2V
V
p
avg (5)
Where;
V
p
= peak voltage
And the ripple voltage yields
2CF
1
Vripple (6)
Where;
C = filter capacitance
F = operating frequency
The output DC voltage is obtained
ripple p DC V V V (7)
By using above equation 4, 5, 6, and 7, the supply
voltage 200V DC are calculated.
E. Hex-bridge
The heart of a standard three-phase inverter is the hex-
bridge. The hex-bridge takes a dc bus voltage and uses six
switches arranged in three phase legs as shown in Fig. 4.
From the middle of each phase leg comes the line which
connects to the motor. The waveforms on these lines need to
be a balanced three-phase sinusoidal waveform in order to
drive the induction motor. This is achieved by applying
carefully controlled switching waveforms to the gate of the
switches.
+
200V
DC
MB351
.0
D1
D2
D3
D4
C1
470
C2
220
C3
220
220V
AC
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 42 2008
344
A B C
+
V
dc
-
Fig. 4 Hex-bridge
There are two kinds of switches that can be used for our
fairly high power application, Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistors (IGBTs) or MOSFETs. To meet our specifications
the switch needed minimum ratings of 400V and 10A. In
addition we wanted a switch which minimized losses;
therefore, switches with lower resistances are more desirable.
The IGBT considered for this design was the
HGTP12N60B3D, which has a small equivalent resistance of
approximately 0.07, but IGBTs also have a voltage drop at
all times due to the collector emitter saturation voltage, which
in this case is equal to 1.7V. The MOSFET investigated was
the FQP17N40, which has an on-state resistance of 0.27.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
5
10
15
20
RMS current (A) [Single Frequency Sinusoid]
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
B
a
s
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
L
o
s
s
FQP17N40
HGTG12N60B3D
Fig. 5 Power losses in IGBT vs. FET
The power losses of the IGBT and the FET are plotted
against the current. The IGBT has a fairly linear loss curve
because the loss is mostly due to the IV
sat
, while the MOSFET
losses are due to the I
2
R
DS(on)
. The MOSFET losses increase
faster with current, but the MOSFET losses do not surpass the
IGBT losses until I is approximately greater than 9A. The
motor used in our project is rated for 3A so the current should
never reach 9A.
In addition to having smaller losses in our operating region,
the FQP17N40 is cheaper. It is $0.96 in a quantity of 1000,
while the HGTP12N60B3D is $1.70 in the same quantity.
The HGTP12N60 is rated for 600V which is the very low end
of IGBT ratings. IGBTs are usually used in higher power
applications, so this part is not extremely common. The
savings in losses and price prompted us to choose the
FQP17N40 as the switch to be implemented in the hex-bridge.
F. Gate Drive
The gate drive circuit needs to provide an interface between
the switching signals coming from the DSP or arbitrary
waveform generator and the FETs in the hex-bridge. The
DSP gives a 3.3V signal, while the waveform generators
allow for a specified voltage level. The gate to source voltage
needed for desired operation of the FQP17N40 FETs is on a
12 to 15V level. In addition, the high side FETs in the hex-
bridge do not have the source connected to ground, so the
actual voltage needed to drive the gate depends on the varying
voltage at the source. A single chip solution was found, the
IR21362, which implements all six gate drives, including the
circuitry that takes into account the issues with the high side
FETs. There were other options, such as the IR2121,
consisting of a single gate drive on a chip, but in the interest
of lowering component count and cost, the IR21362 was
chosen. Since six IR2121s would be needed, it is apparent that
the single chip solution (IR21362) is more cost effective.
G. Switching Signal Methodology
Currently small motor drive systems are expensive and
implement control schemes that use relatively high switching
frequencies such as sine-triangle PWM, space vector PWM,
or hysteresis current control. One drawback to the high
switching frequencies is the decrease in efficiency that occurs
from switching loss. However, the previously mentioned
control methods do have their own merits. Each control
scheme has been used widely and generates little acoustic
noise since the switching frequency is on the upper end of the
audible acoustic range (20 kHz). These control schemes also
provide good dynamic performances.
However, this application does not need good dynamic
performance since there are no dynamic load and speed
requirements. The switching signals implemented are a
unique version of selective harmonic elimination, which is
currently an active research area in power electronics. This
technique lowers the switching frequency considerably
compared to the previously mentioned methods. In addition,
this switching scheme provides direct control over harmonics
present in the waveform. The selective harmonic elimination
method will be implemented in a switching waveform, while
sine-triangle PWM will be used as a back-up.
H. Switching Signal Implementation
Two DSP development boards for motor control
applications are available for proto-typing DSP code
development. They are the eZdsp F2407 and the eZdsp F2812
boards. The F2407 has a lower cost then F2812. However, the
F2812 has a faster clock at 150 MHz compared to the 30 MHz
clock on the F2407. The F2812s analog-to-digital converter
has a 12 bit resolution, whereas the F2407 only has 10 bit
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 42 2008
345
resolution. This makes the F2812 more desirable since it will
give a better resolution for the speed commands. In addition,
constructed harmonic elimination PWM implementation in the
DSP requires the use of a large switching table that cannot fit
into the F2407 FLASH.
The eZdsp kit provides a complete development
environment: DSP board, power supply, on-board JTAG
compliant emulator, and an eZdsp specific Code Composer
Studio
TM
full featured, with debugger IDE, and ANSI C and
C++ compliant compiler. The DSP board has all peripheral
signals needed on the board headers, making it easy to
interface the board with the 3-phase inverter circuit.
I. Inverter Control
The control method implemented is open loop and based
upon constant volts per hertz ratio. Although the inverter uses
a 200V dc bus, the voltage is able to be varied by adjusting
the modulation depth of the switching signals. Additionally,
in order to meet the speed specifications over the given load
range an efficient load compensation method will be used to
determine optimal values of voltage and frequency to be
applied to the machine at a given operating point.
III. DESIGN DETAILS
A. Hex-Bridge and Gate Drive (Component Selection)
The FQP17N40 was chosen as the switch in the hex-bridge.
Often, MOSFETs need external circuitry, called a snubber, in
order to improve the switching trajectory during the
commutation period. The switching trajectory of the
FQP17N40 was measured (see Fig. 6) and appears to be fairly
rectangular, as desired for an inductive load.
Fig. 6 Switching trajectory
In addition, thermal issues needed to be taken into
consideration. The FQP17N40 is rated for 10.1A continuous
at 100C. Since the motor used is rated for 3A, the current
should never be greater than 5A continuously. In addition, the
final product is intended to be on a printed circuit board
(PCB) that is mounted to the end of the motor. There will be
a fan attached to the rotor which actively cools the FETs.
These facts lead to the decision to forego the use of heatsinks.
The IR21362 gate drive chip requires some external
circuitry. The gate resistors (R11-R16), bootstrap capacitors
(C4, C5, and C7), and decoupling capacitors (C3 and C6)
were chosen based on information found in [2, 3]. A resistor
and capacitor (R2 and C5) had to be chosen to provide a time
constant which is used for the fault clearing time. A time
constant of greater than 1.5s was desired so values of 33k
and 47F were chosen. The FAULT pin needs to be pulled
high because it is active low. A LED was added in for visual
output in the case of a fault.
The protection circuitry, which includes R7, R9, R19, and
C1, is chosen based on the fact that a fault occurs if the
voltage on the ITRIP pin is larger than 0.5V. The variable
resistor, R7, can be adjusted so that a fault is given at a
desired current value. The values were chosen with the
intention of initiating a fault at currents larger than 10A.
Finally, three phase power for induction motor is got when
DC power supply connected with Hex-bridge and gate drive.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 42 2008
346
B. Detailed Schematic
Fig. 7 Hex-bridge and gate drive circuitry
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The First named author expresses sincere thanks to the
university of Mandalay Technological University.
REFERENCES
[1] P. T. Krein, Elements of Power Electronics. New York and Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1998. International Rectifier, Appl. Note 978.
International Rectifier, Appl. Note INT985.
[2] H. S. Patel and R. G. Hoft, Generalized techniques of harmonic
elimination and voltage control in thyristor inverters: Part I Harmonic
elimination, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-9, no.3, pp. 310-317,
May/June 1973.
[3] Hur Namho, Jung Junhwan, Nam K wanghee. Fast Dynamic DC-link
Power balancing Scheme for a PWM converter-inverter System [A].
IECON 99 Proceedings[C]. The 25th Annual conference of the IEEE,
1999, 2:767~772
[4] Jung Jinhwan, Lim Sunkyoung, Nam Kwanghee. A Feed-back
Linearizing Control Scheme for a PWM Converter inverter Having a
very Small DC-Link Capacitor[J].IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl.,
1999,35(5):1124~1131
[5] Li Li, D. Czarkowski, Yaguang Liu and P. Pillay, Multilevel selective
harmonic elimination PWM technique in series-connected voltage
inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, pp. 160-170, Jan/Feb.
2000.
[6] J D Van Wyk. .Power Quality, Power Electronics and Control in
Proceedings EPE.93, 1993, pp 17-32.
[7] Z Yang and P C Sen. Recent Developments in High Power Factor
Switchmode Converters, IEEE Proceedings CCECE.98, 1998, pp 477-
480.
[8] H Akagi. .New Trends in Active Filters for Power Conditioning.. IEEE
Transactions Industry Applications, vol 32, November/December 1996,
pp 1312-1322.
[9] H Endo, T Yamashita and T Sugiura. .A High Power-factor Buck
Converter, Proceedings IEEE PESC.92, 1992, pp 1071-1076.
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 42 2008
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