Biology Research Report On Pneumonia Khyati

Project Pneumonia (Biology)
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Khyati Kansagra (2013-2014)

TGES
Research Report on Biochemical story of
Diseases:
How do we create awareness for
Pneumonia Disease in Rajkot
- Khyati Kansagra
(2013-2014)


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INDEX:

Sr No Topics Page No.
1 Abstract 3
2 Introduction 4
3 Content:

a) History
b) Causative agent
c) Symptoms of the disease
d) Treatment for the disease
e) Prevention
f) Statistics

5
6
7
8
9
10
4 Conclusion 11
5 Bibliography 12
6 Remarks 13


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ABSTRACT:

Thesis statement: Pneumonia is the worlds leading killer of children under five years.

This report comprises of a detailed research on disease Bacterial Pneumonia. It starts
with basic introduction of what is pneumonia and what class of people it affects. The
report also includes the major symptoms it has on people. It also talks about how the
killer disease has affected population in Rajkot-Gujarat-India. The report also
comprises of the statistics of how many children and adults are affected of Pneumonia
every year.

History of pneumonia includes the time since people of india(specifically Rajkot)
have been affected over the years by this killer disease pneumonia. The bacterium
streptococcus pneumonia, how it causes pneumonia, the report talks about this factor
too. What are the steps taken to prevent this disease and what drugs are used to cure
this disease. Mainly drugs like amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin are used for
treatment of pneumonia. We did detailed research about this in chemistry project. The
instruments used to treat the same that was our physics project.

Let us have a look about all this in detail.


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INTRODUCTION:

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungaffecting primarily the
microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or
bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions
such as autoimmune diseases.

Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
Diagnostic tools include x-rays and culture of the sputum. Vaccines to prevent certain
types of pneumonia are available. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Presumed bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe,
the affected person is generally admitted to hospital.

Annually, pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people, seven percent of the
world's total, and results in about 4 million deaths. Although pneumonia was regarded
by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death", the advent
of antibiotic therapy and vaccines in the 20th century has seen improvements in
survival. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very
young and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. The 2000-
2010 decade brought a significant reduction in overall child mortality, from 9.6 to 7.6
million. Pneumonia remains the number one killer of children, taking the lives of 1.3
million in 2011 alone. More than 99% of all pneumonia deaths occur in developing
countries and three-quarters take place in just 15 countries.

The majority of pneumonia cases are preventable and treatable. The third annual
International Vaccine Access Centers (IVAC) Pneumonia Progress Report provides
an updated assessment of the degree to which the World Health Organization (WHO)
and the United Nations Childrens Funds (UNICEF) Global Action Plan for
Prevention & Control of Pneumonia (GAPP) interventions are in use in the countries
with the highest pneumonia child mortality burden. GAPP focuses on simple, proven
ways to prevent pneumonia infections, to protect children from conditions that
increase the risk of pneumonia and treat the infections that occur. GAPP analyses
have demonstrated that scaling up a set of proven, effective pneumonia
interventionssuch as vaccination, breastfeeding, and access to care and antibiotic
treatmentcan prevent two out of every three child pneumonia deaths.


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HISTORY

Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history. The symptoms were
described by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC 370 BC):"Peripneumonia, and pleuritic affections, are
to be thus observed: If the fever be acute, and if there be pains on either side, or in both, and
if expiration be if cough be present, and the sputa expectorated be of a blond or livid color, or
likewise thin, frothy, and florid, or having any other character different from the common.
When pneumonia is at its height, the case is beyond remedy if he is not purged, and it is bad
if he has dyspnoea, and urine that is thin and acrid, and if sweats come out about the neck and
head, for such sweats are bad, as proceeding from the suffocation, rales, and the violence of
the disease which is obtaining the upper hand. However, Hippocrates referred to pneumonia
as a disease "named by the ancients." He also reported the results of surgical drainage of
empyemas. Maimonides (11351204 AD) observed: "The basic symptoms that occur in
pneumonia and that are never lacking are as follows: acute fever, sticking pleuritic pain in the
side, short rapid breaths, serrated pulse and cough.
Edwin Klebs was the first who observed bacteria in the airways of persons who died of
pneumonia in 1875. Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes, Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was performed by Carl Friedlnder and Albert
Frnkel in 1882 and 1884, respectively. Friedlnder's initial work introduced the Gram stain,
a fundamental laboratory test still used today to identify and categorize bacteria. Christian
Gram's paper describing the procedure in 1884 helped to differentiate the two bacteria, and
showed that pneumonia could be caused by more than one microorganism.
Several developments in the 1900s improved the outcome for those with pneumonia. With
the advent of penicillin and other antibiotics, modern surgical techniques, and intensive care
in the 20th century, mortality from pneumonia, had approached 30%, dropped precipitously
in the developed world. Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B began
in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases shortly thereafter Vaccination against
Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults began in 1977, and in children in 2000, resulting in a
similar decline.


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CAUSATIVE AGENT OF PNEUMONIA:

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Streptococcus
pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, aerotolerant anaerobic
member of the genus Streptococcus. A significant human pathogenic bacterium, S.
pneumoniae was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century, and is
the subject of many humoral immunity studies. S. pneumoniae resides asymptomatically in
the nasopharynx of healthy carriers. However, in susceptible individuals, such as elderly and
immune compromised people and children, the pathogen can spread to other locations and
cause disease. S. pneumoniae is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and
meningitis in children and the elderly, and of septicemia in HIV-infected persons. Despite the
name, the organism causes many types of pneumococcal infections other than pneumonia.
These invasive pneumococcal diseases include acute sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis,
meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis,
pericarditis, cellulitis, and brain abscess.


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SYMPTOMS OF PNEUMONIA:

People with infectious pneumonia often have a productive cough, fever accompanied by
shaking chills, shortness of breath, sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths, and an
increased respiratory rate. In the elderly, confusion may be the most prominent sign. The
typical signs and symptoms in children under five are fever, cough, and fast or difficult
breathing. Fever is not very specific, as it occurs in many other common illnesses, and may
be absent in those with severe disease or malnutrition. In addition, a cough is frequently
absent in children less than 2 months old. More severe signs and symptoms may include:
blue-tinged skin, decreased thirst, convulsions, persistent vomiting, extremes of temperature,
or a decreased level of consciousness.

Symptoms frequency
[8]

Symptom Frequency
Cough 7991%
Fatigue 90%
Fever 7175%
Shortness of breath 6775%
Sputum 6065%
Chest pain 3949%

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DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT:

Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and a chest X-
ray. However, the underlying cause can be difficult to confirm, as there is no definitive test
able to distinguish between bacterial and non-bacterial origin. The World Health
Organization has defined pneumonia in children clinically based on either a cough or
difficulty breathing and a rapid respiratory rate, chest in drawing, or a decreased level of
consciousness. A rapid respiratory rate is defined as greater than 60 breaths per minute in
children under 2 months old, 50 breaths per minute in children 2 months to 1 year old, or
greater than 40 breaths per minute in children 1 to 5 years old. In children, increased
respiratory rate and lower chest indrawing are more sensitive than hearing chest crackles with
a stethoscope. In adults, investigations are generally not needed in mild cases: there is a very
low risk of pneumonia if all vital signs are normal. In persons requiring hospitalization, pulse
oximetry, chest radiography and blood testsincluding a complete blood count, serum
electrolytes, C-reactive protein level and possibly liver function testsare recommended.
Most cases of pneumonia can be treated at home. However babies, children, and people with
severe pneumonia may need to be admitted to hospital for treatment. Pneumonia is usually
treated with antibiotics, even if viral pneumonia is suspected as there may be a degree of
bacterial infection as well. The type of antibiotic used and the way it is given will be
determined by the severity and cause of the pneumonia.

If able to be treated at home, treatment usually includes:
1) Antibiotics - given by mouth as tablets or liquid
2) Pain relieving medications
3) Paracetamol to reduce fever
4) Rest.
If treatment in hospital is required, treatment usually includes:

1) Antibiotics given intravenously (via a drip into a vein)
2) Oxygen therapy - to ensure the body gets the oxygen it needs
3) Intravenous fluids - to correct dehydration or if the person is too unwell to eat or drink
4) Physiotherapy - to help clear the sputum from the lungs.

Drugs used to treat pneumonia is penicillin, amoxicillin and augmentin.


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PREVENTION:

1) Get a seasonal flu shot: The influenza virus can be a direct cause of viral pneumonia.
Bacterial pneumonia is also a common complication of the flu. A yearly flu shot
provides significant protection.
2) Get a pneumonia vaccination: Doctors recommend a one-time vaccine against
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (pneumococcus) for everyone older than age 65,
as well as for people of any age residing in nursing homes and long-term care
facilities, and for smokers. The vaccine is especially recommended for anyone at high
risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. Some doctors recommend a booster shot five years
after the first dose.
3) Have your child vaccinated: Doctors recommend a different pneumonia vaccine for
all children younger than age 2 and for children ages 2 to 5 years who are at particular
risk of pneumococcal disease. Children who attend a group day care center should
also get the vaccine. Doctors also recommend seasonal flu shots for children older
than six months.
4) Practice good hygiene: To protect yourself against ordinary respiratory infections that
sometimes lead to pneumonia, wash your hands regularly or use an alcohol-based
hand sanitizer.
5) Don't smoke: Smoking damages your lungs' natural defenses against respiratory
infections.
6) Stay rested and fit: Proper rest, a healthy diet and moderate exercise can help keep
your immune system strong.
7) Set an example: Stay home when you're sick. When you're in public and have a cold,
catch your coughs and sneezes in the inner crook of your elbow.


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STATISTICS:


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CONCLUSION:
Many steps have been taken to prevent and cure the killer disease pneumonia. World
Pneumonia Day established in 2009, World Pneumonia Day is marked every year on
November 12th to:
-Raise awareness about pneumonia, the worlds leading killer of children under the age of
five;
-Promote interventions to protect against, prevent and treat pneumonia; and
-Generate action to combat pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the #1 killer of children under age 5 worldwide responsible for nearly one in
five global child deaths annually.1 In 2011 alone, 1.3 million young children died from this
preventable and treatable illness. In recognition of the 4th annual World Pneumonia Day on
November 12, we call on country leaders to prioritize efforts and investments to reduce the
number of preventable child deaths worldwide by supporting and implementing the measures
outlined in the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (GAPP).
More than 99 percent of deaths from pneumonia occur in the developing world, where access
to health care facilities and treatment is out of reach for many children. Investments in
preventing, treating, and protecting children against the two leading killers of young children
pneumonia and diarrhoea have contributed to significant declines in child mortality over
the last decade, but there is more to be done. Tackling these two diseases will make the
greatest strides toward reducing child deaths and achieving Millennium Development Goal 4.
To advance progress, we must continue to scale up interventions that we know will save
childrens lives, including continued access to vaccines, proper antibiotic treatment,
improved sanitation, as well as the promotion of practices such as exclusive breastfeeding,
frequent hand washing, care seeking, and use of clean cookstoves to reduce indoor air
pollution.
Thus these are the steps already taken for creating awareness about pneumonia. We can take
a step towards creating awareness amongst the lower and uneducated class of people by
taking out rallies for the deads, posting posters across the streets, practice no smoking, not
intaking alcohols and drugs and etc.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151632.php
2) http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/where_else_can_help_pneumonia_be_found_000
064_11.htm
3) http://www.google.co.in/search?gs_rn=16&gs_ri=psy-
ab&suggest=p&cp=4&gs_id=f&xhr=t&q=amoxicillin&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.47534661,d
.bmk&biw=1366&bih=705&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=qpu0UfKfBozJrQfNpYHYCA#um=1&hl=en
&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=prevention+of+pneumonia&oq=prevention+of+pneu&gs_l=img.1.0.0j0i
24l9.119884.124343.5.125821.18.15.0.3.3.0.229.1991.4j10j1.15.0...0.0.0..1c.1.16.img.hAHZ
AA74xHM&fp=1&biw=1366&bih=705&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&cad=b&sei=Dqa0UcHFC8mIrAek1Y
CICw
4) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pneumonia/DS00135/DSECTION=prevention
5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia#History


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