TRANSACTION ON CONTROL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 8, PP. 362-369, DEC., 2012.

RECEIVED: 18, NOV., 2012; REVISED: 29, NOV., 2012; ACCEPTED: 18, DEC., 2012; PUBLISHED: 22, DEC., 2012. ISSN: 2345-234X

Abstract: In this paper, the aim is obtaining convection
coefficient of human body. At first a 3D human body has been
designed by unstructured grids. Feet and hands are stretched
completely in considered sample. Two segments (standing and
supine) are considered for body. Soles and the back of entire
body are considered in contact with the ground respectively in
these segments. Other parts of human body are exposed to
surrounding air. The heat transfer and the body temperature
are assumed steady and constant. The results are obtained by
applying finite volume method for each grid and extracted by
the weighted area method. Then the attained results are
validated with the recent experimental results. Good
agreement is observed between the obtained results and the
previous experimental results. Finally two formulas are
derived for natural convection coefficient of human body.
Keywords: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, Standing, Supine,
Human Body, Numerical Simulation

1. INTRODUCTION
The forced convection process, is a process in which
external operator causes the heat transfer operation to be
performed [1]. The natural convection (free convection)
process is a process which doesnt need any external force
to complete the thermal cycle. For instance, if a heat source
is assumed in a cold space, the air of the cold space which is
close to the heat source is warmed and expanded. So
because of decreasing density the air goes upward. Then in
consequence of vicinity with cold air, its temperature
decreases and it compressed again and therefore it goes
back to its initial position in the cycle. This process will
take place only because of the temperature difference
between the heat source and cold surrounding air. In this
process there is no need of external operator such as fan.
This paper is aimed at finding the natural convection
heat transfer coefficient of human body. This coefficient is
essential for determining the exchanged heat transfer of
human body with environment. In previous studies because
of experimental limitations, thermal mannequins are used.
Also for determining convection heat transfer coefficient an
approximation area surface of the heat transfer for the
mannequins was needed [2]. In most of the previous studies,
the convection heat transfer coefficient is determined by
theoretical and experimental methods [3-35]. In
experimental studies determining the quantities such as
temperature, velocity has some errors. But in analytical
computations determining the quantities have less errors. In
addition, obtaining a specific condition in laboratory is
difficult and would be with some limitations. But in
analytical simulation these conditions would set as an input.
Also due to calculating up to some decimals, the accuracy
of the calculating is much more than the experimental
measurements which have limitations. In some studies
convection heat transfer coefficient is determined by using
the ratio of a specific surface area to the entire body area
and by use of the local coefficient. In most of these studies
the accuracy of the results is decreased because of ignoring
surfaces which dont have any convection heat transfer with
surrounding air. The natural convection coefficient is
calculated in experimental research related to temperature
difference which is corrected by weighted area method. Of
course in this method, the relation between heat transfer
coefficient with heat flux and temperature difference is
assumed to be linear [2]. In 1996 Dear [36] calculated this
coefficient in a paper with the same content. But he
determined the coefficient for each part of the body
separately and in the limited number.
In previous studies, heat transfer of the body has been
determined experimentally by use of the simple thermal
equipment [37, 37, 38], real objects [8-24, 39], or the
naphthalene mass transfer [40-42]. For simulation of human
body heat transfer, the heat transfer has been considered in
the mannequins [12, 25-46]. In these studies different air
velocities of the air has been considered for creating force
convection heat transfer and various temperature difference
between surrounding air and body for creating free heat
transfer.
In all the studies for human body, different shapes with
various complexities are considered. Also, most of the
shapes are situated in standing or sitting positions. So the
body contact would be a little with the ground and
calculations would be simpler. This shows the reason why
the majority of researchers consider area ratio 1 for
convection heat exchange. Although Kurazumi et al. [47,
48] showed that 10 to 20% of body surface doesnt
participate in heat transfer by calculations. In these
researches besides this heat condition, body situation [2],
temperature of body and environment [2], the ground
temperature [21], forced or free convection [39] are
considered in different amounts. Also according to the
recent studies [24 -50] it is obvious that the convection heat
transfer coefficient in different parts of the body (such as
trunk, upper and lower limbs) has various amounts but
because the applied sensors in experiments are considered
as a distributing structures in the heat transfer, the number
of them could be increased to some extent.
In some studies, by calculating the radiated heat transfer
and subtract its amount from the total heat transfer the
Determining Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
of Human Body
Ahmad Najjaran
AHMAD NAJJARAN: DETERMINING NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF HUMAN BODY.
TRANSACTION SERIES ON ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES (TSEST)

363
convention heat transfer would be resulted. But because the
radiation heat transfer depends on angle factor and due to
the human body is a three dimensional object with different
curvatures; the angle factor causes different radiation heat
transfers. Therefore the calculated quantities for convection
heat transfer dont have the proper accuracy. The total
amount of convection heat transfer has no relation with the
total amount of radiative heat transfer. Although the
summation of these two terms are equal to the total heat but
changing of one (e.g. increase) doesnt cause the other
changes (e.g. decrease) for remaining the total heat constant.
So due to the point that each one of these heat transfers is
separate and independent, in this paper, calculating has been
done due to the convection total heat and not the total heat
transfer of body. In some of previous studies a specific
direction of fluid flow and a uniform ratio of heat exchange
were assumed for the entire body. So the convection heat
transfer has been performed in the entire surface of body. In
this case references [8], [10] that had been performed
computationally and ref [12] which is done experimentally
could be reported. Kurazumi and Tsuchikawa [48] in 2004
had calculated the heat transfer surfaces of human body. So
in the other studies such as [13], [26] body surfaces except
the parts which do not expose with the air and dont have
convection (such as surfaces that connected to the ground)
has been divided into several surfaces. In each one of these
surfaces the previous assumption (uniform convection ratio)
has been considered and eventually the convection heat
transfer coefficient is determined on base of mixing force
and free convection flow. Even in the studies which force
convection heat transfer has been considered for human
body, the uniform convection heat transfer on surfaces is
supposed and being the surface in the direction of the flow
of the wind is neglected [27], [35]. According to the fact
that different analytical and experimental methods have
been used in recent researches, so the reported amounts are
different and contain questionable accuracies. The
convection heat transfer coefficient of natural convection is
affected by gravity force. The effect of the gravity force
direction is different in various body segments (standing,
sitting) and would cause different results. Human body
shape causes an important effect. Complicated body models
increase air flow disturbance and so the flow disturbance
around the object should be analyzed. Usually in researches,
in standing and sitting segments the area of the parts which
is in contact with the ground is neglected. Therefore they
expose the whole body to a free convection heat transfer,
and then they do the computes. So a calculating equation
which concludes the parts that are connected with the
ground has not been found yet.
In this paper, the convection heat transfer coefficient is
calculated for two usual segments (supine & standing). Of
course the considered segments are samples and by this
method the other segments (such as cross legged sitting, leg
out sitting, sitting on chair) can be analyzed too. The
thermal condition between body and surrounding is
considered to be steady and in spite of previous studies skin
and meat is considered for the body instead of plastic. The
areas which have no convection heat transfer with
surroundings are ignored in calculations. The assumed area
of the body is optional and in this method due to
independency of the convection heat transfer coefficient
towards the area doesnt have the limitations of the previous
methods. The area of the actual heat transfer surfaces might
be less or more than this amount, but because of that the
convection heat transfer coefficient is calculated per unit
area so the error of this estimation has less effect on the
results. Body considered in constant temperature and in
spite of experimental methods, because of having no
experimental limitation the body temperature difference
with the surrounding air is optional.
In this paper the convection heat transfer between
human body and the surrounding air has been simulated. In
the two segments that are considered for human body
(standing and supine segment) hands and feet are
completely stretched and have no contact with each other or
with body trunk. In standing segment soles and in supine
segment back of the body is in contact with the ground and
the other parts of body are exposed to the surrounding air.
According to the air velocity, which the human body
perform heat transfer with, in this paper, heat transfer is in
type of natural convection. In this paper, convection heat
transfer coefficient and also total convection heat transfer is
determined from the weighted area method. Then two
formulas have been obtained from the results. Finally, the
obtained results are compared with the previous results.
2. GOVERNING EQUATION
Heat transfer methods of body and surrounding could be
divided into four main methods.
1. Convection, 2.Evaporation, 3.Radiation, 4. Conduction
Conduction which is accomplished by connecting the
body with objects usually is insignificant. Natural or free
convection results from fluid flow in consequence of
density changes that result from heating and cooling
processes. Flow of fluid (such as gas or liquid) in free
convection is the result of buoyancy forces. During the
heating process, volume increases and density decreases and
so the fluid close to the surface flows. That is necessary to
mention that in cooling process this operation is vice versa.
If the fluid isnt affected by external forces such as gravity
the buoyancy forces wouldnt exist. Of course gravity is not
the only force that can produce free convection flows.
Sometimes the volumetric force might be one of the coriolis
forces in the atmospheric cycle movement. The buoyancy
force which cause the free convection flows is called body
force.
The heat flux of human body follows conjugate
equations because of having a specific structure similar to
fins. Human body is the same as six cylindrical fins and for
each part the heat flux formula of the cylindrical fin is used.
Of course in some studies human body is considered as a
mixture of five cylindrical and one spherical fin, [36]. By
considering the human body in a steady state thermal
condition, the convection heat transfer coefficient and also
convection heat transfer are determined.
Governing equations (Eq. (1). to (3).) of natural
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364
convection heat transfer are determined according to the
conservative heat and mass transfer and the balance
between momentum gradient ratio and the exits forces.
These equations could be presented for the constant
viscosity or zero bulk viscosity.

+ . = . (1)

= (

+ . ) = +
2
+

3
3(. ) (2)

+ . ) = . () +

(3)

where V is the velocity vector, T is the surrounding
temperature, t is the time, F is volumetric force toward per
unit volume,

is specific heat in constant pressure, P is

static pressure, is fluid density, is thermal fluid
expanding coefficient,

is viscosity loses (which is

irreversible part of heat transfer because of the viscosity
forces) and

is the heat generation per unit volume unit.

The thermal fluid expanding coefficient is =
(
1

) (

which the symbol of denotes the constant

pressure. For a noble gas this parameter is equal to = 1/
which T is the absolute temperature in terms of Kelvin.

is
the total or partial differential which might become apparent
as

. .
Temperature field is the general force which leads to free
convection of fluids. Temperature difference cause
difference in the viscosity and this will cause the buoyancy
force in existence of volumetric force.
In the gravity field, the volumetric forces are equal to
= in which g is the gravity acceleration. The
difference in in consequence of temperature causes the
fluids movement. Temperature field depends on the fluid and
all of the conservative equations depend on viscosity
difference. Therefore they should be solved for the
determination of pressure, velocity and temperature.
3. CONVENTONAL APPROXIMATIONS
All The governing equations of free convection for a
fluid are dependent on each other and have elliptical and
partial differential forms which cause conjugate extremely.
The other problem to determine a solving method for these
equations is unwished deviation in viscosity which is caused
by the temperature changes. Generally some simplification
methods are used to make these equations simple which two
of them are very important. One of them is Bosinesque
approximation and the other one is boundary layer
approximation. Bosinesque approximation brings two views
into the problem, the first one is that the viscosity deviations
are neglected in the continuity equations then the continuity
equation is . = 0. The second is the viscosity difference.
Viscosity differences of the fluid usually are estimated by
effect of temperature (the effect of pressure on the viscosity
is neglected). The viscosity difference is estimated for the
thermal buoyancy by Eq. (4).:

= (

) (4)

These approximations widely are used for free
convection. An important condition for the validation of
these approximations is (

) 1. This simplification
is valid until the temperature difference is low, which is low
in the present research. The other simplification which is
used in the governed equations widely is approximation of
boundary layer, which used in utilization of boundary layer.
Approximation in free convection is very similar to the
forced convection. With this difference that is in free
convection out of the boundary layer hydrostatic pressure
exists but in forced convection a pressure which exists is the
result of the forced convection. The velocity out of the
boundary layer is very low and it is affected under the
pressure of surrounding air and it doesnt have the
components of the forced velocity. But their main action and
analysis are entirely similar. Frequently the other assumption
which is applied is that each one of the fluid mass and heat
transfer which increases, will be limited to thin layer close to
the surface. Several experiments have been performed to
study about and prove these assumptions. In consequence it
is assumed that the gradients in the length of the surface are
very smaller than the ones that are in the normal
(perpendicular) direction. The main result of boundary layer
approximation is that the part of downward flow terms in
momentum equations and heat are neglected toward the
vertical part terms. These assumptions are losing their
validity in unsteady state of fluid because of this; the ground
temperature is assumed the same as surrounding
temperature.
4. INITIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS
CONVERGENCES
There is no general law for convergency so each problem
has its specific technique. In the free convection problems
the lowness of the velocity and viscosity variations causes
considerable conjunction. To reach the convergency at the
beginning of the solving, the body and surrounding
temperature are assumed to be the same. In addition more
velocities are assumed close to zero then for several
iterations the heat equations are solved for determining a
better initial guess. After that, the continuum and momentum
equations are solved with heat equation simultaneously.
Because of the lowness of the velocities prediction of the
flow treatment is faced with another problem that might
cause divergence in the initial iterations. In this paper,
increasing the velocitys amount were used to determine the
flow treatment. This performance is done by increasing the
gravity acceleration after obtaining the magnified flow
treatment, the gravity acceleration is decreased in several
consecutive processes until the real amount is attained. The
paper result will be obtained and so the divergence is not
permitted. For example for starting to solve, assumption of
AHMAD NAJJARAN: DETERMINING NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF HUMAN BODY.
TRANSACTION SERIES ON ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES (TSEST)

365
the same temperature is considered to be 300 kelvin and
velocities are considered to be 0.1.
5. RESULT AND DISSCUSION
In this paper, the temperature of bodies (standing and
supine) is 308 , the thermal conduction coefficient of
human body is 0.209 /(. ) [25] and the amount of
specific heat capacity of the body is 3470 / (. ) and the
air pressure is considered 101325 also the average
density of body is almost considered to be equal to 1000
kg/m3 water. The heat transfer domain is assumed to be
completely uniform.
The considered human body is cooling just with the air.
The local difference of the flow velocity in lower and upper
part of body is neglected and the whole body is exposed to a
convection heat transfer with the same characteristic. The
flow velocity is up to amount which the convection heat
transfer is in natural type. In the previous experimental
studies, there was no controlling vision toward the
surrounding air. So the humidity and the air velocity
controller sensor are used [2] to control the air humidity in a
constant amount for controlling the viscosity.
In this paper simulation has been done by using the
evaluating Bosinesque method and this problem has been
solved. The remaining fluid characteristics in free convection
except viscosity have been considered to be constant.
Viscosity deviation terms and pressure work are small and
they are neglected. Human body grid has been considered
unstructured. The element shape of grids is tetragonal. The
human body model in supine segment includes 1572162
surfaces, 143830 nodes and 771108 cells and also in standing
segment contains 1874427 surfaces 191524 nodes and
896726 cells. These amounts show the complexity of the
problem. The reason of the excess number of used elements
and also the conjugation of the human body grid is that the
body structure and its surrounding is complex (see Fig. 1.).
Body grid simulation has been done in a way in which the
different parts of body had no contact with each other. For
example hands fingers had no contact with each other.
After correction of coordinates (rotation and transfer) a
control volume with dimension of 2*2*2 (see Fig. 2.) meter
is produced. This volume is produced in a way which in
standing segment soles and in supine segment the whole
back of the body are in contact with the ground. The control
volume is only limited from the ground and from the other
sides have no type of limitation such as wall) and just
exposed to the air. In this paper the ground and the air are in a
thermal balance and are considered to have the same
temperature. Figure 2. shows a sample. As is shown in Fig. 2.
the grid concentration is more around the body. This caused a
modified results and decreasing the number of grids.
For determining the results several computational
methods exist such as actual area average, actual vertex
average, standard deviation and the weighted area average
[2].
In this paper the results are determined on bases of the
last two methods. By comparing the results it is concluded
that the weighted area average method has a better
performance in determining the results. But the difference
between the present method and the previous methods such
as [39, 2] is that in this paper body is organized from a large
number of surfaces. So although the principles are the same
as the previous researches due to the large number of
surfaces, the ratio of the areas isnt used from the Buttners
ratio of areas.


Fig. 1. Human body model (standing and supine segments)


Fig. 2. Analyzed domain and meshed model in supine segment

Figure 3.is showing the grid test. The produced
concentration around the body is caused by the tiny surfaces.


Fig. 3. Mesh gird test in different directions

From the computational aspect, getting the average on
different size surfaces either on the surfaces itself or on the
optional points is not a useful performance. In the standard
deviation method results are modified a little but because
surfaces were in different sizes would cause problem. Some
parts of the obtained results for standing segment by method
of standard deviation is brought in Table 1:
The histogram diagram (see Fig. 4.) of the results of
standard deviation method shows the wide dispersal of the
TRANSACTION ON CONTROL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 8, PP. 362-369, DEC., 2012.
TRANSACTION SERIES ON ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES (TSEST)

366
natural convection heat transfer coefficient. According to the
statistical data the most percentage of the outputs is near to
the amount which states in the Table 1.

TABLE 1
COEFFICIENT OBTAINED FROM STANDARD DIVISION METHOD

SURROUNDING
TEM.
TEM. DIFF. OF
BODY AND
SURROUNDING
HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFF.
RAW [K] [K] W/(M^2.K)
1 295 13 3.563
2 293 15 3.715


Fig. 4. Histogram diagram of convection coefficient obtained from
standard division method

As it is mentioned the best method is the weighted area
which is proper for getting average between unbalanced
parameters (such as surfaces that are not in the same size).
The obtained results from this method are shown in Fig. 5.,
Fig. 6. and Table 2.

TABLE 2
CONVECTION COEFFICIENT IN SUPINE AND STANDING SEGMENT

Surrounding
Tem. [k]
Ground
Tem.
[k]
Body
Tem.
[k]
Heat transfer
Coeff.
(supine)
Heat transfer
Coeff.
(standing)
1 16 16 35 2.03 3.3
2 18 18 35 2.54 3.18
3 20 20 35 2.4 3.09
4 22 22 35 2.28 2.9
5 24 24 35 2.03 2.65
6 26 26 35 1.78 2.24


Fig. 5. Convection coefficient variation depends on temperature
differences in standing segment

Fig. 6. Convection coefficient variation depends on temperature
differences in supine segment

Where h (

2
.
) is the coefficient of convection heat
transfer and is the difference between the temperature
of the skin and the air. So the following formula (Eq. (5).)
for standing segment has been determined by the results.

0.5
= 1.951 16.535(())/
2
(5)

Also the following Eq. (6) is determined for the supine
segment by the results.

0.5
= 1.734 15.016(())/
2
(6)

As Kurazumi et al. [2] had mentioned in his paper by
analysis of heat transfer in natural convection, the
dependency of convection heat transfer coefficient to the
difference between the body and air temperature would be in
exponential form. Although he couldnt find this dependency
because of considering the amounts of some characteristics
constant.
Figure 7. and 8. show velocity vectors around the body in
standing and supine segments.

AHMAD NAJJARAN: DETERMINING NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF HUMAN BODY.
TRANSACTION SERIES ON ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES (TSEST)

367

Fig. 7. Contour velocities in supine segment


Fig. 8. Contour velocities in standing segment

Table 2. shows the characteristics of six temperature
states which are considered for two standing and supine
segments. The absolute velocity contours in different
conditions which are described in Table 2. show that by
increasing the temperature differences, velocities also
increases layer by layer.
Figure 9. shows all of the diagrams and convection heat
transfer coefficient which are reported for standing and
sitting supine segments until now. Figure 9. which was
reported by Kurazumi et al. [2] shows the results of hard and
dubois [10], Nielsen and Pedersen[12], Ohmoto and
mochida[7], Kurazumi et al. [2], nishi and gagge[40]
researches.
Because the segments like standing and sitting (without
contact to the ground or a chair) are unusual segments, so
they arent analyzed in this paper. Researching on these
segments is usually because of experimental limitations
(Such as preventing the contact of body surfaces with each
other [2]).
Figure 5. and 6. show the obtained results for standing
and supine segments. In Fig. 5. and 6., its obviously showed
that by increasing the temperature difference between the
average temperatures of the skin and surrounding, the
coefficient of convection heat transfer is also increased. This
trend existed in the reported diagrams in the previous papers
too.

Fig. 9. The results of recent studies about standing and supine
segments

When the air temperature is decreased, body decreases
the skin temperature to prevent the extreme thermal loses. By
decreasing the body difference temperature the upward air
velocity is also decreased consequently the coefficient of
convection heat transfer is decreased. But as Kurazumi et. Al.
[2] is mentioned in his paper these phenomenon couldnt
come into account. As it is mentioned in Kurazumi et. al.
paper [2] after determining the convection heat transfer
coefficient in several condition, it was guessed that the
relevant coefficient based on the temperature difference will
locate on the regression line. So according to the results it
could be guessed that the coefficient can be determined by
the obtained equations. As it has been observed from
comparing the results of Fig. 5. and 6., the convection heat
transfer coefficient in the standing segment is continuously
more than the sitting segment. This trend has also been
described in Kurazumi et. Al. paper [2] that the supine has
the least coefficient of convection heat transfer toward the
other segments.
6. CONCLUSION
The aim of this research is determining the coefficient of
natural convection heat transfer of human body. Human body
is simulated as a sample and then in two different segments
(standing and supine) exposed to the natural convection. The
considered segments are in a situation which some parts of
the body are in contact with the ground and the other surfaces
of the body are exposed to the surrounding air. For
determining results the weighted area method is used. At last
two formulas are reported from the simulation results of
natural convection heat transfer of the human body for these
two segments.
TRANSACTION ON CONTROL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 8, PP. 362-369, DEC., 2012.
TRANSACTION SERIES ON ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES (TSEST)

368
PARAMETER INDEX TABLE
F volumetric force toward per unit volume
P static pressure
T surrounding temperature
V velocity vector
g gravity acceleration
h convection heat transfer coefficient
t time
fluid density
thermal fluid expanding coefficient
q

heat generation per unit volume unit

v
viscosity loses
C
p
specific heat in constant pressure

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Ahmad Najjaran He studied his B.Sc.
in the field of Mechanical
Engineering/Heat and Fluids in 2009
in Islamic Azad University and
finished his M.Sc. in Mechanical
Engineering in 2012 in the same
university.

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Cite this work as:
Ahmad Najjaran, "Determining Natural Convection Heat
Transfer Coefficient of Human Body," TSEST
Transaction on Control and Mechanical Systems, Vol. 1,
No. 8, Pp. 362-369, Dec., 2012.