Introduction to Communication

Engineering
1
Engineering
(H61ICM)
Discrete Fourier Analysis
2
Discrete Time Fourier Series
The DTFS representation for a discrete periodic signal which has a period
of N and frequency
0
= 2 /N
X[k] is the frequency domain representation of x[n]. It is a function of
frequency.

=
1
0
] [
1
] [
N
n jk
e n x k X
3
x[n] is the time domain representation of X[k]. It is the inverse DTFS

=
1
0
0
] [ ] [
N
k
n jk
e k X n x

=

=
0
0
] [
1
] [
n
n jk
e n x
N
k X
Example
Determine the DTFS of the given signal
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
The DTFT representation is for discrete time non periodic signal as a
superposition of complex sinusoids.
X(e
j
) is the frequency domain representation of a signal x[n]

=

=
n
n j j
e n x e X ] [ ] [
5
This is the Inverse DTFT
=

d e e X n x
n j j

) (
2
1
] [
= n
Example
Find the DTFT of the

=
n
n x
n
9 0 2
] [
Hint : Geometric series identity:
6

=
otherwise
n
n x
0
9 0 2
] [

=
+

=
l
k n
l k
n

1
1
FILTERS
7
FILTERS
Basics of Filters
High Pass and Low Pass, Band Pass
and Band Reject/Stop Filters
8
and Band Reject/Stop Filters
Classifying filters
Basics on filters
2 main uses:
Signal separation
Needed when signal has been contaminated by interference,
noise or other signals
9
Signal restoration
Needed when signal has been distorted
Analog and digital filters
Analog filters
Uses analog electronic circuits such as R, C and
OpAmps.
Applications: noise reduction, video signal
enhancement, graphic equalizers in hi-fi systems.
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enhancement, graphic equalizers in hi-fi systems.
At all stages, the signal being filtered is an electrical
voltage or current which is the direct analogue of the
physical quantity (e.g. a sound or video signal or
transducer output) involved.
Analog and digital filters
Digital filters
uses a digital processors. Performs numerical
calculations on sampled values of the signal. The
processor may be a general-purpose computer such as
a PC or DSP chip.
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a PC or DSP chip.
Sampling is required. Samples are sent to the
processor, which carries out numerical calculations on
them. If necessary, the results can be converted back
to analog form.
Linear filters
All linear filters are described by :
Impulse response
Step response and
Frequency response
These responses contains complete information about the
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These responses contains complete information about the
filter, but in a different forms.
If one of the three is specified, the other two are fixed and can
be directly calculated. These representations are important,
because they describe how the filter will react under different
circumstances.
Information representation
Time domain
Information represented in the time domain describes
when something occurs and what the amplitude of the
occurrence is.
The step response describes how information represented
in the time domain is being modified by the system.
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in the time domain is being modified by the system.
Frequecy domain
Information in f domain decribes the frequency, phase,
and amplitude of a periodic motion. A single sample, in
itself, contains no information about the periodic motion.
frequency response shows how information represented in
the frequency domain is being changed.
Step response and frequency response
The step response describes how information
represented in the time domain is being modified
by the system.
The frequency response shows how information
represented in the frequency domain is being
changed.
In filter design it is not possible to optimize a
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In filter design it is not possible to optimize a
filter for both applications.
Good performance in the time domain results in
poor performance in the frequency domain, and
vice versa.
Time domain performance
Risetime; Poor when
noise reduction, system
limitation
Overshoot; causes
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distortion of information
Linear phase; ensures
rising edge looks the
same as the falling edge
Frequency responses of commonly used filters
2
-3dB
16
Cutoff- f
Frequency domain performance
Rolloff; ensures
separation of closely
spaced freq.
Flat; ensures info passes
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through passband with
no distortion
Stopband; ensures good
attennuation of
unwanted frequency
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Note:
Filter:
"The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal
Processing, copyright 1997-1998 by Steven W.
Smith. For more information visit the book's website at:
21
Smith. For more information visit the book's website at:
www.DSPguide.com. Chapter 14 is on filters
All material in this slide has been
compiled/sourced/extracted from various sources;
electronic and non electronic media for the
purpose of teaching.