1

1

INTRODUCTION
Buildings constitute a part of the definition of civilizations, a way of life advanced by the
people. The construction of buildings should be looked upon as a process responded to human
requirements rather than as a product to be designed and built a great expense.

Due to rapid increase in the urban population in last two decades, it has been noticed during
recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the construction of multi - storied building for
residential purpose, schools, offices etc in big and developing cities. In India buildings of four
stories and higher are often considered as multi storied structures. One of the important reasons
given in favour of vertical development is the increasing land price in urban areas.

This project concerns with the structural analysis and designing a residential complex
proposed to be built in Rajahmundry town.

This complex has G+4 floors. Each floor is divided into five flats and each flat having two
bedrooms, one hall, dining and kitchen and will cater people of same income groups, the
following table shows the area wise break-up of each room.

Master bed room = 12.87 m
2
Bed room = 10.24 m
2
Dining room = 10.81 m
2
Living room = 11.84 m
2
Kitchen = 10.25 m
2

Parking facilities are provided in the ground floor separately.
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2


Each that is provided with all the basic amenities and requirements like two bedrooms
with attached baths, a living cum dining room and a kitchen, as described above, corridor is to be
provided to each bedroom and also the back of every kitchen room. Sufficiently large doors and
windows in good number are provided for better ventilation. A special feature of this building is
the provision of ventilation from all sides as possible i.e., from bath rooms and bed rooms. Each
flat has got main entrance from a common entrance lobby thus take care not to isolate any flat as
a protection against burglary at the same time maintaining sufficient privacy. The building is
provided with a spacious staircase to avoid over crowding.

All the exterior walls are one brick-wall while all the partition walls are half brick walls.
We propose use M20 concrete for slabs and columns and Foundation and Fe
415
bars for the main
reinforcement and fe
250
bars for the distribution reinforcement.

Regarding its structural features, it is rectangular building. All the columns are arranged
in such a way that they form typical frames in length and width direction. The longitudinal and
transverse frames are analyzed using the substitute frame method of analysis.

The limit state method of collapse using IS:456-2000 has been adopted for the design
of all structural components like slabs, beams, columns and foundations.

Thus we feel that structure fulfils the basic requirements of good designing and
planning by using effectively every inch of space available and also justifies its name by
increasing the BEAUTY of landscape.

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3


INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Before the last two decades the structural designers of reinforced concrete were
concerned more with safety against failure of the structure than with durability under service
conditions. The theoretical calculations for design of R.C.C structure were based on classical
elastic theory, fictitious modulus of Elasticity of concrete and permissible working stresses,
recent developments lead to limit state design otherwise called strength and performance criteria
based on the recommendation of International code of practice different countries started
changing their codes introducing limit state design for the design of reinforced concrete
structures.

India introduced limit state design for the design during the revised IS:456-2000 along
with working stress method of design. IS:456-2000 permits design of R.C.C structural design by
both working stress method and limit state method. As has happened in the other scientific field
new ways of thinking replace old ways. In scientific circles this is generally referred as Paradigm
shift limit state design should there fore looked upon as a paradigm a better way of explaining
certain aspects reality and new way us of thinking about old problems. Thus the design should be
learnt and taught with own philosophy and not as an extension of old elastic theory.


Since the rational approach to design of reinforced concrete did not mean simply
adopting the existing method of elastic and ultimate theories. New concepts with a semi
probabilistic approach to design were found necessary the proposed new method had to provide a
framework, which would allow a design to be economical and safe. The new philosophy of
design was called the limit state method of design.


CONCEPT OF LIMIT STATES

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4


In the method of design based on limit state concepts the structure shall be designed to
withstand safely all loads to act on it throughout its life, it shall also satisfy the serviceability
requirements such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety
and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called limit state. The aim of the design is
to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which it
is intended, i.e., that it will not reach a limit state.

All relevant limit state shall be considered in design to ensure an adequate degree of
safety and serviceability. In general the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most
critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.

For ensuring above objective, the design should be based on characteristic values for
material strengths and in the loads to be supported, the characteristic values should be based on
statistical data; if available where such data are not available they should be based on experience.
The design values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial safely
factors, one for material strengths and other for load. In the absence of special consideration
these factors have values given is IS:456 2000 according to the material the type of loading and
the limit state being considered.
Design basis:
Limit state method based on IS:456-2000 using design aids SP: SI Units. Emphasis
is given on Limit state design method in this project work (a brief description on LSD
method is appended in this project).


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5

LOAD FACTORS AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

Ultimate load theory is based on the assumption that a structure reaches a collapse
condition forming a mechanism when a certain load is applied. The load factor has been
judiciously selected giving due considerations to the various factors contributing the failure. The
load factor is used in estimating ultimate loading.

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6

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS:

Partial safety factor for material, strength should account for,

Possibility of deviation of the strength of material.
Deviation of structural dimensions.
Deviation of structural dimensions.
Accuracy of the calculations procedure.
Risk to like and economic consequences.

When assuming the strength of a structure for limit state of collapse.
Value of partial safety factors should be taken into account for,
Partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5
Partial safety factor for steel = 1.15

Partial safety factors for loads should account for
Unusual increasing loads beyond that using for deriving characteristic values.
Unforeseen stress distribution.
In accurate assessment of the effect of loading.

Partial safely factors of loads under different conditions are given in clause 35.4 of
IS:456 2000.

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7

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE:

The limits state of collapse of collapse or the structure or part of the structure could be
assumed from rupture of one more critical section and from backing due to elastic or plastic
instability (including the effects of sway where appropriate) or overturning. The resistance to
bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every section produced by the probable most
unfavourable combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate partial safety factors.

LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY

Control of deflection:

The deflection of a structure or part there of shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finished or finished partitions the deflection shall generally be
limited to the following.
a. The final deflection due to all loads including the 4 effects of Temperature, creep and
shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs, and all
other horizontal members should not normally exceed span/250.
b. The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage.
c. Occurring after erection of partitions and the application of finished.
d. Should not normally exceed span/350 or 20mm whichever is less.





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LIMIT STATE OF CRACKING:

Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or durability of structure.
The surface for width of cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3mm surface width of cracks at
points nearest to main reinforcement should not exceed 0.004 times the nominal cover the main
reinforcement.

CHARACTERISTICS, DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY
FACTORS:

Characteristic strength of materials:

The term characteristic strength means that value of the strength of material below
which, not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.

Characteristic loads:

The term characteristic loads means that value of load, which has a 95% probability of
not being exceeded during the life of structure.







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9

DESIGN VALUES:

Materials Used:

The design strength of materials, f
d
= (f/Y
m
)
Where f : characteristic strength of material and
Y
m
: Partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit
State being considered.

Loads : The design load f is given by
F
d
= F (Y
f
)
Where F : characteristic load and
Y : Partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and
the limit state being considered.
Partial safety factors:
1. Y = 1.5 for concrete
2. Y = 1.15 for steel
Load
Combination
Limit state of
collapse
Limit state of
serviceability
D.L L.L W.L D.L L.L W.L
D.L + L.L 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 ---
D.L + W.L 1.5 --- 1.5 1.0 --- 1.0
D.L + L.L + W.L 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.2

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LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE:

Flexure:
Assumptions:
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is taken as 0.0035
in bending.
3. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be
assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength.
4. The partial safety factors Y
m
shall be applied in addition to this.

Stress-Strain curve in Limit State Design

Stress block parameters

Area of stress block = 0.36 f
ck
X
u
Depth of cement of compressive force from the extreme fiber in compression = 0.42 X

X
u
: Depth of neutral axis.
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11

F
ck
: characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
The limiting values of depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel are given by

F
y
(X
u
max/d)

250
0.53
415
0.48
500
0.46

MATERIALS:
Concrete: We propose to use M mix concrete for slabs and beams, columns and foundations.
Steel: We proposed to use HYSD bars for main and distribution reinforcement. M.S. bars for
shear reinforcement.
Details of materials adopted.

Dead loads:

1. Unit weight of concrete 25KN/m
3

2. Unit weight of brick work 19KN/m
3

3. Floor finishes 1 KN/m
2

Live loads:

1. Living area 2 KN/m
2

2. Corridor 2 KN/m
2

3. Stair case 5 KN/m
2

4. Safe bearing capacity of soil 150 KN/m
2


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12

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:

Structural analysis deals with the behaviour of structure in the given loading conditions.
Depending upon the nature offloading, the structure may respond in number of ways. The
structure may deform statistically, might yield and may vibrate or buckle. Structures carrying
static loading can be classified as statically determinate and statically indeterminate structure. If
all reactions and internal forces in a structure can be found using the equilibrium conditions
along that is,
F
x
=0, F
y
=0, F
z
=0, M
y
=0, M
z
=0.

Then the structure is statically determinate, if not it is statically indeterminate of
redundant various methods popularly used for analysis includes
Moment distribution method
Kanis method
Substitute frame method
Slope d/eflection method
Matrix method

In this project two-step moment distribution method is used for the analysis of structure.
In moment distribution method only apart of the frame that is a floor connected above and below
with columns is considered. The columns may be assumed to be fixed, hinged or partially
restrained depending upon the rigidly.

The bending moments can be determined by using any one of the following methods.
Slope deflection method.
Moment distribution method
Building frame formulae
Kanis method.
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13


MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD:

The moment distribution method also called as the Hardy cross method, provides
convenient means of analyzing statically indeterminate beams and frames by simple hand
calculations. This general, involves artificially restraining temporarily all the joints against
rotation and writing down the fixed end moments for all the members. The joints are then
released one by one in succession at each released joint. The unbalanced moments are distributed
to all the ends of the members meeting at that joint. A certain fraction of these distributed
moments are carried over to the far end of the members. The released joint is again restrained
temporarily before proceeding to the next joints completed. This completes one cycle of
operations. The process is repeated for number of cycles till the values obtained within the
desired accuracy.
POSITIONING OF BEAMS
Following are some of the guiding principles for positioning of beams:
Beams shall normally, be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load
to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.
Since beams are primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing shall be decided by the
maximum spans of slabs.

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DESIGN OF BEAMS

Introduction:

Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that cause
bending moment and shear force along their span. These are general supported on bearing walls
or columns and are subjected to roof or floors loads and are reinforced to take up stresses.
The reinforced concrete breams in which the steel reinforced is placed only on
tension side are known as singly reinforced beams. The failure of singly reinforced beams many
be caused in one of the two ways either in compression or in tension. In case the cross-sectional
area of the steel bars provided for reinforcement is moderate or small, at some values of the load,
the steel bars will attain their yield point. When it yields, the depth of neutral axis reduces. That
is the strength increases in the lever arm and the moment of resistance in the remaining
compressions zone of the concrete increases to such a degree that the crushing of the concrete
(the secondary compressions failure) begins only at a load only slightly larger than that which
caused the steel bars to yield. Such a yield failure at the steel bars is preferred as it is gradual
with adequate working of collapse.
In case the cross-sectional area of steel reinforcing bars is large or the normal
cross-sectional area of steel reinforcing bars of high strength is provided, the compression
strength of concrete will be exhausted prior to the steel bars start yielding. In such a case, the
depth at neutral axis increases considerably. It causes an increase in the compressive force. The
failure of concrete in compression occurs by crushing. The crushing failure of concrete is
sudden, explosive in nature and occurs without warning and hence it is not preferred.
If a beam is limited in cross-section and ending moment is more than the moment
of resistance of the singly reinforced section, the concrete can develop the compressive force to
resist the given bending moment. In such a case, the beams are strengthened by providing
reinforcement in compression zone and the resulting section is called doubly reinforced beam.

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15

For Beam (B1):

1. Load on beam per metre run = 49KN/m

2. Effective span = 7m

3. Effective width of flange:
b
f
= ( l
o
/6) + b
w
+6D
f

Here l
o
= 7m
b
w
= 23mm
D
f
= 100mm

b
f
=7000/6 +230+ 6(100) = 1166.6 +230 +600 = 1996.66
2000mm

Maximum c/c of beam width= 5820mm

So, Effective width of flange=2000mm is satisfactory.

4. d= Depth =span/ 15 =7000/15 =466mm 450mm

Overall depth =d + cover =450 + 40 = 490mm

So, effective depth =450mm, b = 250mm

5. Maximum bending moment =wl
2
/ 8
= 49x7
2
/ 8 =1300.12 KN-m
Bending moment = 81.03KN-m from analysis.
6. Let us assume the neutral axis lies in the flange,

0.36 f
ck
b
f
X = 0.87f
y
A
st

X = (0.87.
y
f .A
st
) / ( 0.36 f
ck
b
f
)

= (0.87x450xA
st
) / (0.36x20x2000) = 0.0271A
st


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16




7. Tension:

B.M. = 0.87 f
y
A
st
(d 0.42X)
81.03x10
6
= 0.87x450xA
st
(450- (0.42x0.0271A
st
))
= 391.5A
st
(450 0.0113 A
st
)
A
st
= 465.37 mm

X = 0.0271A
st
=0.0271x465.37 =12.6mm < 216mm OK.
And Neutral axis lies in the flange.

Use 6 10mm bars (A=st =471 > 465)

8. Checks:

Minimum area of tension steel = A
o
= (0.85. b
w
.d)/f
y

A
st
= 0.85x230x450/415 = 211.98mm
2
< 471mm
2
Ok

Maximum area of tension steel

A
t
=0.04 b
w
D
= 0.04 x230x490 = 4508mm
2
>471mm
2

Hence safe.


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For Beam (B2):

1. Load on beam per meter width =45.28KN/m

2. Effective span = 7.01m

3. Effective width of flange

b
f
= l
o
/ 6 + b
w
+ 6D
f


Where l
o
= 7.01m = 7010mm
b
w
= 230mm
D
f
= 100mm

b
f
= 7010/6 +230 + 6(100) = 1998.33 2000mm

Maximum c/c of beam width =5820mm

So, effective width of beam =2000mm safe.

4. Depth required:

d = depth = Span/15 = 7010/15 = 467.33 450mm

Overall depth = 450mm + 40mm cover = 490mm


5. Maximum bending moment = wl
2
/ 8.

= 45.28x(7.01)
2
/ 8

Bending moment = 78.72 KN-m from analysis.



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18





6. Let us assume that neutral axis lies in the flange.

0.36 f
ck
b
f
X = 0.87 f
y
A
st

= 0.87 f
y
A
st
/ 0.36 f
ck
b
f

= ( 0.87x450xA
st
) / (0.36x20x2000)

X =0.0271 A
st

7. Tension:

Bending moment = 0.87f
y
A
st
(d-0.42x)
78.72 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 450 x A
st
[ 450 (0.42 x 0.027A
st
)
= 391.5 A
st
[450-0.0113A
st
]
A
st
= 451.9 mm
2

X = 0.0271 A
st
= 0.0271 x 451.9mm
2

= 12.24 < 216
Neutral axis lies in the flange.
Use 6 -10 mm. bars
(A
st
= 471 > 451.9 mm
2
)
8. Check:
Minimum area of tension steel
A
o
= 0.85 b
w
d/f
y

= 0.85 x 230 x 450 / 415
= 211.98 mm
2
< 477 mm
2

Maximum area of tension steel
A
t
= 0.04 b
w
D
= 0.04 x 230 x 490
19

19

= 4508 mm
2
> 471 mm
2
OK


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20

For Beam (B3):

1. Load on beam per meter run = 39 kN/m
2. Effective span = 3.96 m
3. Effective width of flange
b
f
= l
o
/6 + b
w
+ 6D
f

l
o
= 3960 mm
b
w
= 230mm
D
f
= 100mm
b
f
= 3960/6 + 230 + 6(100)
= 1490 1500 mm
Maximum center to centre of beam width = 5820mm
So, effective flange width = 1500mm
4. Depth, (d) = span/15
= 3960/15 = 264mm 260mm
Overall depth = d + cover
= 260 + 40 = 310mm 300mm.
So effective depth = 260mm, b = 230mm
5. Maximum bending moment = wl
2
/8
= (39 x 3.96
2
)/8
= 76.44 kN-m
Bending moment from analysis = 54.14 kN-m
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21

6. Let us assume the neutral axis lies in the flange
0.36 f
ck
b
f
X = 0.87 f
y
A
st
X = (0.87 x 450 x A
st
) / (0.36 x 20 x 4500)
= 0.03625 A
st
7. Tension:
Bending moment = 0.87f
y
A
st
(d-0.42x)
54.14 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
[ 260 (0.42 x 0.03625 A
st
)
A
st
= 549.56 mm
2

X = 0.03625 A
st
= 0.03625 x 549.6mm
2

= 19.923 < 216 OK
Neutral axis lies in the flange.
Use 8 -10 mm. bars A
st
= 628.31 mm
2
8. Check:
Minimum area of tension steel
A
o
= 0.85 b
w
d/f
y

= 0.85 x 230 x 260 / 415
= 122.4 mm
2
< 628.31mm
2
OK
Maximum area of tension steel
A
t
= 0.04 b
w
D
= 0.04 x 230 x 300
= 2760 mm
2
OK

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For Beam (B4):

1. Load on beam per meter run = 49 kN/m
2. Effective span = 5.82 m
3. Effective width of flange
b
f
= l
o
/6 + b
w
+ 6D
f

l
o
= 5820 mm
b
w
= 230 mm
D
f
= 100 mm
b
f
= 5820/6 + 230 + 6(100)
= 1800 mm
Maximum center to centre of beam width = 5820mm
So, effective flange width = 1800mm
4. Depth, (d) = span/15
= 5820/15 = 388 mm 400mm
Overall depth = d + cover
= 400 + 40 = 440mm
So effective depth = 440mm, b = 230mm
5. Maximum bending moment = wl
2
/8
= (49 x 5.82
2
)/8
= 207.46 kN-m
Bending moment from analysis = 89.49 kN-m
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23


6. Let us assume the neutral axis lies in the flange
0.36 f
ck
b
f
X = 0.87 f
y
A
st
X = (0.87 x 415 x A
st
) / (0.36 x 20 x 1800)
= 0.0278 A
st
7. Tension:
Bending moment = 0.87f
y
A
st
(d-0.42x)
89.49 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
[ 400 (0.42 x 0.0278 A
st
)
A
st
= 631 mm
2
Use 6 -12 mm. bars A
st
= 678.50 mm
2

8. Check:
Minimum area of tension steel
A
o
= 0.85 b
w
d/f
y

= 0.85 x 230 x 400 / 415
= 188.43 mm
2


OK
Maximum area of tension steel
A
t
= 0.04 b
w
D
= 0.04 x 440 x 230
= 4048 mm
2
OK
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SYMBOLS USED

A : Area
A
st
: Area of Tensile reinforcement
A
sc
; Area of Compression reinforcement
b : Breadth of beam/shorter dimension of a rectangular column
D : Overall depth of the beam/sla/longer dimension of rectangular column
d : Effective depth of a beam/slab
d
c
: Depth of compression steel from highly compressed face
d
'
: Effective cover in Beams and Columns
e : Eccentricity
f
ck
: Characteristic strength of concrete
f
y
: Characteristic strength of steel
L
d
: Development length
l : Length of column
l
ef
: Effective span of beam/slab
M : Bending moment
M
u
: Factored bending moment
P : Axial load on a compression member
P
u
: Factored axial load
S : Spacing of stirrups
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25

V : Shear force
V
u
: Factored shear force
V
us
: Net factored shear force to be resisted by the stirrups
W : Distributed load per unit area
W
d
: Distributed imposed load per unit area
W
l
: Distributed load per unit area

c
: Allowable shear stress of concrete

cmax
: Maximum allowable shear stress of concrete

v
: Nominal shear stress of concrete

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Limit State Design - A.K.Jain
2. Theory of Structures - S. Ramamrutham
3. Design of Multi-Storey
Residential Building - Karve & Shah
4. Handbook of Reinforced
Concrete Design - Karve
5. I.S.Code 456-2000 - BIS Publication
6. SP 16 Design Aids for - BIS Publication