.

Concrete does not react in tension.
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Constitutive laws for concrete and steel are accounted for according to the current building
code.

FRP is considered a linear-elastic material up to failure. FRP strengthening is effective for
low steel reinforcement ratios (e.g., steel yielded at ultimate); the rules hereafter reported
refer exclusively to this situation.

It is assumed that flexural failure takes place when one of the following conditions is met:

The maximum concrete compressive strain,
cu
as defined by the current building code is
reached.

The maximum FRP tensile strain,
Rd
, is reached;
Rd
can be calculated as follows

The maximum bending stress is determined by the value of the strain in some specific fibres in
the section, defined in the maximum strain region. The value of the ultimate concrete strain,
cu
, is
0,0035, If the characteristic concrete strength, f
ck
, is lower than 50 MPa; the value of the tensile
maximum steel strain, mx, in the design shall be limited to 0,01; and the maximum tensile strain of
the composite material shall be calculated as following;

)
`
=
Rdd
m
Rk
a Rd
, min
(Eq. 4-7)

where
Rk
is the characteristic strain at failure of the adopted strengthening system;
a
is the safety
factor as per ambient type;
m
is the partial safety factor for materials; and
Rdd
is the maximum strain
due to intermediate debonding as defined in Section 4.1.5. Generally, the one that prevail.

The shear capacity of the strengthened member shall be larger than the shear demand
corresponding to the examined case. If deemed necessary, shear capacity shall be increased
according to the provisions of Section 5.

Because a member strengthened with FRP is generally loaded at the time of FRP application,
the existing strain in the structure before FRP strengthening takes place shall be taken into account,
according to Section 4.1.1.

4.2.1. Strain regions

As stated above, materials reinforced with composite carbon fibber are most effective in
sections with low amounts of steel reinforcement and when used in areas subject to section tensile
stress. The strain regions where reinforcements are effective are as follows (see Figure 4.2):

Region 1: Simple or compound tensile stress, where the entire section is in tension. The
deformation lines turn around the point R, a new pivot corresponding to an elongation of the
reinforcement of composite material equal to
Rd
.

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Region 2: Simple or compound bending, where the concrete does not reach the ultimate
bending deformation. The deformation lines turn around the point R.

Region 3: Simple or composite bending where the lines of deformation turn around the point B
corresponding to the ultimate flexural strain of concrete
cu
defined in Section 4.1.2. The
elongation of tensile steel reinforcement is greater than the corresponding yield strength of
steel,
yd
, and the elongation of the carbon fibber composite is less than
fd
.

Region 4: Simple or composite bending where the lines of deformation turn around the point B.
The elongation of tensile steel reinforcement is less than that for yield strength of steel,
yd
. In
this region, the efficiency of the composite reinforcement is very low.

Figure 4.2.- Strain regions

R
B
1
2
3
4
yd
cu
Rd o
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4.3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH CAPACITY OF REINFORCEMENT SECTIONS WITH COMPOSITE
MATERIALS.

When checking the strain regions 2 and 3, in which the RFP is efficient, the flexural analysis of
FRP strengthened members can be carried out by using strain compatibility and force equilibrium.
The stress at any point in a member must correspond to the strain at that point; the internal forces
must balance the external load effects (see Figure 4.3).

Figure 4.3.- Analysis of flexural ULS

Calculation of neutral axis depth, x:

Forces equilibrium:

R R R yd 1 s 2 s s 2 s cd
E A f A E A x 8 , 0 . b f 85 , 0 + = + (Eq. 4-8)

Momentum equilibrium:

) d 4 , 0 ( E A ) x 4 , 0 h ( E A ) x 4 , 0 d ( f A M
2 2 s s 2 s R R R yd 1 s d
+ + = (Eq. 4-9)

Strain compatibility:

yd 2 s s
2
c 2 s
f E ;
x
d x

= (Eq. 4-10)

o
As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
x
fcd
Md
fyd
fR
AR
c
s2
Rd
s1
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o c R
x
x h

= (Eq. 4-11)

s
yd
c 1 s
E
f
x
x d
= (Eq. 4-12)

In these regions, two types of failure can be observed, depending on whether the ultimate FRP
strain (region 2) or the ultimate concrete compressive strain (region 3) is reached.

Region 2: Tensile failure of FRP composite:
Rd R
=

Region 3: Compressive failure of the concrete: 0035 , 0
c
=

4.3.1. Failure by peeling-off of composite materials

Bond is necessary to transfer forces from the concrete into the FRP, hence bond failure modes
have to be taken into account properly. Bond failure in the case of EBR implies the complete loss of
composite action between the concrete and the FRP reinforcement, and occurs at the interface
between the EBR and the concrete substrate. On the other hand, localised debonding, means a local
failure in the bond zone between concrete and EBR. In this case the reduction in bond strength
between concrete and FRP reinforcement is limited to a small area, e.g. a loss in bond length of 2 mm
next to a crack in a flexural member. Therefore localised debonding is not in itself a failure mode
which will definitely cause a loss of the load carrying capacity of a member with EBR.

When localised debonding propagates, and composite action is lost in such a way that the FRP
reinforcement is not able to take loads anymore, this failure is called peeling-off. If no stress
redistribution from the externally bonded FRP reinforcement to the embedded reinforcement is
possible, peeling-off will be a sudden and brittle failure.

Bond failure may occur at different interfaces between the concrete and the FRP reinforcement,
EBR such as carbon fibre fabric or laminated and it is applicable to reinforced concrete beams,
subject to flexural and shear stress.

The loss of adhesion between FRP and concrete may concern both laminates or sheets applied
to reinforced concrete beams as flexural and/or shear strengthening. As shown in Figure 4-1,
debonding may take place within the adhesive, between concrete and adhesive, in the concrete itself,
or within the FRP reinforcement (e.g. at the interface between two adjacent layers bonded each other)
with different fibre inclination angles. When proper installation is performed, because the adhesive
strength is typically much higher than the concrete tensile strength, debonding always stakes place
within the concrete itself with the removal of a layer of material, whose thickness may range from few
millimetres to the whole concrete cover.

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Figure 4.4. Type of debonding failure. 1) Debonding in concrete; 2) Concrete and adhesive failure;
3) Adhesive failure; 4) Adhesive and composite failure; 5) Composite FRP delaminating.

Debonding failure modes for laminates or sheets used for flexural strengthening may be
classified in the following four categories, schematically represented in Figure 4-5.

Mode 1 (Laminate/sheet end debonding)

Mode 2 (Intermediate debonding, caused by flexural cracks)

Mode 3 (Debonding caused by diagonal shear cracks)

Mode 4 (Debonding caused by irregularities and roughness of concrete surface)

Figure 4.5.- FRP flexural strengthening: Debonding failure modes.

4.3.1.1. Mode 1 and 2. Peeling-off at the end anchorage and at flexural cracks

Treatment of anchorage peeling-off and at flexural cracks may be done according to various
approaches, which are described briefly in the following.

In the first, shall proceeds to verify the final anchorage, limiting the tensional stress in the
carbon fibber reinforcement. The end portions of the FRP system are subjected to high interfacial
shear stresses for a length of approximately 100-200 mm. First, the anchorage must be verified
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4
g+q
Cracked zone
Composite
Adhesive
Concrete
Rebar
1
2
3
4
5
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based on the law of shear stress for the interface between composite and concrete. Then apply a
tensional stress limitation to carbon fibre composite to prevent the adhesion failure. Note that the
CFRP tensional stress for the failure due to the lack of adherence is not a fixed value but depends on
a certain number of parameters, including moment-shear ratio, the steel stress and crack distribution.

In this approach peeling-off is treated in a unified way both at the end anchorage and at any
point along the FRP-concrete interface based on the interface shear stress slip law and the envelope
line of tensile stresses in the FRP (Niedermeier 2000). The main advantage of this approach is that
peeling-off at the end and at flexural cracks is treated with the same model, whereas the main
disadvantage is its complexity, which makes it difficult to apply as a practical engineering model.

According to the third approach (Matthys 2000), two independent steps should be followed (as
in the first one). In the first, the end anchorage should be verified based on the shear stress slip
constitutive law at the FRP-concrete interface. And in the second it should be verified that the shear
stress along the interface, calculated based on simplified equilibrium conditions, is kept below a
critical value (the shear strength of concrete). One disadvantage of this approach is the treatment of
the same in principle - phenomenon (peeling-off at the FRP end and far from it) with different
models and another one is that it is based on a stress distribution for a homogeneous, uncracked
beam. However, one major advantage is the simplicity of application in practical problems.

In this design guide, in order to avoid the debonding on the anchorage length, it has been
chosen to follow the approach of limiting the deformation of the CFRP at ultimate limit state to a
certain value, beside to verify the final anchorage with methods mainly based on fracture mechanics
and bond shear stress (following the criteria of Pichler 1993, Tljsten 1994, Holzenkmpfer 1994,
Neubauer & Rostsy 1997, Niedermeier 2000),which are gathered in many different jobs , Guides and
others technical documents, with limits from 0,0065 to 0,0085.

Anchorage verification is based on the model that relates the bond shear stress to the slip (see
Figure 4.6).

Figure 4.6.- Model for interfacial shear stress slip relations of EBR (Holzenkmpfer 1994).
8
6
4
2
b
:

I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
i
a
l

s
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)

sf: Slip (mm)
Fk: Fracture energy
fctm: 2 MPa
0
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Sf,0
Sf,1
f,1
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Bond models such as that described above may be used for calculating anchoring forces,
N
R,max
, and optimum anchorage length, L
b,opt
.

ctm
R R
opt , b
f 2
t E
) mm ( L = (Eq. 4-13)

ctm R R R b max , R
f t E b k 64 , 0 ) N ( N = (Eq. 4-14)

1
400
1
2
06 . 1
+
=
R
R
b
b
b
b
k (Eq. 4-15)

where:

is a reduction factor, approximately equal to 0,9, to account for the influence of inclined
cracks on the bond strength in without sufficient external shear reinforcement and in slabs,
and =1 in beams with sufficient internal and external shear reinforcement and in slabs;
k
b
is a geometric factor expressed by equation (4.15) which relates reinforcement width b
R

and total width of the element b, with b
R
/b 0,33 (if b
R
/b < 0,33; b
R
/b = 0,33 must be taken);
and
f
ctm
is the concrete average tensile strength (see Equation 3.8).

For bond lengths Lb < L
b,opt
, the ultimate bond force was calculated according to Equation 4.16:

|
|
\
|
=
max , b
b
max , b
b
max , R R
L
L
2
L
L
N N (Eq. 4-16)

For laminate/sheet end debonding assuming that the provided bond length is equal to or larger
than the optimal bonded length, the ultimate design strength, f
Rdd
, can be calculated as follows:

R
Fk R
c d , m
Rdd
t
E 2 1
f

= (Eq. 4-17)

ctm ck b Fk
f f k 03 , 0 = (Eq. 4-18)

The specific fracture energy,
Fk
, of the FRPconcrete interface may be expressed as above
(Equation 4-18), and where;
m,d
is the partial safety factor indicated in Table 8;
c
is the partial safety
factor for concrete , as indicated in Table 7; k
b
is a geometric factor expressed by equation (4.15); f
ctm

and f
ck
are the concrete average tensile strength and the concrete characteristic strength. This
equation may be used for both flexural and shear stress.

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An increase in anchorage length above L
b,opt
, does not result in an increase in resisting tensile
stresses. This is due to the limitation of fracture energy. For anchorage lengths lower than L
b,opt
, (that
is L
b
< L
b,opt
)

the maximum tensile stress is described by Equation 4-19;

|
|
\
|
=
max , b
b
max , b
b
Rdd Lb , Rdd
L
L
2
L
L
f f (Eq. 4-19)

To prevent debonding failure by bending cracks, the variation of tension in the composite,
R,

between two close cracks should not exceed a certain limit value
R,lim
. This value depends on the
adhesion between concrete and carbon fibber composite, on the distance between cracks in the
concrete and on the level of tension in the reinforcement. In a shorter way, the maximum tensional
stress that can be transferred between the concrete and reinforcement in Ultimate Limit State is f
Rdd,2
:

=
Rdd
R
ctm ck R
c
2 , Rdd
f 3 ;
t
f f E
23 , 0
min f
(Eq. 4-20)

4.3.1.2. Mode 3. Debonding by diagonal shear crack.

For members where shear stresses are predominant compared to flexural stresses, a relative
displacement between the edges of the crack is displayed. Such displacement increases normal
stress perpendicular to the FRP laminate responsible for FRP debonding. Such a debonding
mechanism is active irrespectively of the presence of stirrups. Collapse due to debonding by diagonal
shear cracks is peculiar of four-point-bending laboratory tests; it is not common for field application
where the applied load is distributed over the beams length. For heavily strengthened beams with low
transverse reinforcement, debonding usually generates at the end plate section due to peeling (see
Figure 4.7).

Figure 4.7.- Debonding by diagonal shear crack.

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4.3.1.3. Mode 4. Debonding by irregularities and roughness of the concrete surface.

Localized debonding due to surface irregularities of the concrete substrate may propagate and
cause full debonding of the FRP system. This failure mode can be avoided if the concrete surface is
treated in such a way to avoid excessive roughness.

4.3.2. Design of flexural anchorage length

As studied in Section 4.1.5., Laminate/sheet end debonding depends on a number of
parameters such as location and type of cracks (shear or flexural cracks), uneven concrete surface,
as well as stress concentration close to the anchorage zone.

The maximum distance a to avoid debonding shall be computed by equating the ultimate design
strength f
Rdd
, from Equation (4.17), for L
b
L
b,opt
, to the stress calculated at ULS in the FRP system, at
a distance a + L
b
from the support. If the available bond length is L
b
<L
b,opt
, then it should be equated
to f
Rdd
in Equation (4.19).

When the end of the FRP system is close to the member supports, where shear forces may
induce inclined cracking, the moment to be taken into account in item (2) shall be evaluated by
increasing the design moment as follows:

) cot 1 ( d 9 , 0 V a V M
sd 1 sd
= = (Eq. 4-20)

Where V
sd
is the factored shear force in the beam support, a is the angle of existing transverse
steel reinforcement, and d is the member effective depth (see Figure 4.8).

Figure 4.8.- Shifting of bending moment diagram.

When special anchoring devices used to avoid FRP debonding at the termination points are
employed, it shall be permitted to neglect provisions of Section 4.4.5.1. Such anchoring devices need
to be guaranteed based on proper experimental tests. Experimental tests need to be conducted for
the material intended for such application (adhesives and reinforcing fibres), for the specific system
used (transverse bars embedded in concrete, U-wrap with FRP sheets, etc.), for construction
procedures as recommended by the manufacturer, for surface preparation, and for the expected
environmental conditions.
a Lb
a1
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4.4. ANALYSIS AT SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS)

This section deals with the following serviceability limit states:

Stress limitation.

Deflection control

Crack control

Other serviceability limit states may be relevant in particular situations, even though they are not
listed in this document.

At SLS the following items need to be checked:

Stresses need to be controlled to avoid yielding of tensile steel and creep phenomena in
both concrete and FRP.

Deflections should not attain excessive values such as to prevent the normal use of the
structure, induce damage to non-structural members, and cause psychological disturbance
to the users.

Excessive cracking could significantly reduce the durability of structures, its functionality, its
aspect and decrease bond performance of the FRP-concrete interface.

Design at SLS can be carried out considering all materials having a linear-elastic behaviour for
both uncracked and cracked transformed section conditions. Existing strain at the time of FRP
installation shall be accounted for. The principle of superposition can be used for design. Design
assumptions are as follows:

Linear-elastic behaviour of all materials.

Cross-beam sections, perpendicular to the beam axis prior to deflection, remain still plane
and perpendicular to the beam axis after deflection. (Navier Hypothesis)

Perfect bond exists between steel and concrete, and concrete and FRP.

Upon the expressed above, the calculus is made with the transformed uncracked or cracked
section before and after of the reinforcement, see Figure 4.9.
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Figure 4.9.- Linear elastic analysis of cracked section.

From the equilibrium of forces and strain compatibility, the depth of the neutral axis x is obtained
from the following:

(
|
|
\
|
+ + = + x 1 h A n ) x d ( A n ) d x ( A ) 1 n ( bx
2
1
c
o
R R 1 s s 2 2 s s
2
(Eq. 4-21)

( ) ( ) d h
x
x d
A n d h
x
d x
A ) 1 n (
3
x
h bx
2
1
M
E
1 s s 2
2
2 s s
2
k
c c
+ |
\
|

= (Eq. 4-22)

Neglecting the steel reinforcement in compression (As
2
= 0) and assuming h/d 1.1 (mean
effective depth of the steel and FRP reinforcement 1.05d), Equation (4-22) can be written as:

|
\
|

=
3
x
d 05 , , 1 bx
2
1
M
E
2
k
c c
(Eq. 4-22b)

or, based on the equations in Section 4.5:

o k
0
c
o
x
x
M
M
(Eq. 4-22c)

The moment of inertia of the cracked section I
fis
, is given by:

o
As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
x
fcd
Mk
fyd
fR
AR
c
s2
Rd
s1
Ns2
Nc
Ns1
NR
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( )
2
R R
2
1 s s
2
2 2 s s
3
fis
x h A n ) x d ( A n ) d x ( A ) 1 n ( bx
3
1
I + + + =
(Eq. 4-23)

4.4.1. Service Stress Limitation

Stress at service in the FRP system, computed for the quasi-permanent loading condition, shall
satisfy the limitation
R
f
Rk
, where f
Rk
is the FRP characteristic strength at failure and is the
conversion factor as suggested in Section 3.5.2. Service stress in concrete and steel shall be limited
according to the current building code,
c
0,60 f
ck,j
, where f
ck,j
is the characteristic strength at age j
when;
s

e
= f
yd
/E
s
.

Assuming that M
0
is the bending moment acting on the member prior to FRP strengthening, and
assuming that M
1
is the bending moment acting after FRP strengthening, the stress due to the
combined moment M = M
0
+M
1
can be evaluated as follows:

;
x h
I
W ;
x d
I
W ;
x d
I
W ;
x
I
W ;
x
I
W
resistance of Modulus
W
M
n : composite FRP in Stress
W
M
W
M
n : steel the in Stress
W
M
W
M
: concrete the in Stress
1
1 sup
R 1,
1
1 inf
s 1,
0
0 inf
s 0,
1
1 sup
c 1,
0
0 sup
c 0,
inf
R 1,
1
R s
inf
s 1,
1
inf
s 0,
0
s s
sup
c 1,
1
sup
c 0,
0
c
= = =
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
(Eq. 4-24)

When the existing applied moment, M
0
, is such to produce cracking in the concrete member,
(M
0
> M
cr
), neutral axis determination as well as values of the moment of inertia I
0
and I
1
shall be
calculated with reference to cracked transformed section for both unstrengthened and strengthened
conditions.

4.4.2. Service strain limits (Deflections control)

The strain (deflections) limit state is satisfied if movements (deflections or spins) in the structure
or structural elements are below of the maximum limit values.

Verification of the strain limit state will be made in the cases in which the strain may cause the
decommissioning of the structure or structural element due to functionally, aesthetic or others.

The strain analysis should be done for the servicing conditions according to the specific subject
and according to the actions combination criteria.

The total strain in a concrete element is the sum of the different partial strains along time due to
the applied loads, to creep and shrinkage in the concrete and to relaxation of steel reinforcement.
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Deflection is made up of the instant deflection and the differed deflection, due to permanents loads.
Deflections shall not exceed the establish limits in the current building code.

In beams and slabs, deflections verification may not be necessary when the ratio span/depth of
a studied element, equals to the indicated value in the Table 4.1. In lightweight slabs or beams in T
section, in which a ratio width of a wing beam/web beam higher than 3, the slenderness L/d should be
multiplied by 0,8.

Table 4.1.- Ratio L/d in reinforced concrete beams and slabs under simple bending

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
L/d
K
Strongly steel
reinforcement
elements
=1,5%
Poorly steel
reinforcement
elements
=0,5%
Simple supported beam.
Simple supported one way slab or waffle slab
1,00 14 20
Continuous beam
1
supported in one end.
Continuous one way slab
1,2
supported in one end.
1,30 18 26
Continuous beam
1
supported in both ends.
Continuous one way slab or waffle slab
1,2

1,50 20 30
Exterior areas and corners in slabs without beams
on isolated supports.
1,15 16 23
Interior areas and corners in slabs without beams
on isolated supports.
1,20 17 24
Cantilever 0,40 6 8
1
One end is considered continuous if the momentum is equal or higher to 85% of the fixing perfect momentum.
2
In one way slabs, the given slenderness are referred to the minor span.
3
In slabs on isolated supports (pillars), the given slenderness are referred to the major span.

In the specific type of floor beam slab with a span less than 7 m and in pre stressed hollow core
slabs, with a span less than 12 m and with over loads not higher than 4 kN/m
2
, will not be necessary
to verify the deflection, if the total depth h is higher than the minimum h
min
given by:

4
2 1
2 1
min
6
L
;
7
q
;
C
L
h = = =

(Eq. 4-25)

where q is total load (kN/m) L is the calculus distance for frameworks (m); and C is a coefficient from
Table 4.2.

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Table 4.2.- Coefficient C

Floor beam slab type Load type
Type of item
isolated edge Interior
Reinforced beams
With walls and partitions 17 21 24
Roofs 20 24 27
Pre-stressed beams
With walls and partitions 19 23 26
Roofs 22 26 29
Pre stressed hollow
core slabs*
With walls and partitions 36 -- --
Roofs 45 -- --
(*) Pre stressed elements designed in such way (less frequent combined actions) that never reach the cracking momentum.

4.4.3. Cracking Limit state (Crack control)

At SLS, crack width shall be checked to guarantee a proper use of the structure and to protect
steel internal reinforcement.

Crack width limitations for FRP strengthened structures shall satisfy the requirements of the
current building code.

4.5. DUCTILITY

The linear analysis with restricted redistribution requires a ductility conditions in the critical
sections that may guarantee the necessary redistribution for the adopted stress conditions.

For flexural members, ductility is a measure of the member capability of evolving in the plastic
range; it depends on both section behavior and the actual failure modes of the overall structural
member.

For FRP strengthened members, greater ductility is ensured when failure takes place due to
crushing of concrete. The collapse due to FRP rupture leads to brittle failures.

Regardless of the type of cross section, ductility is mainly controlled by the member failure
mode. It can be considered totally absent if debonding starts prior to any other failure mechanism.

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5. STRENGTHENING IN SHEAR

Shear strengthening is deemed necessary when the applied factored shear force is greater than
the corresponding member shear capacity. The latter shall be determined considering the
contributions of both concrete and steel transverse reinforcing bars when available.

Shear strengthening shall be verified at ULS only.

Shear strengthening of RC members using FRP may be provided by bonding the external
reinforcement with the principal fibre direction as parallel as practically possible to that of maximum
principal tensile stresses, so that the effectiveness of FRP is maximized. For the most common case
of structural members subjected to lateral loads, that is loads perpendicular to the member axis (e.g.
beams under gravity loads or columns under seismic forces), the maximum principal stress
trajectories in the shear-critical zones form an angle with the member axis which may be taken
roughly equal to 45. However, it is normally more practical to attach the external FRP reinforcement
with the principal fibre direction perpendicular to the member axis (see Figure 5.1).

Figure 5.1.- Shear strengthening

Shear strengthening is realized by applying one or more layers of FRP material externally
bonded to the surface of the member to be strengthened. External FRP reinforcement can be applied
in a discontinuous fashion, with gaps between following strips, or continuously, with strips next to
each other (see Figure 5.1).

Discontinuous strengthening
aR sR
Continuous strengthening

Type A Type B Type C Type D
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Strengthening may also be lateral setting, as showed in Figure 5.1; type A: Side bonding only,
type B: U-wrapped without upper anchorage, type C: U-wrapped with upper anchorage or type D:
Fully wrapped. Obviously, the best results are obtained when the element is fully wrapped, being in
order of efficiency the types D, C and B besides the type A which is of a minimum efficiency and
should be avoided.

The strengthening type C, or U-wrapped with upper anchorage are consider equivalents to the
type D or fully wrapped.

5.1. SHEAR CAPACITY IN SECTION REINFORCED WITH FRP

The shear limit state shall be reached in two ways; when maximum oblique compression in the
web beam is reached or when maximum tensile stress is reached. Thus, it is necessary to verify that
both conditions are accomplished:

R su cu 2 u d
1 u d
V V V V V
V V
+ + =
(Eq. 5-1)

Where; V
d
is the effective shear stress; V
u1
is resistance to shear by oblique compression in the
web beam, and V
u2
is the shear strength by tension in the web beam.

Verification of oblique compression in the web beam V
d
V
u1
is performed on the edge of
support and not on its axis.

Verification for the tension in the web beam V
d
V
u2
is performed to a section located at a
distance of one effective depth from the edge of the support.

u1

The maximum shear stress by oblique compression of the web beam is obtained from the
following expression;

2
0 cd 1 1 u
g cot 1
g cot g cot
d b Kf V
+
+
= (Eq. 5-2)

where;

- f
1cd
is the compressive strength of concrete equal to 0.6 f
cd
,
- b
0
is the minimum net width of the element,
- K coefficient depending on the axial force, K = 1.00 for non pre stressed structures or
without axial compression,
- is the angle between reinforcement with the axis of the element, and
- is the angle between compression struts and the axis of the piece (see Figure 5.2).

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Figure 5.2.- Model of struts and ties.

u2

The shear stress due to the maximum tensile stress in the web of the beam is;

( )
( )
( )
R
R
R ef , R
Rd
Ru
cd l
3 / 1
cv l
c
0 cu
d , y su
R su cu 2 u
s
a
g cot g cot t 2 f d 9 , 0
1
V
' 15 , 0 f 100
15 , 0
d b V
f A g cot g cot sen z V
V V V V

+ =
(
+ =
+ =
+ + =
(Eq. 5-2)

where;

- V
SU
is the contribution of transverse reinforcement of the web to the shear stress resistance;
- V
CU
is the concrete contribution to shear resistance;
- V
RU
is the contribution of CFRP reinforcement to shear resistance;
- A
is the area per unit length of each group of steel reinforcement that form an angle with
the axis of the element (Figure 5.2);
- f
y
,d
is the design strength of steel reinforcement A
;
-
is the angle between the concrete compression struts and the axis of the element (see
Figure 5.2), shall be the same value as for verification of the maximum shear stress by
oblique compression in the web of the beam 0,5 cotg 2,0;
- is the angle of steel reinforcement with the axis of the element (see Figure 5.2);
- z is the mechanical arm, which in simple bending, and in the absence of more precise
calculations can be adopted the approximate value z = 0.9 d; f
cv
is the effective shear
resistance of concrete in N/mm2 with value f
cv
= f
ck
with f
cv
no higher than 15 N/mm
2
in the
case of reduced control of the concrete;
- f
ck
is the compressive strength of concrete in N/mm
2
;
-
depends on the angle of inclination of the cracks, for cracks at 45 has a value of 1.0,
- b
0
is the minimum net width of the element;

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- b is the angle between the FRP reinforcing strips with the axis of the element, usually 90
degrees;
- a
R
is the width of the FRP reinforcing strips, with 50 mm a
R
250 mm;
- s
R
is the separation between FRP reinforcing strips a
R
s
R
min (0,5d; 3a
R
;a
R
+200 mm);
-
Rd
is the safety factor for FRP reinforcement type defined in Table 3.5, equal to 1.20; and
f
R,ef
is the design tension stress of carbon fibre reinforced, expressed as:

006 , 0
11 , 0 ; 10 43 , 0 min
11 , 0
,
3
=
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
ef R,
ef R,
R R cm
0,30
R
2/3
cm
Ru
0,56
R
2/3
cm
ef R,
0,30
R
2/3
cm
Ru ef R,
(GPa); E (MPa); f
E
f
E
f
: B) (Type ing strengthen U in sections For
E
f
: C) and D (Types wrapped totally sections For

R ef R
R R
R
E f
ratio ing strengthen
x
(Eq. 5-3)

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6. STRENGTHENING OF ELEMENTS BY CONFINEMENT

Confinement is generally applied to the elements in compression, with the aim of improving
capacity or, in case of seismic action, to increase its ductility. Traditional techniques for strengthening
are based on confinement by steel jackets. It is well known that confinement increases the strength of
concrete, ductility, and also prevents slippage and buckling of longitudinal strengthening. In case of
seismic loads, current techniques for improving the capacity is usually based on the increase of
confining pressure on the complete element. This technique can also be useful in areas of joints of
steel.

Composite materials have a significant advantage over steel. While steel maintains a constant
confining pressure after yield limit, the composite has an elastic behaviour to failure and therefore
exert their action on the concrete containment differently.

The value of the capacity of confinement depends on the transverse strain of concrete, which in
turn is affected by confining pressure. Therefore, the value of confinement capacity for concrete using
composite materials must take into account both the interaction between the transverse strain of
concrete and containment system.

6.1. AXIAL CAPACITY FOR FRP-CONFINED ELEMENTS SUBJECT TO COMPRESSIVE
FORCES

Confinement of reinforced concrete element can be realized with FRP sheets disposed along
the element perimeter as both continuous or discontinuous external wrappings. The increase of axial
capacity and ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete depends on the applied confinement pressure.
The latter is a function of the element cross section and FRP stiffness.

For axial strain values,
c
, up to 0,2%, the stress in the confined concrete is only slightly greater
than that exhibited by unconfined concrete. For axial strain value larger than 0,2%, the stress-strain
diagram is not linear and the slope of the corresponding / curve gradually lowers up to a nearly
constant value. In the linear branch of the diagram, the confined concrete gradually loses its integrity
due to widespread cracks. Failure of reinforced concrete confined element is attained by fibre rupture.
However, beyond a critical value of the axial strain, the FRP-confined element may be linked to a
recipient with very flexible walls filled with incoherent material. Beyond that threshold it loses its
functionality since it can only carry small or negligible transverse forces. As a result, failure of the
FRP-confined reinforced concrete element is said to be reached when FRP strain equal to 0,4% is
attained.

If the adopted FRP system is not initially pre-stressed, it exerts a passive confinement on the
compressed element. The confinement action becomes significant only after cracking of the concrete
and yielding of the internal steel strengthening due to the increased lateral expansion exhibited by the
strengthened element. Prior to concrete cracking, FRP is practically unloaded.

Design at ULS of FRP confined elements requires that both factored design axial load N
d
and
factored axial capacity, N
R
, satisfy the following inequation:

R d
N N (Eq. 6-1)

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For non-slender FRP confined elements, the factored axial capacity can be calculated as
follows:

yd s
Rd
d , cc
c R
f A
f
A N +
= (Eq. 6-2)

where:
- A
c
represents the member cross-section area;
- f
cc,d
represent the design strength of confined concrete as indicated bellow);
-
Rd
is a practical factor from Table 3.5;
- A
s
and f
yd
represent area and yield design strength of the existing steels strengthening.

The design strength, f
cc,d
, of confined concrete shall be evaluated as follows (see Figure 6.1.):

3 / 2
cd
efR , 1
cd
d , cc
f
f
6 , 2 1
f
f
|
|
\
|
+ = (Eq. 6-3)

where:
- f
cd
is the design strength of unconfined concrete; and
- f
1,efR
is the effective confinement lateral pressure as defined as follows.

Figure 6.1.- Stress-strain relationship for FRP-confined concrete

c
f
cd
co
ccu
f
ccd
cu
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6.1.1. Confinement lateral pressure

Confinement using composite is function of effective confinement lateral pressure that is equal
to confinement lateral pressure modified by a group of coefficients of element cross section shape
(circular, square or rectangular), FRP configuration (continuous or discontinuous) and system used
for installation (continuous wrapping or discontinuous wrapping).

The effective confinement lateral pressure is indicated in the following equation:

conf , Rd R R V H l efR efR , 1
E
2
1
) k k k ( f k f = =

(Eq. 6-4)

where:
- f
l
is the confinement lateral pressure (see Figure 6.2);
- k
efR
is a coefficient of efficiency for FRP, product of different coefficients k
H
, due to cross-
section shape (see Figure 6.3), k
V
, due to vertical efficiency (see Figure 6.4), y k
, type of
system used for wrapping;
-
R
is the strengthening geometric ratio;
- E
R
and
Rd,conf
is the Young modulus of elasticity of the FRP in the direction of fibres, and
reduced FRP design strain, respectively.

Figure 6.2.- Confinement lateral pressure

The formula for coefficients k
H
and k
V
, as well as,
R
, depend on the cross-section shape,
(circular o rectangular) and shall be expressed as follow:

6.1.1.1. Circular section: Coefficients k
H
, k
V
,
R

R
R R
R
R R
2
R R
V
H
Ds
b t 4
2 / D ) b s ( ;
D 2
) b s (
1 k
1 k
=
|
\
|
=
=
(Eq. 6-5a)
f
l
f
l
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where t
R
, b
R
and s
R
represents FRP thickness, width, and spacing, respectively (se Figure 6.4.), and
D is the diameter if the circular cross-section. In case of continuous wrapping
R
=4t
R
/D;

6.1.1.2. Rectangular section: Coefficients k
H
, k
V
,
R

R
R R
R
R R
R R
V
H
bhs
h b b t
h b s
h
b s
k
bh
r h r b
k
) ( 2
2 / ) ( ;
2
) (
1
;
3
) 2 ( ) 2 (
1
2
2 2
+
=
|
\
|
=
<
+
=
mm 20 r mm; 900 h b, 2; b/h

(Eq. 6-5b)

Where:
- b y h are the dimension indicated in Figure 6.3;
- r is the corner radius that shall satisfy r20 mm;
- t
R
, b
R
and s
R
represent FRP thickness, width, and spacing, respectively (see Figure 6.4), for
a totally wrapped element
R
=2t
R
(b+h)/(bh).

45

CFRP

b
R
s
R
s
Figure 6.4 Elevation view of circular
element confined with FRP strips
con bandas de refuerzo distantes s
45
45
b

b=b-2r

h=h-2r

h

Confined area

Figure 6.3 Rectangular cross-
secsectionsecciones
r
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6.1.1.3. Coefficient for continuous wrapping: k

5 , 0 45
1 0
:
1
1
2
= =
= =
+
=
k
k
tg
k
R
R
R
R
45 at wrapping continuous For
wrapping ous discontinu For
section and wrapping continuous betteen angle
(Eq. 6-6)

6.1.1.4. Design strain for FRP:
Rd,conf

Design strain for composite used in confinement shall be expressed as follow:

= 004 , 0 ; min
,
conf
Rk
a conf Rd
(Eq. 6-7)

where:
-
Rk
is the guarantee strain for FRP;
-
conf
, is a factor from Table 3.4 and Table 3.5 (
m
=1,25 failure compound-,
R
=1,1); and
-
a
is a coefficient from Table 3.6.

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6.2. DUCTILITY OF FRP-CONFINED ELEMENTS UNDER BENDING AND AXIAL LOADS

FRP-confinement may also be realized on concrete elements under combined bending and
axial load; confinement will result in a ductility enhancement while the element axial capacity can be
only slightly increased.

Unless a more detailed analysis is preformed, the evaluation of the ultimate curvature of a FRP
confined concrete element under combined bending and axial load may be accomplished by
assuming a parabolic-rectangular approach for the concrete stress-strain relationship, characterized
by a maximum strength equal to f
cd
and ultimate strain,
ccu
, computed as follows:

c
ck
cd
cu
0 c
cd
efR , 1
ccu
f
f
0035 , 0
0020 , 0
f
f
015 , 0 0035 , 0
=
=
=
+ =
(Eq. 6-8)

Where:
- f
cd
is the design strength of unconfined concrete; and
- f
1,efR
is the effective confinement pressure from Section 6.1.1.

Figure 6.5.- Parabolic-rectangular approach diagram

c
f
cd
co
cu
ccu
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7. INSTALLATION, MONITORING AND CONTROL OF
APPLICATION

Several aspects influence the effectiveness of the strengthening of composite materials used as
external systems bonded to the strengthening of concrete. Besides those mentioned in previous
chapters, the surface preparation and installation of the compound are discussed in this section. The
relative importance of each of these issues depends on whether there is flexural or shear
strengthening or confinement. For example, some tests on the quality of the substrate can be omitted
for containment applications or when the composite system is anchored by a proven system.

This chapter describes the tests can be performed for quality control and inspection and
maintenance for the strengthening system after installation. The type and number of tests to perform
will depend on the importance of the application.

7.1. PREPARATION OF SUBSTRATE

For maximum effectiveness of this type of strengthening is absolutely essential to have a clean
and sound concrete surface, because if not the adhesion of the adhesive or resin will be weak and the
effectiveness of strengthening will not be total. Surface preparation is carried out to provide a ideal
surface for maximum effectiveness of the FRP.

The first thing to do is to temporarily remove all electrical conduits, pipes, etc., to prevent having
a free surface on which to apply the strengthening. These elements must be identified fully displaced
to return it to its correct position at the end of the work.

The quality control of surface preparation involves the determination of concrete conditions, the
elimination of any damage or loose area of concrete, cleaning and corrosion protection of existing
rebars, and finally the preparation of substrate to receive the strengthening system selected.

Before the application of strengthening with composite materials, will test the strength of the
concrete substrate. In any case, the concrete compressive strength should not be less than 15
N/mm
2
. The CFRP strengthening is not considered effective for concrete with compressive strength
below this value. Some tests should be carried out for quality control throughout the area to be
strengthened.

The concrete substrate may have suffered physical and chemical, mechanical or impact
deterioration. The deteriorated concrete shall be removed from all damaged areas. The removal of
the concrete in poor condition allows the evaluation of existing steel reinforcing bars. Corroded
reinforcing steel must be protected against corrosion to prevent a possible source of deterioration of
concrete repair.

Once all deteriorated concrete was removed, and have taken appropriate measures to prevent
further corrosion of the existing rebar, as well as all other phenomena that cause degradation of the
concrete (i.e., water leaks), proceed with the repair of concrete by using a structural repair mortar
without shrinkage such as MAXREST
or MAXRITE
range (500/700/S/F/HT). On the other hands,

unevenness of the concrete surface more than 10 mm shall be levelled.
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In addition, fissures bigger than 0,50 mm should be injected with low viscosity epoxy resin such
as MAXEPOX
INJECTION before strengthening.

Once control of the quality of the substrate has been carried out, the deteriorated concrete has
been removed, the concrete section has been restored, and the existing steel bars have been
adequately treated, we proceed to the proper surface preparation, starting with the removal of the
surface layer of concrete grout, dust and debris, previous coatings, oil, grease, surface curing agents,
foreign particles, paints and any other material that may adversely affect the adhesion of the system.
In this operation it is best to use the sand blasting because of the fact, in addition to clean, provides a
very suitable surface roughness for bonding adhesive, or mechanical grinding using a grinder
equipped with a diamond disc to provide a degree of roughness at least 0,3 mm. This level of
roughness can be seen visually or for more accuracy can be measured by laser profilometer or an
optical measuring device profile.

All edges, corners and sharp edges that can cut the composite material should be rounded or
chamfered a minimum radius of 20 mm. The curvature of the corners can be checked by a metal
template.

All the dust produced in the above operations should be removed from the concrete surface by
vacuum, compressed air or pressurized water. Using this latter system, the strengthening should not
be applied while the concrete is wet.

Once prepared the support, wait for it to dry and check the moisture content is below 4%, i.e.
dry surface, unless otherwise stated

7.2. WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS: SHEETS

For the installation of carbon fibre sheets, in which the fibres are very compact, so special
epoxy-based formulas are needed to moisten the fibres saturating for produce the CFRP composite.
The steps are:

Primer application.

Putty application (if necessary to complete the preparation of the substrate).

Cutting of carbon fibre sheets according to the established work plan based on the
strengthening project.

Resin under/overcoat application and carbon fibre sheet application.

Top coating application


Primer penetrates into the concrete surface to increase the strength of concrete and to improve
the bonding between the concrete and the carbon fibre sheet. Two types of primer can be applied.
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Selection depends on the substrate / ambient temperature of application. So that, cool season
primer, W, is recommended for use in the temperature with the range of 5-15 C, while the warm
season primer, S, is recommended for use in the temperature with the range of 15-35 C.

Prior to the MAXPRIMER
-C primer application, check and confirm the on-site conditions which

can affect the DRIZORO
WRAP System application: ambient temperature (greater or equal to 5C)

and presence of moisture on surface (less than 4%).

MAXPRIMER
-C is mixed using an electric hand mixer or spatula in clean container at a weight

ratio of main agent/hardener of 4:1 to produce a product with uniform consistency. The mixed quantity
should be controlled to ensure that it is all used within the pot life period. Do not use any mixed primer
that has exceeded the specified pot life.

Using a clean roller or brush, apply one or two layers, in a uniform manner, with a total
consumption from 0,10 to 0,35 kg/m
2
(standard 0,25 kg/m
2
). The applied primer must become tack-
free (no longer sticky) when touched before progressing onto the next stage.

7.2.2. Putty application

If after primer application, concavities, gaps or pinholes up to 6 mm are seen on the surface,
MAXEPOX
-CP putty must be applied to smooth the concrete surface prior to the application of the
resin and the carbon fibre sets.

Prior to the MAXEPOX
-CP putty application, check and confirm the ambient temperature

(greater or equal to 5C) and that primer has become tack-free to the fingertip. If more than 7 days
have passed since the primer application then, the primer surface must be roughened with sandpaper
and wipe clean before putty application. Two types of putty can be applied. Selection depends on the
substrate/ambient temperature of application. So that, cool season putty, W, is recommended for
use in the temperature with the range of 5-15 C, while the warm season putty, S, is
recommended for use in the temperature with the range of 15-35 C.

MAXEPOX
-CP is mixed using appropriate tools, in clean container at a weight ratio of main
agent/hardener of 2:1 to produce a product with uniform consistency (paste) and colour (grey). The
mixed quantity should be controlled to ensure that it is all used within the pot life period. Do not use
any mixed putty that has exceeded the specified pot life.

Using a clean trowel o spatula, apply to all indents, defects or pinholes larger than 1 mm, with a
total consumption from 0,5 to 1,5 kg/m
2
. Generally, the putty is applied to small areas, but it can also
be applied to level uneven concrete surfaces. The applied putty must become tack-free (no longer
sticky) when touched before progressing onto the next stage.

7.2.3. Cutting of carbon fibre sheets

Before proceeding to the MAXEPOX
-CS under-coating resin application, preparation of the

carbon fibre sheets must be taken. Using a scissor or utility cutter, cut a sheet to the specified length
according to the drawing and work plan. It is recommended that prepared sheets have a maximum
length in the range from 4 to 6 meters for easy of handling and to prevent wrinkling.

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Sheets must be handled and stored with care to prevent it from becoming contaminated or
damaged. Contact with water is strictly prohibited. Sheets must not be folded, or rolled up without a
central core.

Particular care should be taken when handling DRIZORO
WRAP HM (High Modulus) sheets,

as its fibres are particularly prone to damage.

7.2.4. Under/overcoat resin application, and carbon fibre sheet application

MAXEPOX
-CS under-coating resin functions as an adhesive to bond the carbon fibre sheet to
the concrete surface. The resin impregnates into the carbon fibres, which when cured, will form the
laminate to strengthen the concrete element.

-CS under-coating resin application, check and confirm the on-site

conditions: ambient temperature (greater or equal to 5C) and that primer, putty, or both have become
tack-free to the fingertip. If more than 7 days have passed since the primer, putty application, or both
then, the surface must be roughened with sandpaper and wipe clean before putty application. Two
types of primer can be applied. Selection depends on the substrate / ambient temperature of
application. So that, cool season primer, W, is recommended for use in the temperature with the
range of 5-15 C, while the warm season primer, S, is recommended for use in the temperature
with the range of 15-35 C.

MAXEPOX
-CS is mixed using an electric hand mixer or spatula, in clean container at a weight
ratio of main agent/hardener of 4:1 to produce a product with a liquid uniform consistency and green
colour. The mixed quantity should be controlled to ensure that it is all used within the pot life period.
Do not use any mixed resin that has exceeded the specified pot life. Using a clean roller or brush,
apply one or two layers, in a uniform and adequate manner to the surface of the primed concrete, with
a total consumption from 0,40 to 0,50 kg/m
2
(depending of carbon fibre type). Relatively large
quantities of resin must be applied to areas of curvature when compared to that applied to flat
concrete surfaces.

Immediately after MAXEPOX
-CS under-coating resin application, the carbon fibre sheets must

be applied (within 20 minutes). The sheets are applied by pressing then onto the resin. The sheets
should be smoothed longitudinally by hand, either from one end to the other. After the sheets have
been attached, any air trapped between the sheets and concrete substrate is removed by gently and
firmly pressing an air removal roller over the length of the sheets. This will allow the resin to
impregnate into the carbon fibres. Do not roll against fibre direction since this may misalign or
damage the fibres.

When connecting two sheets in the fibre longitudinal direction, the sheets are recommended
overlap by at least 15 cm. When applying two sheets next to each other (side by side), a 1,25 cm
overlap is recommended to ensure that there is no surface uncovered by carbon fibre.

Wait approximately 30 minutes to allow the resin impregnate into the carbon fibre sheet (If
ambient temperature is 10 C or below, wait 1 h), b efore proceeding to the next stage. The sheets
application and MAXEPOX
-CS over-coating resin application must be completed in the same day.

-CS over-coating resin application, check and confirm the on-site

conditions: ambient temperature (greater or equal to 5C) and that under-coating resin has become
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tack-free to the fingertip. MAXEPOX
-CS is mixed according to above procedure. The mixed quantity

should be controlled to ensure that it is all used within the pot life period. Do not use any mixed resin

a) Single-layer application. Using a clean roller or brush, apply one o two layers, in a uniform and
adequate manner to the carbon fibre sheet, with a total consumption from 0,2 to 0,3 kg/m
2

(depending of carbon fibre type). Apply following the fibre longitudinal direction to prevent
misalignment of the fibres. Wait 30 minutes to allow the resin to impregnate the fibre and then
DRIZORO
WRAP System application is complete.

b) Multi-layer application. Where multiple layers of carbon fibre sheets have been specified, the
standard quantity of over-coating resin for mid-layers is the sum of the over-coating resin (0,2-
0,3 kg/m
2
) and the under-coating resin (0,4-0,5 kg/m
2
) for the next layer, that is 0,6-0,8 kg/m
2

per layer applied at once.

Alternatively, the over-coating resin and the under-coating resin may be applied in separate
operations according above procedures, If more than 7 days have passed since the previous
resin application, then the over-coated surface must be roughened with sandpaper and wiped
clean before the next resin application.

If the over-coating resin is not for the last layer of carbon fibre sheet, apply the next layer
within 20 minutes of applying the resin. If this is the last layer of sheet applied, wait 30 minutes
to allow the resin to impregnate the sheet and then, DRIZORO
WRAP System application is

complete.

When multiple layers are applied in one day, a maximum of 3 layers to the vertical surface,
and a maximum of 2 layers to horizontal surface is recommended to be applied in any one day
in order to prevent slippage or separation. In several days application, the top layer each day
must be finish with the overcoating-resin. The next day, the under-coating resin is applied on
top and the DRIZORO
WRAP System application process continues as indicated above.

In case of a large surface area that requires multiple layers; overlapping size should be taken
into consideration.

Curing time for MAXPRIMER
-C primer and MAXEPOX
-CP levelling putty depends on

substrate/ambient temperature. It varies from 3,5 to 7 hours and from 3 to 5 hours for primer and putty
respectively.

Allow the MAXEPOX
-CS to cure and bond with strengthen the concrete surface. Depending on
the type of resin used (-W/-S) and ambient temperature, both complete curing and full load transfer
occurs in 5 to 14 days.

If the substrate/ambient temperature is less than 5 C, then heating apparatus such as a
spotlight or heater may be used to increase them. It should be noted that high a substrate/ambient
differential temperature means a danger of condensation or dew forming.

If an air pocket is found, test the swell by tapping the surface with a hard object. This is
necessary to confirm that swell is an actual air pocket and not a natural formation of the concrete
surface. Inject resin into the air pocket and completely fill the air pocket with resin. Allow the injected
resin to cure.
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DRIZORO
WRAP System is extremely durable to weather conditions (heat, humidity,

freeze/thaw cycles, marine environment), many acids and chemicals, gasoline, fuel and UV rays.
From an architectural and aesthetic point of view, an application of a finish coating (weather resistant,
finishing, or both mortar) is recommended to provide further protection against impacts, fire, weather
conditions and mischief-makers. DRIZORO coatings or mortars are suitable products for these
purposes:

Exposed areas to UV rays or direct sunlight: MAXURETHANE
2C.

Exposed areas to mechanical impacts: MAXREST
, CONCRESEAL

PLASTERING. To
improve the bonding property of these mortars over DRIZORO
WRAP System, silica sand

(1,0 to 2,0 mm diameter DRIZORO
SILICA 1020) should be spread over the before the

over-coating resin hardens. A standard spraying quantity is 1 kg/m
2
.

Decorative and protective finishing: MAXSHEEN
, MAXSHEEN
ELASTIC, MAXSEAL

FLEX, MAXQUICK

7.3. WET LAY-UP SYSTEMS: FABRIC

For installation of wet lay-up system based on fabric such as DRIZORO

CARBOMESH,
wherein the fibres are separated forming an open grid mesh. In this cases can be used both
saturating epoxy-based formula, referred to in paragraph 7.2, such as cement-based mortars modified
with polymers to create the CFRP composite. In the case of using a cement-based mortar, such as
CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX, the steps are:

Cutting of carbon fibre fabrics according to the established work plan based on the

Cement-based mortar application and carbon fibre fabric application.

Top coating application

7.3.1. Cutting of carbon fibre fabrics

Before proceeding to the installation, preparation of the carbon fibre fabrics must be taken.
Using a scissor or utility cutter, cut a fabric to the specified length according to the drawing and work
plan. It is recommended that prepared fabrics have a maximum length in the range from 4 to 6 meters
for easy of handling and to prevent wrinkling.

Fabric pieces must be handled and stored with care to prevent it from becoming contaminated
or damaged. Contact with water is strictly prohibited. Fabric pieces must not be folded, or rolled up
without a central core.

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7.3.2. Cement-based application and carbon fibre fabric application

For bonding of the DRIZORO
CARBOMESH carbon fibre fabric, the CONCRESEAL

CARBOFIX cement-based mortar with low modulus can be used.

A 25 kg bag of CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX requires from 4,5 to 5,0 litres of water, depending

on existing ambient conditions and desired consistency. Pour the required amount of water in a clean
container and then slowly add CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX to the liquid and mix, using a slow speed

electric drill (400-600 rpm) fitted with a disc mixer for about 2-3 minutes to obtain a smooth, lump-free
and homogeneous mortar of dry consistency. Do not overmix and allow the mixture to rest 5 minutes
to fully wet out all the powder, and remix briefly before applying. Mix only the amount of material that
can be place in about 20-30 minutes. After this time, mortar will have started its setting and will no
longer be workable. To restore the workability, remix the mortar but never add more water.

Once substrate has been prepared, dampen thoroughly the entire surface to be coated with
clean water, avoiding the formation of puddles. Allow excess water to drain away, and then start the
application once the surface acquires a matte appearance. If it is dry, proceed to saturate it with water
again.

Apply one uniform and homogeneous layer of CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX with a
recommended consumption from 3 to 4 kg/m
2
, taking into account that application thickness is about
2 mm. Then, place the carbon fibre fabric pieces into the fresh previously applied mortar layer
ensuring that fabric is completely embedded. Finally, apply a new layer of CONCRESEAL

CARBOFIX with consumption from 3 to 4 kg/m
2
, i.e. a thickness of about 2 mm. In case of application
of several fabrics, repit the above-mentioned procedure as requiered.

For confinement of pillars and strengthening of walls, a fabric overlapping must be carried out in
the longitudinal and transverse direction of about 10 cm in order to maintain the continuity of the
strengthening.

Do not apply in rain or when rain, contact with water, condensation, dampness and dew is
expected within 24 h after the application.

The optimum temperature range for application is from 10 C to 30 C. Do not apply with
substrate and/or ambient temperature is at or below 5C, or when temperatures are expected to fall
bellow 5 C within 24 h after application. Do not a pply to frozen or frost-covered surfaces. For
applications at hot temperatures (>35 C), low rela tive humidity and/or windy conditions, i.e. summer
time, surface must be wet thoroughly with plenty of water prior to application. Avoid also applications
in areas exposed directly to the sunlight with high temperatures.

Prevent rapid drying of the CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX application, and protect it from

extreme heat and direct sunlight exposure to maintain its moisture for at least 2 hours after the
application, spraying a fine mist of water, without causing the washing or by using polythene sheeting
or damp burlaps. Curing procedures should be observed mainly with high temperature (>30 C),
direct exposure to sunlight, and wind or low humidity (<50%) conditions. Total curing time for
CONCRESEAL
CARBOFIX Is about 28 days. Do not allow to bear loads before full curing time.

When epoxy-based products are used, ambient and surface temperature must be at least 3 C
higher than dew point. Do not apply with R.H. higher than 85 %. Measure the relative humidity and
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dew point before applying the product. With low temperatures, high humidity levels or both, use dry
and warm air in order to get the suitable conditions, such as with an electric powered air blower
system.


DRIZORO
WRAP System is extremely durable to weather conditions (heat, humidity,

freeze/thaw cycles, marine environment), many acids and chemicals, gasoline, fuel and UV rays.
From an architectural and aesthetic point of view, an application of a finish coating (weather resistant,
finishing, or both mortar) is recommended to provide further protection against impacts, fire, weather
conditions and mischief-makers. DRIZORO coatings or mortars are suitable products for these
purposes:

Exposed areas to UV rays or direct sunlight: MAXURETHANE
2C.

Exposed areas to mechanical impacts: MAXREST
, CONCRESEAL

PLASTERING. To
improve the bonding property of these mortars over DRIZORO
WRAP System, silica sand

(1,0 to 2,0 mm diameter DRIZORO
SILICA 1020) should be spread over the before the

over-coating resin hardens. A standard spraying quantity is 1 kg/m
2
.

Decorative and protective finishing: MAXSHEEN
, MAXSHEEN
ELASTIC, MAXSEAL

FLEX, MAXQUICK

7.4. PRE-CURED SYSTEMS: LAMINATES

For installation of the re-cured systems externally bonded, an epoxy-based structural adhesive
is requiered:

Primer application.

Cutting of carbon fibre pre-cured laminates according to the established work plan based on
the strengthening project.

Epoxy-based structural adhesive application and pre-cured laminate application.


Primer penetrates into the concrete surface to increase the strength of concrete and to improve
the bonding between the concrete and the carbon fibre sheet. Two types of primer can be applied.
Selection depends on the substrate / ambient temperature of application. So that, cool season
primer, W, is recommended for use in the temperature with the range of 5-15 C, while the warm
season primer, S, is recommended for use in the temperature with the range of 15-35 C.

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Prior to the MAXPRIMER
-C primer application, check and confirm the on-site conditions which

can affect the DRIZORO
WRAP System application: ambient temperature (greater or equal to 5C)

and presence of moisture on surface (less than 4%).

MAXPRIMER
-C is mixed using an electric hand mixer or spatula in clean container at a weight

ratio of main agent/hardener of 4:1 to produce a product with uniform consistency. The mixed quantity
should be controlled to ensure that it is all used within the pot life period. Do not use any mixed primer

Using a clean roller or brush, apply one or two layers, in a uniform manner, with a total
consumption from 0,10 to 0,35 kg/m
2
(standard 0,25 kg/m
2
). The applied primer must become tack-
free (no longer sticky) when touched before progressing onto the next stage.

7.4.2. Cutting of carbon fibre pre-cured laminates

Before proceeding to the installation, preparation of the carbon fibre pre-cured laminates must
be taken. Clean thoroughly the laminate surfaces with MAXEPOX
SOLVENT before use. Allow to

dry and cut the laminate according to the lengths specified in the design drawings, with a suitable
grinder using a duct tape in the cutting zone.

Pre-cured laminate pieces must be handled and stored with care to prevent it from becoming
contaminated or damaged. Contact with water is strictly prohibited. Pieces must not be folded.

7.4.3. Epoxy-based structural adhesive application and pre-cured laminate pieces application

For bonding of carbon fibre pre-cured laminated, the use of the MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX
structural epoxy-based adhesive is recommended.

MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX is supplied as a pre-weighed two-component set. Premix the

components separately, and then the hardener, component B, is poured into the resin, component A.
In order to ensure the proper reaction of the two components make sure all of component B is added.
Mixing manually for small quantities of product, or preferably using a low speed drill (300-400 rpm.
maximum), fitted with a mixer suitable for epoxy liquids for about 2-3 minutes until achieving a
homogeneous product in colour and appearance. Scrape the sides and the bottom of the container
several times during mixing to ensure complete mixing. Do not mix for prolonged period nor use high-
speed mixer, which may heat the mixture or introduce air bubbles. Check Technical Data Table for
product pot life (40 minutes at 20C for a 5 kg se t). This value increases with lower temperatures or
small quantities of mixture, and reduces with higher temperatures or mixing bigger quantities.

Apply on DRIZORO
COMPOSITE a layer of MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX with a thickness of

about 1 to 3 mm and spread it with curved spatula achieving greater thickness on the middle and
decreasing on the edges. Apply a similar layer on the structure surface wherein laminate will be
bonded.

Place DRIZORO
COMPOSITE on the substrate within the open time of the adhesive and
press the laminate using a hard rubber roller to force the adhesive overflow on both sides, ensuring
total saturation between surfaces of the laminate and the substrate and avoiding entrapped air voids.
Finally, remove any excess of adhesive with a spatula.
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expected within 24 h after the application, and protect the application against contact with water until
the total curing of the material. Optimum application temperature range is from 10 C to 35 C. Do not
apply with substrate and/or ambient temperature below 10 C, or when are expected to fall bellow 10
C within 24 h after application.

Do not apply to frozen or frost-covered surfaces. Ambient and surface temperature must be at
least 3 C higher than dew point. Do not apply with R.H. higher than 85 %. Measure the relative
humidity and dew point before applying the product. With low temperatures, high humidity levels or
both, use dry and warm air in order to get the suitable conditions, such as with an electric powered air
blower system.

Temperatures above 30 C lead a quick-setting between components and heat production, so
the pot life is greatly reduced. In this case, before applying the system, store products at temperatures
between 15 C to 20 C and plan previously the work s.

Allow the MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX structural adhesive for DRIZORO
COMPOSITE

to cure for
at least 7 days at 20 C and 50% R.H. before puttin g into service. Minimum temperature during the
full curing time must be higher than 10C. Applicat ions at lower temperatures, high humidity and/or
poor ventilation require longer drying and curing times. Do not allow to bear loads before full curing
time.

7.5. CUT-IN SYSTEMS: COMPOSITE BARS

For the installation of pre-cured bars, such as DRIZORO
CARBOROD, placed into grooves on

concrete surfaces (cut-in systems), an epoxy-based structural adhesive is required:

Cutting of carbon fibre pre-cured bars according to the established work plan based on the

Epoxy-based structural adhesive application and pre-cured bars application.

7.5.1. Cutting of carbon fibre pre-cured bars

Before proceeding to the installation, preparation of the carbon fibre pre-cured bars must be
taken. Clean thoroughly the laminate surfaces with MAXEPOX
SOLVENT before use. Allow to dry

and cut the laminate according to the lengths specified in the design drawings, with a suitable grinder
using a duct tape in the cutting zone.

Pre-cured bars pieces must be handled and stored with care to prevent it from becoming
contaminated or damaged. Contact with water is strictly prohibited. Pieces must not be folded.

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7.5.2. Epoxy-based structural adhesive application and pre-cured bars application

For bonding of carbon fibre pre-cured bars, the use of the MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX structural
epoxy-based adhesive is recommended.

MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX is supplied as a pre-weighed two-component set. Premix the

components separately, and then the hardener, component B, is poured into the resin, component A.
In order to ensure the proper reaction of the two components make sure all of component B is added.
Mixing manually for small quantities of product, or preferably using a low speed drill (300-400 rpm.
maximum), fitted with a mixer suitable for epoxy liquids for about 2-3 minutes until achieving a
homogeneous product in colour and appearance. Scrape the sides and the bottom of the container
several times during mixing to ensure complete mixing. Do not mix for prolonged period nor use high-
speed mixer, which may heat the mixture or introduce air bubbles. Check Technical Data Table for
product pot life (40 minutes at 20C for a 5 kg se t). This value increases with lower temperatures or
small quantities of mixture, and reduces with higher temperatures or mixing bigger quantities.

Open a groove or drill hole into the concrete or masonry by suitable means and provide an open
roughened texture. Size should be about 1,5 times the diameter of the carbon fibre rod to be set. Care
must be taken not to cut any other existing embedded element; bars, tendons, ducts, etc. Finally,
thoroughly clean the inner surface at the hole or groove using a vacuum and/or compressed air.
Surface must be free of paints, coatings, efflorescence, greases, oils, demoulding agents, dust,
gypsum, etc.

Apply MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX into the groove, or MAXFIX
-E into the borehole checking that

there is no occluded air at the bottom. Place DRIZORO
CARBOROD pressing slightly while the

structural adhesive is still fresh, i.e. within its open time, and ensuring it is fully saturated by the epoxy
adhesive of the groove. Finally, apply additional layers of MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX to cover
completely all around the rod. Remove excess adhesive before hardening.

expected within 24 h after the application, and protect the application against contact with water until
the total curing of the material. Optimum application temperature range is from 10 C to 35 C. Do not
apply with substrate and/or ambient temperature below 10 C, or when are expected to fall bellow 10
C within 24 h after application. Do not apply to f rozen or frost-covered surfaces. Ambient and surface
temperature must be at least 3 C higher than dew point. Do not apply with R.H. higher than 85 %.
Measure the relative humidity and dew point before applying the product. With low temperatures, high
humidity levels or both, use dry and warm air in order to get the suitable conditions, such as with an
electric powered air blower system. Temperatures above 30 C lead a quick-setting between
components and heat production, so the pot life is greatly reduced. In this case, before applying the
system, store products at temperatures between 15 C to 20 C and plan previously the works.

Allow the MAXEPOX
CARBOFIX structural adhesive or MAXFIX
-E anchoring resin for

DRIZORO
CARBOROD

to cure for at least 7 days at 20 C and 50% R.H. b efore putting into
service. Minimum temperature during the full curing time must be higher than 10C. Applications at
lower temperatures, high humidity and/or poor ventilation require longer drying and curing times. Do
not allow to bear loads before full curing time.

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7.6. QUALITY CONTROL DURING THE INSTALLATION

Quality control during FRP installation should include at least one cycle of semi-destructive tests
for the mechanical characterization of the installation itself, and at least one non destructive mapping
to ensure its uniformity.

7.6.1. Semi-destructive tests

Both pull-off tests and shear tearing tests may be carried out. Semi-destructive tests shall be
carried out witnesses and, where possible, in non-critical strengthening areas at the rate of one test
every 5 m
2
of application, and in any case, not less than 2 per each type of test.

7.6.1.1. Pull-off test

This test is used for assessment of the properties of restored concrete substrate; it is carried out
by using a 20 mm thick circular steel plates with a diameter of at least 3 times the characteristic size
of the concrete aggregate nor less than 40 mm, adhered to the surface of the FRP with epoxy
adhesive

After the steel plate is firmly attached to the FRP , it is isolated from the surrounding FRP with a
core drill rotating at a speed of at least 2500 rpm; particular care shall be taken to avoid heating of the
FRP system while 1-2 mm incision of the concrete substrate is achieved.

FRP application may be considered acceptable if at least 80 % of the test (both test in case of
only two tests) return a pull-off stress not less than 0,9-1,2 MPa provided that failure occurs in the
concrete substrate.

7.6.1.2. Shear tearing test

The test is particularly significant to assess the quality of bond between FRP and concrete
substrate. It may be carried out only when it is possible to pull a portion of the FRP system in its plane
located close to an edge detached from concrete substrate. FRP applications may be considered
acceptable if at least 80 % of the tests (both in the case of two tests) return a peak tearing force not
less than 24 kPa.

7.6.2. Non destructive tests

Non destructive tests may be used to characterize the uniformity of FRP applications. The most
common tests are:

Test carried out by a technician hammering the composite surface and listening to the sound
from the impact, indicating how the bond between FRP layers and concrete substrate is.
High-frequency ultrasonic testing.
Thermo-graphic tests.
Acoustic emission tests


DRIZORO S.A.U.
Tel./Phone: +34 916766676
e-mail:

8. DESIGN EXAMPLES

In this chapter, some strengthening design examples using carbon fiber composite are
provided:

- Flexural strengthening of a

8.1. FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF A RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM

8.1.1. Geometrical and mechanical data

A simply supported rectangular
mm = A
s1
= 1.470 mm
2
), and upper;
below figure). Characteristic yield strength for s
strength for concrete f
ck
=30 MPa.
increase in its live-load-carrying requirements
beam still has sufficient shear strength to resist the new required shear strength and meets the
deflection and crack-control serviceability requirements. Its flexu
to carry the increased live load.

Figure 8.1.- Schematic of the idealized simply supported beam with FRP external

As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
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mail: info@drizoro.com Web site: www.drizoro.com
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Flexural strengthening of a rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF A RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
al and mechanical data
rectangular with cross-section (60 cm x 30 cm) reinforced (
upper; 2 = 12 mm = A
s2
= 339 mm
2
) concrete
Characteristic yield strength for steel f
yk
=500 MPa, and characteristic compressive
30 MPa. Beam is located an exterior area and it
carrying requirements. An analysis of the existing beam indicates that the
control serviceability requirements. Its flexural strength, however, is inadequate
Schematic of the idealized simply supported beam with FRP external
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Madrid (SPAIN)
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF A RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
reinforced (lower; 3 =25
concrete beam of 7 m length (see
characteristic compressive
it is subjected to a 42%
An analysis of the existing beam indicates that the
ral strength, however, is inadequate
Schematic of the idealized simply supported beam with FRP external reinforcement
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Length of the beam: L (m) 7,0
Section width of the beam: b (mm) 300
Section height of the beam: h (mm) 600
Effective depth (distance to the centroid of the tension steel reinforcement: d (mm) 540
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete: f
ck
(N/mm
2
) 30
Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement: f
yk
(N/mm
2
) 500
Area of lower (tensile) steel reinforcement: A
s,1
(mm
2
) 1.470
Area of upper (compressive) steel reinforcement: A
s,2
(mm
2
) 339

The ultimate moment for the above rectangular cross-section reinforced concrete beam before
placing FRP external reinforcement is:

Ultimate moment without FRP: M
u,sr
(kNm) 314,0

8.1.2. Loadings and corresponding moments

Summarized in Table are the existing and new loadings and associated midspan moments for
the beam.

Loadings / Moment Existing loads Anticipated loads
Dead loads: g (kN/m) 14,6 14,6
Safety partial factor for dead (permanent) loads,
g
1,35 1,35
Live loads: q (kN/m) 17,5 24,8
(1)

Safety partial factor for variable (live) loads,
q
1,5 1,5
Unfactored loads: p=g+q (kN/m) 32,1 39,4
Unstrengthened load limits: (kN/m) --- 51,3
(2)

Dead-load moment: M
g,k
(kNm) 89,4 89,4
Live-load moment: M
q,k
(kNm) 107,2 151,9
Service-load moment: M
k
= M
g,k
+ M
q,k
(kNm) 196,6 241,3
Factored moment: M
d
= M
g,k
*
g
+ M
q,k
*
q
(kNm) Actual: 281,5 Design: 348,6
(1) 42% increase in its live-load-carrying requirements; 17,5 kN/m * (1,0+0,42) = 24,8 kN/m
(2) Unstrengthened load limit:

Mp
L
2
8

314

51,3

8.1.3. Mechanical characteristics for FRS systems

The existing reinforced beam should be strengthened with any FRP system described in
following table, specifically, a) two 300 mm wide sheets, or b) two 50 mm wide plies bonded to the
soffit of the beam using the wet lay-up system or the procured system technique, respectively.

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Type and class of FRP strengthening system
Wet lay-up system
(unidirectional sheet)
Precured systems
(unidirectional laminate)
Name
DRIZORO
WRAP
300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
Thickness per sheet / ply: t
R
(mm) 0,167 1,4
Width of sheet / ply (mm) 300 50
Number of sheets / plies: n
R
2 3
Modulus of elasticity, E
R
(N/mm
2
) 230.000 165.000
Tensile strength at break: f
Ru
(N/mm
2
) 4.400 2.200
Ultimate rupture strain:
Ru
(%) 1,9 1,6
Characteristic rupture strain:
Rk
(%) 1,50 1,33

The maximum tensile strain of the composite,
Rd
shall be calculated as following:

)
`
=
Rdd
m
Rk
a Rd

, min (Eq. 4-7)

where
Rk
is the characteristic strain at failure for the adopted strengthening system;
a
is the safety
factor as per ambient type (See Table 3.6);
m
is the partial safety factor for materials (See Tables 3.4
and 3.5;
m
=
md
*
Rd
= 1,35 or 1,50 * 1, and
Rdd
is the maximum strain due to FRP debonding as
defined in Section 4.2. Generally, the one that prevail

Ru a
R R R
ck
Rdd
t E n
f
9 , 0 41 , 0

=

Type and class of FRP strengthening system
Wet lay-up
systems
(sheet)
Precured systems
(Laminate)
Name
DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
a
for exterior exposure (Table 3.6) = 0,85 0,85
m
(Table 3.4) = 1,35 1,50
Rk
/
m
(%) = 0,94 0,75
0,9
a
Ru
(%) = 1,45 1,22
Rdd
(%) = 0,81 0,47
Maximum tensile strain of the composite:
Rd
(%) (Eq. 4-7) 0,81 0,47

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8.1.4. Initial situation

The effect of the initial load prior to strengthening should be considered in the calculation of the
strengthened member. Based on the theory of elasticity and with Mo the service moment (no load
safety factor are applied) acting on the critical RD section during strengthening, the strain distribution
of the member can be evaluated.

MPa 200.000 E
MPa 28.577 38 8.500 f 8.500 E
MPa 2,896 30 0,30 f 0,30 f
MPa 38 8 30 8
ck
f
cm
f
s
3
3
cm c
3
2
3
2
ck m ct,
=
= = =
= = =
= + = + =

kNm 52,1
6
0,30,6 2,89610
6
h b f
M
2 3 2
ctm
cr
=
=

=

Based on the transformed cracked section, the neutral axis depth x
o
can be solved from:

( ) ( )
o 1 s 2 o 2 s
2
o
x d nA d x A ) 1 n ( bx
2
1
= +
(Eq. 4-1)

wherein n
s
= E
s
/E
c
= 200.000/28.577 = 7,0

Mean concrete tensile strength: f
ct,m
(MPa) (Eq. 3-8) 2,896
Modulus of elasticity of concrete: E
c
(MPa) (Eq. 4-2) 28.577
n
s
= E
s
/E
c
7,0
Cracking moment: M
cr
(kNm) (Eq. 4-2) 52,1
Initial moment = Dead load moment: M
o
= M
g,k
(kNm) 89,4
Neutral axis depth: x
o
(mm) (Eq. 4-1) 157,8
As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
xo
co
Mo
o
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Moment of inertia of the transformed cracked section:

( ) ( )
2
o 1 s
2
2 o 2 s
3
o
co
x d nA d x A ) 1 n (
3
bx
I + + = (Eq. 4-4)

Moment of inertia of the cracked section transformed to
concrete: I
co
(mm
4
), (Eq. 4-4)
191510
6

Base on strain compatibility, the concrete strain
o
at the extreme tension fibber, ie. strain on the
soffit, can be derived as:
o
o
co o
x
x h

= (Eq. 4-5)
co c
o o
co
I E
x M
= (Eq. 4-3)

Initial strain on the soffit,
o
(%) 0,00072

This existing state of stain on the soffit, i.e wherein FRP is placed, is necessary in order to
calculate the stress level in the reinforcing section.

8.1.5. Calculate of strengthening

o
As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
x
fcd
Md
fyd
fR
AR
c
s2
Rd
s1
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Calculation of neutral axis depth, x:

Forces equilibrium:
F
c
+ F
s comp
= F
s trac
+ F
Rmax

R R R yd s1 s2 s s2 cd
E A f A E A x 0,8 b f 0,85 + = + (Eq. 4-8)

Momentum equilibrium:
M
d
= M
s trac
+ M
R
+ M
s comp

M
d
= A
s1
f
yd
(d - 0,4x) + A
R
E
R
R
(h - 0,4x) + A
s2
E
s
s2
(0,4x d
2
) (Eq. 4-9)

s
yd
2
c s2
E
f
;
x
d x

= (Eq. 4-10)
o c R

x
x h

= (Eq. 4-11)
s
yd
c 1 s
E
f
x
x d
= (Eq. 4-12)

In these regions, two types of failure are considered:

Region 2: Tensile failure of FRP composite:
R
=
Rd
= 0,0081 (DRIZORO
WRAP 300)
R
=
Rd
= 0,0047 (DRIZORO
COMPOSITE 1405)

Region 3: Compressive failure of concrete:
c
= 0,0035

Procedemos al clculo suponiendo que tanto el acero traccionado como el comprimido han
plastificado y que el refuerzo est trabajando en su mxima deformacin, i.e. Region 2 (Tensile falure
of FRP composite:
R
=
Rd
).
R R R R R R R R max R,
yd s2 comp s,
yd s1 s,trac
cd c
)E w t (n E A F
N 147.391
1,15
500
339 f A F
N 639.130
1,15
500
1.470 f A F
4.080x 3000,8x
1,5
30
0,85 x 0,8 b f 0,85 F
= =
= = =
= = =
= = =

F
c
+ F
s comp
= F
s trac
+ F
Rmax

0,85f
cd
0,8x + A
s2
E
s
s2
= A
s1
f
yd
+ A
R
E
R
R

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DRIZORO WRAP 300:

F
Rmax
= A
R
E
R
R
= (n
R
t
R
w
R
)E
R
R
= (23001,4)165.0000,0081= 186.725 N

4.080x + 147.391 = 639.130 + 186.725

x
n est
= 166,3 mm

DRIZORO COMPOSITE 1405:

F
Rmax
= A
R
E
R
R
= (n
R
t
R
w
R
)E
R
R
= (2500,167)230.0000,0047= 161.898 N

4.080x + 147.391 = 639.130 + 161.898

x
n est
= 160,2 mm

CALCULATE OF M
u,R

DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
Number of sheets / plies, n
R
2 3
Width of the sheet / ply, (mm) 300 50
F
s,trac
(N)= 639.130 639.130
F
s,comp
(N)= 147.391 147.391
F
c
(N/mm)= 4.080x 4.080x
F
R,max
(N)= 186.725 161.898

Estimated neutral axis depth: x
n,est
(mm)= 166,3 160,2

M
s trac
= A
s1
f
yd
(d - 0,4x)
M
R max
= A
R
E
R
R
(h - 0,4x)
M
s comp
= A
s2
E
s
s2
(0,4x d
2
)
M
u est R
= M
s trac
+ M
R
+ M
s comp

CALCULATE OF M
u,R

DRIZORO
WRAP 300
DRIZORO
COMPOSITE 1405
M
s,trac
(kNm)= 302,6 304,2
M
R,max
(kNm)= 99,6 86,8
M
s,comp
(kNm)= 1,0 0,6
M
u,est,R
(kNm) = 403,2 391,5

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0,217
200.000
1,15
500
E
f
;
x
d x

s
yd
2
c s2
= =
=
(Eq. 4-10)
o c R

x
x h

= (Eq. 4-11)
0,217
200.000
1,15
500
E
f
;
x
x d

s
yd
c s1
= =
=
(Eq. 4-12)

Verification
DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
R
(%) = 0,81 0,47
c
(%) (Eq 4.11) = 0,34 < 0,35 OK 0,20 < 0,35 OK
s2
(%) (Eq. 4.10) = 0,22 0,217 OK 0,12 NO
s1
(%) (Eq. 4.12) = 0,76 0,217OK 0,47 0,217OK

For DRIZORO
COMPOSITE 1405, a new value for the strain in compressed steel reinforcement,
s2
,
is proposed (0,12 % 0,0012):

F
s comp
= A
s2
E
s

s2
= 339 200.000 0,0012 = 83.341 N

CALCULATE OF M
u,R

DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
Number of sheets / plies, n
R

3
Width of the sheet / ply, (mm)

50
F
s,trac
(N)= 639.130
F
s,comp
(N)= 83.341
F
c
(N/mm)= 4.080x
F
R,max
(N)= 161.898

4.080x + 83.341 = 639.130 + 161.898
x
n est
= 160,2 mm

Estimated neutral axis depth: x
n,est
(mm)= 175,9
CALCULATE OF M
u,R

DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
M
s,trac
(kNm)= 300,2
M
R,max
(kNm)= 85,7
M
s,comp
(kNm)= 0,9
M
u,est,R
(kNm) = 386,8

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8.1.6. Analysis at Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

From the equilibrium of forces and strain compatibility, the depth of the neutral axis x is obtained
from the following:

(
|
|
\
|
+ + = + x 1 h A n ) x d ( A n ) d x ( A ) 1 n ( bx
2
1
c
o
R R 1 s s 2 2 s s
2
(Eq. 4-21)
o k c
o
x M
M x
0
(Eq. 4-22c)

Loadings / Moment Anticipated loads
Initial moment = Dead-load moment: M
o
=M
g,k
(kNm) 89,4
Live-load moment: M
1
=M
q,k
(kNm) 151,9
Service-load moment: M
k
= M
g,k
+ M
q,k
(kNm) 241,3

Neutral axis depth: x
o
(mm) (Eq. 4-1) 157,8

DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO

COMPOSITE 1405
Number of sheets/plies, n
R
2 3
Width of the sheet / ply, (mm) 300 50
Neutral axis depth (Eq. 4-21): x = x
1
(mm)= 149,8 144,0
Moment of inertia of the cracked section: I
fis,1
(mm
4
)= 2.155.10
6
2.24810
6

o
As1
As2
b
h
d
d1
d2
x
fcd
Mk
fyd
fR
AR
c
s2
Rd
s1
Ns2
Nc
Ns1
NR
R-IT-06/04
RT-060-01
Pag. 70 / 71

Tel./Phone: +34 916766676 Fax: +34 916776175

( )
2
R R
2
s1 s
2
2 s2 s
3
fis,1
x h A n x) (d A n ) d (x 1)A (n bx
3
1
I + + + =

Moment of inertia of the cracked section: I
co
(mm
4
) = 1.91510
6

Stress at service in the FRP system, computed for the quasi-permanent loading condition, shall
satisfy the limitation
R
f
Rk
, where f
Rk
is the FRP characteristic strength at failure and is the
conversion factor as suggested in Section 3.5.2. Service stress in concrete and steel shall be limited
according to the current building code,
c
0,60 f
ck,j
, where f
ck,j
is the characteristic strength at age j
when;
s

e
= f
yd
/
s
.

SERVICE STRESS (MPa)
Concrete:
c
= 0,60 f
ck,j
= 300,6 = 18,0
Steel:
s
= f
yd
/
s
.500/1,15= 434,8
DRIZORO
WRAP 300
DRIZORO
COMPOSITE
1405
f
Rk
(MPa):
0,85 3.400=2.930 0,852.000=1.700

Assuming that M
o
is the bending moment acting on the member prior to FRP strengthening, and
assuming that M
1
is the bending moment acting after FRP strengthening, the stress due to the
combined moment M = M
0
+ M
1
can be evaluated as follows:

;
x h
I
W ;
x d
I
W ;
x d
I
W ;
x
I
W ;
x
I
W
resistance of Modulus
W
M
n : composite FRP in Stress
W
M
W
M
n : steel in Stress
W
M
W
M
: concrete in Stress
1
1
R 1,
1
1 trac
s 1,
0
0 trac
s 0,
1
1
c 1,
0
0 comp
c 0,
R 1,
1
R s
i
s 1,
1
i
s 0,
0
s s
c 1,
1
c 0,
0
c
= = =
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
(Eq. 4-24)

Verification
DRIZORO

WRAP 300
DRIZORO
COMPOSITE
1405
Stress at service for concrete (Eq.4-24):
c
(MPa)=
17,9 < 18,0
Ok
17,1 < 18,0
Ok
Stress at service for steel (Eq.4-24):
s
(MPa)=
317,3 < 434,8
Ok
312,1 < 434,8
Ok
Stress at service for FRP composite : (Eq.4-24)
R
(MPa)=
255,3 < 2.930
Ok
177,8 < 1.700
Ok

R-IT-06/04
RT-060-01
Pag. 71 / 71

Tel./Phone: +34 916766676 Fax: +34 916776175

8.1.7. Service strain limits (Deflections control)

L/d = 7.000/540 = 13 < (20-14)(1.470100/(50300)-0,5)+14 = 15,9

It is not necessary the flexa verification.

RT - 060 - 01 Guide For CFRP Systemsx

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TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATION

Guide for the Design of Externally Bonded

WRAP QUADRIAXIAL System

WRAP 200, DRIZORO

WRAP 300 and DRIZORO

CARBOFIX cement-based mortar of low modulus or by using the MAXEPOX

WRAP QUADRIAXIAL System

COMPOSITE is a pre-formed laminate composed of unidirectional carbon fibres,

CARBOFIX structural epoxy-based adhesive.

CARBOROD is a circular rod composed of unidirectional on carbon fibres

C is a two-component, solvent-free colourless epoxy-based liquid formula,

C S. For applications with temperatures from 15 C to 35 C.

C -W . For applications with temperatures from 5 C to 15C.

CP is a two-component, solvent-free, epoxy-based liquid formula, specially

CP S. For applications with temperatures from 15 C to 35 C.

CP -W. For applications with temperatures from 5 C to 15C.

CS is a two-component, solvent-free epoxy-based liquid formula, specially

CARBOMESH and DRIZORO

CS S. For applications with temperatures from 15 C to 35 C.

CS -W. For applications with temperatures from 5 C to 15C.

CARBOFIX is a one-component, polymer-modified cement-based mortar with

CARBOFIX is a two-component, solvent-free, epoxy-based structural adhesive,

mm 20 r mm; 900 h b, 2; b/h

range (500/700/S/F/HT). On the other hands,

INJECTION before strengthening.

-C primer application, check and confirm the on-site conditions which

WRAP System application: ambient temperature (greater or equal to 5C)

-C is mixed using an electric hand mixer or spatula in clean container at a weight

-CP putty application, check and confirm the ambient temperature

-CS under-coating resin application, preparation of the

WRAP HM (High Modulus) sheets,

-CS under-coating resin application, check and confirm the on-site

-CS under-coating resin application, the carbon fibre sheets must

-CS over-coating resin application must be completed in the same day.

-CS over-coating resin application, check and confirm the on-site

-CS is mixed according to above procedure. The mixed quantity

WRAP System application is complete.

WRAP System application is

WRAP System application process continues as indicated above.

-C primer and MAXEPOX

-CP levelling putty depends on

WRAP System is extremely durable to weather conditions (heat, humidity,

WRAP System, silica sand

SILICA 1020) should be spread over the before the

CARBOFIX, the steps are:

CARBOMESH carbon fibre fabric, the CONCRESEAL

CARBOFIX requires from 4,5 to 5,0 litres of water, depending

CARBOFIX to the liquid and mix, using a slow speed

CARBOFIX application, and protect it from

WRAP System is extremely durable to weather conditions (heat, humidity,

WRAP System, silica sand

SILICA 1020) should be spread over the before the

-C primer application, check and confirm the on-site conditions which

WRAP System application: ambient temperature (greater or equal to 5C)

-C is mixed using an electric hand mixer or spatula in clean container at a weight

SOLVENT before use. Allow to

CARBOFIX is supplied as a pre-weighed two-component set. Premix the

COMPOSITE a layer of MAXEPOX

CARBOFIX with a thickness of

CARBOFIX structural adhesive for DRIZORO

CARBOROD, placed into grooves on

SOLVENT before use. Allow to dry

CARBOFIX is supplied as a pre-weighed two-component set. Premix the