WCDMA RNO Call Drop Problem Analysis Guidance-20040719-A-1.1

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WCDMA RNP For internal use only

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V100R001

WCDMA RNO Call Drop Problem Analysis
Guidance

For internal use only

Prepared by URNP-SANA Date 2004-03-20
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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WCDMA RNO Call Drop Problem Analysis Guidance For internal use only

2010-04-30 All rights reserved Page 2 , Total29

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Date
Revision
version
change Description Author
2003-09-03 1.00 Initial release Xie zhibin
2004-03-20 1.10 Modification based on the UAE experience Xie zhibin



Table of Contents
1 Overview .................................................................................................................................. 6
2 Common problem ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Neighbor list analysis ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Coverage analysis ............................................................................................................ 12
2.3 Handover analysis ............................................................................................................ 17
2.4 Signaling analysis ............................................................................................................. 22
3 Cause Classification ............................................................................................................... 24
3.1 Equipment Causes ........................................................................................................... 24
3.2 RF Causes ....................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Adjustment Suggestions .................................................................................................. 25
4 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 25
4.1 Normal Release Process ................................................................................................. 25
4.1.1 CS services of 1 rate plus PS services of 0 rates ...................................................... 26
4.1.2 CS services of 0 rates plus PS services of 1 rate ...................................................... 27



List of Figures
Figure 1 Call drop analysis flow .................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2 Call drop location .......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3 Prior to the call drop, the information about the active set and monitor set ................ 9
Figure 4 Prior to call drop, Radio parameters information ......................................................... 9
Figure 5 CPICH EcIo compare between scanner and UE ....................................................... 10
Figure 6 CPICH RSCP compare between scanner and UE .................................................... 11
Figure 7 SC compare between scanner and UE ...................................................................... 12
Figure 8 The measurement control message from cell SC358 ................................................ 12
Figure 9 Call drop location ........................................................................................................ 14
Figure 10 Prior to the call drop, the information about the active set and monitor set ..... 14
Figure 11 Prior to call drop, Radio parameters information .............................................. 15
Figure 12 EcIo compare between scanner and UE .......................................................... 15
Figure 13 CPICH RSCP compare between scanner and UE ........................................... 16
Figure 14 Signal strength change ..................................................................................... 17
Figure 15 Call drop location .............................................................................................. 18
Figure 16 Scanner Best Server Scrambling Code ............................................................ 18
Figure 17 EcIo compare between scanner and UE .......................................................... 19
Figure 18 SC compare between scanner and UE ............................................................ 20
Figure 19 Prior to the call drop, the information about the active set and monitor set ..... 21
Figure 20 RSCP coverage from SC018 ............................................................................ 22
Figure 21 signaling records of UE at the call drop point ................................................... 23
Figure 22 Signaling records of RNC at the call drop point ............................................... 23
Figure 23 RNC signaling record at the call drop pointRL FAIL_IND ............................. 24
Figure 24 Signaling process for CS services of 1 rate plus PS services at 0 rates ......... 26
Figure 25 Signaling process for CS services of 0 rates plus PS services of 1 rate ......... 27



WCDMA RNO Call Drop Problem Analysis Guidance
Key wordsCall drop, power control, handover, coverage
AbstractThis guideline provides the general flow of the call drop analysis, the analysis method,
cause classification, parameter adjustment suggestions, and normal release signaling
flow.
List of abbreviations
Abbreviations Full spelling
SC Scrambling Code
BLER Block Error Rate
TPC Transmission Power Code
SRB Signaling Radio Bearer



1 Overview
Based on the present tools, the test tool and post processing tool for call drop analysis
related to this guideline is as following:
Qualcomm test UE62006250/MOTO A835 test UE/ LG test UE
Agilent scanner 6455c/ DTI Scanner
Agilent 6474A software/ TEMS /Probe
ACTIX Analyzer (V2.0 above)/ Assistant
The definition of call drop is:

Figure 1 Call drop analysis flow
Call drop analysis flow:
1. Call drop location analysis: based on the location of the call drop event in the map window
in the post processing tool, following information need to be got:



the place of the drop call
in the edge of the 3G coverage or not
which 3G cells related
the distance between related 3G cells and the drop call point
which 3G cell the call dropped on
2. Neighbor list analysis: to find out any cell not defined in the neighbor list, following
information need to be got:
the best serving 3G cell before the call dropped
the best serving 3G/2G cell after the call dropped
the existing neighbor list of the best serving 3G cell (intra-freq HO neighbor list ,
inter-freq HO neighbor list , inter-RAT HO neighbor list )
3. Coverage analysis
analyze the pilot coverage to get information about: CPICH transmission power,
whether following coverage events take place or not: Coverage limited, System
interference, Poor uplink coverage, Poor downlink coverage, pilot pollution
analyze the service coverage to get information about: Service related Maximum
downlink transmission power, SIR before the call dropped, Max uplink transmission
power allowed for UE, Actual uplink transmission power before the call dropped
4. handover analysis to get information about:
the signal strength change of the target call and the serving cell
whether following cause exist or not: insufficient handover area, too late to start CM, too
late to add target cell, too early to delete serving cell, interaction problem among 3 type
of handover
whether ping-pang handover exist or not
5. Signaling analysis: as for those call drop that still confused about the exact reason
through analysis mentioned above, the signaling must be analyzed. Signaling of different
interface including: Iu, Iub, Iur, Uu. Signaling of different layer including : NAS, RRC. In addition,
analysis signaling in UE side in conjunction with signaling in network side.

The structure of this document is as follows:
1. Overview, giving the analysis flow.
2. common problem, giving the detailed analysis methods for common problem
3. Cause classification, classifying call drop causes and giving analysis and modification
suggestions accordingly.
4. Appendix: Signaling in the process of normal release



2 Common problem
2.1 Neighbor list analysis
There maybe missing neighbor if the best serving cell is not the same one before and after
the call dropped. Prior to the call dropped, the best serving cell maybe not the signal strongest
cell. The best serving cell should be picked out by the latest measurement control message and
corresponding event measurement report.
The characteristic of the missing neighbor is: compare the scanner data with UE data,
prior to the drop, the CPICH Ec/Io (and CPICH RSCP) degrades for UE ONLY while
scanner shows no degradation
prior to the drop, the best server for the UE is not the same as that of the scanner

Figure 2 Call drop location
The position of the drop call was not in the edge of the 3G coverage. The call dropped on
cell SC358. The distance between cell SC358 was very far away from the drop call point.



Figure 3 Prior to the call drop, the information about the active set and monitor set
Prior to call drop, on the basis of the measurement results from UE, only sc358 in the active
set, no cell in the monitor set.

Figure 4 Prior to call drop, Radio parameters information
Prior to call drop, on the basis of the measurement results from UE, RSSI was not very low,
and SIR was negative.



Figure 5 CPICH EcIo compare between scanner and UE
Prior to the drop, the Ec/Io degrades for UE ONLY while scanner shows no degradation.



Figure 6 CPICH RSCP compare between scanner and UE
Prior to the drop, the RSCP degrades for UE ONLY while scanner shows no degradation
1
.

1
During the test, the antenna of the scanner is mounted on the top of the vehicle, and the UE is in the car, the car
penetration loss is nearly 10 dB.



Figure 7 SC compare between scanner and UE
Prior to the drop, the best server for the UE was not the same as that of the scanner, the
best serving 3G cell before the call dropped is SC358, the best serving 3G/2G cell after the call
dropped is sc364.

Figure 8 The measurement control message from cell SC358
Conclusion: cell SC364 should be defined in the neighbor list of cell SC358 to avoid the call
drop in this place.
2.2 Coverage analysis
Coverage analysis including: analyze the active set and monitor set information before call
drop from UE measurement results, analyze the radio parameter information before call drop
from UE measurement results, compare the best server SC, RSCP, Ec/Io from UE and
scanner.



Definition for coverage events:
System Interference:
Both scanner and UE, the signal strongest cell
CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet < -15 dB
And, CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet > -80 dBm
Poor Uplink Coverage:
Both scanner and UE
CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet > -15 dB
And, CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet > -95 dBm
And, UeTransmittedPower > 15 dBm
Poor Downlink Coverage:
Both scanner and UE , the signal strongest cell
And, CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet < -95 dBm
And, UeTransmittedPower < -15 dBm.
Coverage Limited
Both scanner and UE , the signal strongest cell
And, CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet < -95 dBm
And, UeTransmittedPower > 10 dBm.
Pilot pollution:
4 or more pilots with their Ec/No above -15 dB are in the pilot pollution
relative threshold(for example:8 dB)
To analyze the coverage, need to:
Analyze the pilot coverage in conjunction with the service coverage
Analyze the uplink coverage in conjunction with the downlink coverage
Analyze the scanner data in conjunction with the UE data
Analyze the CPICH RSCP in conjunction with CPICH Ec/Io, SC



The position of the drop call was in the edge of the 3G coverage, the call dropped on cell
SC314, the distance between cell SC314 was very far away from the drop call point.

Prior to call drop, on the basis of the measurement results from UE, only sc314 in the active
set, no cell in the monitor set.



Figure 11 Prior to call drop, Radio parameters information
Prior to call drop, on the basis of the measurement results from UE, RSSI was very low, and
SIR was negative. In addition, the uplink transmit power from UE reaches the maximum
2
.

Figure 12 EcIo compare between scanner and UE
Prior to the drop, the Ec/Io degrades for both UE and scanner.

2
In the network, we defined 21dBm as Max uplink transmission power allowed for UE, but here what we seen is above
21dBm, thats measurement error, based on the specification 25.102, the tolerance can be +2 dB / -2 dB .



Figure 13 CPICH RSCP compare between scanner and UE
Prior to the drop, the RSCP degrades for both UE and scanner.
Conclusion: the coverage should be enhanced here to avoid the call drop in this place.



2.3 Handover analysis

Figure 14 Signal strength change
In the diagram, the graduation unit on the horizontal axis is 2 seconds. SC60 is the serving
cell and SC130 is the target cell. As the handover threshold of 1a event is 5dB, the delay is 3dB,
the delay trigger time is 640ms, the filter coefficient is 5 (2 seconds is required), so the
requirement for the handover area is: The lasting time when (Ec/Io of 60 cell Ec/Io of 30 cell) <
2dB is about 3 seconds. The value in the circle as shown in the diagram cannot meet the
requirement.



The position of the drop call was not in the edge of the 3G coverage.

Figure 16 Scanner Best Server Scrambling Code



It shows that drop call 1 occurred at an area of frequent change of best server as shown by
the scanner scrambling code plot.

Figure 17 EcIo compare between scanner and UE
Compare Ec/Io from both scanner and UE at the time of the drop: the UE Ec/Io drop to < -21
dB while the scanner remained above -11 dB.



Figure 18 SC compare between scanner and UE
Comparing the best servers from the UE and the scanner at the time of drop: for the scanner
and UE SC009 is the best server prior to the drop. However, before the drop, the scanner
selected SC018 as the best server while the UE continued to have only SC009 in its active set
resulting in the drop call. Immediately after the drop, the UE camps on SC018.



Examining the UE Active and Monitored set: does not show SC018 to be measured by the
UE prior to the drop. This scenario resembles a missing neighbour problem, although in this case
the two cells in question are neighboured.
It seems that the best servers changes from SC009 to SC011 and then to SC018 were too
fast for this UE to perform soft handoff on time. Although, other UEs may have succeeded in
performing soft handoff in such conditions, it is important to improve the cell dominance in the
affected area.
3

3
Qualcomm UE has call drop here, but MOTO UE doesnt.



Figure 20 RSCP coverage from SC018
At the location of the drop, SC018 should not be the best server. The cell is extending into a
large area. E.g. around the location of drop call, SC018 RSCP is > -75dBm. Cell SC018 clearly
requires some down tilting to control its interference into the area of Drop 1. Summary: The drop call
appears to be associated with unnecessary change of best servers caused by excessive
dominance of SC018. To improve the dominance in the affected area, SC018 should be
considered for down tilting.
2.4 Signaling analysis
Here only signaling on the standard interface is listed. For signaling of various modules
inside the equipment, please refer to other documents.
For normal release signaling flow, please refer to the appendix. For normal handover
signaling flow, please refer to other documents.
The basic idea of signaling analysis is to make analysis from the upper layer of the protocol
down to the lower layer: NAS signaling, RANAP signaling, RRC signaling, NBAP signaling.
Compare the signaling of UE with that of RNC, and see whether there is any message that the
peer end does not receive.
UE signaling records in case of call drop are shown as follows:



Figure 21 signaling records of UE at the call drop point
The RNC signaling records in case of call drop are shown as follows:

Figure 22 Signaling records of RNC at the call drop point



In case of call drop, RNC will initiate Iu release or RAB release. Signaling plane abnormality
will cause RNC to send message RANAP_IU_RELEASE_REQUEST, Service plane abnormality
will cause RNC to send message RANAP_RAB_RELEASE_REQUEST
In case of call drop, there maybe message NBAP_RL_FAIL_IND at Iub interface. The failure
cause value maybe 'Synchronization Failure'. If all the cells in the active set send message
NBAP_RL_FAIL_IND and no NBAP_RL_restore_IND message has been received within
T_RLFAILURE, then. RNC will start the release process, as shown below.

Figure 23 RNC signaling record at the call drop pointRL FAIL_IND
3 Cause Classification
The causes resulting in call drop may be classified into two categories. One is related to the
equipment, That is, call drop due to the equipment defects, such as UE , NODEB, RNC,CN; the
other is related to RF, that is, call drop due to coverage problem or unsuitable radio layer
parameters.
3.1 Equipment Causes
Equipment causes can seek help from R&D support engineer from related products.



3.2 RF Causes
1 Poor coverage (CPICH RSCP is low). Different services have different coverage
requirements. Refer to WCDMA RNP Special Study - Pilot Receiving Strength
Requirements Analysis under Given Power Ratio Relations.doc.
2 Strong downlink interference (CPICH RSCP is not low, but Ec/Io is low). Different
services have different coverage requirements. Refer to WCDMA RNP Special
Study - Pilot Receiving Strength Requirements Analysis under Given Power Ratio
Relations.doc.
3 Strong uplink interference. On the basis of the RSSI scanning result or analysis of
the SIB7, there is uplink interference.
4 Insufficient handover area
5 Missing neighbor
3.3 Adjustment Suggestions
1 If coverage is poor, we can reduce the downtilt and adjust the azimuth, or we can
increase the pilot transmit power or maximum downlink transmit power for service.
The negative effect: is other places maybe interfered, and soft handover ratio maybe
higher.
2 If downlink interference is strong, first make sure whether it is internal network
interference or external network interference. If it is internal network interference,
find the interference source cell, increase the downtilt and adjust the azimuth, or
reduce the pilot transmit power or maximum downlink transmit power for the service.
The negative effect is coverage in other places may become discontinuous, and soft
handover areas maybe shrink.
3 As for the handover area is insufficient, and if its too slow to add the target cell, we
can modify corresponding 1a event parameters. If its too fast to delete the serving
cell, we can modify corresponding 1b event parameters. The negative effect is other
places may be interfered and soft handover ratio maybe increase.
4 Appendix
4.1 Normal Release Process
The normal release process may vary based on the current services combination in UE. The
services may be CS services of 1 rate plus PS services of X rates. In this guideline, CS services
of 1 rate plus PS services of 0 rates, CS services of 0 rates plus PS services of 1 rate are given
first. CS services of 1 rate plus PS services of X rates will be discussed later.



4.1.1 CS services of 1 rate plus PS services of 0 rates

Figure 24 Signaling process for CS services of 1 rate plus PS services at 0 rates
The release process includes two phases: NAS layer release and AS layer release. The AS
layer release phase includes: IU interface release, RRC release and Iub interface release. The
signaling process is detailed as follows:
1. UE sends RRC_UL_DIR_TRANSF message to RNC, in which the nas message is 0325,
indicating that it is a disconnect message in the call control sub-layer.
2. RNC sends RANAP_DIRECT_TRANSFER message to CN, in which the nas pdu is 0325,
indicating that it is a disconnect message in the call control sub-layer.
3. CN sends RANAP_DIRECT_TRANSFER message to RNC, in which the nas pdu is 832d,
indicating that it is a release message in the call control sub-layer.
4. RNC sends RRC_DL_DIRECT_TRANSF message to UE, in which the nas message is
832d, indicating that it is a release message in the call control sub-layer.
5. UE sends RRC_UL_DIR_TRANSF message to RNC, in which the nas message is 032a,
indicating that it is a release complete message in the call control sub-layer.
6. RNC sends RANAP_DIRECT_TRANSFER message to CN, in which the nas pdu is 032a,
indicating that it is a release complete message in the call control sub-layer.
7. CN sends RANAP_IU_RELEASE_COMMAND message to RNC to start the release of
the Iu interface resources, including resources of RANAP layer and ALCAP layer.
8. RNC sends RANAP_IU_RELEASE_COMPLETE message to RNC.
9. RNC sends RRC_RRC_CONN_REL message to UE to start the release of RRC
connection.



10. UE sends RRC_RRC_CONN_REL_CMP message to RNC.
11. RNC sends NBAP_RL_DEL_REQ message to NODEB to start the release of the Iub
interface resources, including resources of NBAP layer, ALCAP layer and PHY layer.
12. NODEB sends NBAP_RL_DEL_RSP message to RNC, and the whole release process
is completed.
4.1.2 CS services of 0 rates plus PS services of 1 rate

Figure 25 Signaling process for CS services of 0 rates plus PS services of 1 rate
The signaling process is detailed as follows:
1. UE sends RRC_UL_DIR_TRANSF message to RNC, in which the nas message is 0a46,
indicating that it is the deactivate PDP context request message in the session management
sub-layer.
2. RNC sends RANAP_DIRECT_TRANSFER message to CN, in which the nas pdu is 0a46,
indicating that it is the deactivate PDP context request message in the session management
sub-layer.
3. CN sends RANAP_DIRECT_TRANSFER message to RNC, in which the nas pdu is 8a47,
indicating that it is the deactivate PDP context accept message in the session management
sub-layer.
4. CN sends RANAP_RAB_ASSIGNMENT_REQ message to RNC, which contains the



to-be-released RAB list, including to-be-released RAB ID.
5. RNC sends RRC_DL_DIRECT_TRANSF message to UE, in which the nas message is
8a47, indicating that it is the deactivate PDP context accept message in the session
management sub-layer.
6. RNC sends NBAP_RL_RECFG_PREP message to NODEB.
7. NODEB sends NBAP_RL_RECFG_READY message to RNC.
8. RNC sends RRC_RB_REL message to UE, to release RB service.
9. NODEB sends NBAP_RL_RECFG_COMMIT message to RNC.
10. UE sends RRC_RB_REL_CMP message to RNC, and RB service release is completed.
11. RNC sends RANAP_RAB_ASSIGNMENT_RESP message to CN, and RAB release is
completed.
Note:
Compare with the release process of CS services of 1 rate plus PS services of 0 rates.
Steps1 through 3 here are corresponding to steps1 through 6 for CS services of 1 rate plus PS services of 0
rates. That is NAS release.
Here steps 4 through 11 are particular.
Steps12 through 17 here are corresponding to steps 7 through 12 for CS services of 1 rate plus PS services
at 0 rates.
12. CN sends RANAP_IU_RELEASE_COMMAND message to RNC to start the release of
the Iu interface resources, including resources of RANAP layer and ALCAP layer.
13. RNC sends RANAP_IU_RELEASE_COMPLETE message to RNC.
14. RNC sends RRC_RRC_CONN_REL message to UE to start the release of the PRC
connection.
15. UE sends RRC_RRC_CONN_REL_CMP message to RNC.
16. RNC sends NBAP_RL_DEL_REQ message to NODEB to start the release of the Iub
interface resources, including resources of NBAP layer, ALCAP layer and PHY layer.
17. NODEB sends NBAP_RL_DEL_RSP message to RNC, and the whole release process
is completed.



List of reference
[1] 3gpp Protocol, 25.331
[5] GMCC-HUAWEI WCDMA Radio Network Optimization Report of the second phase in the
pilot of Dongguan
Comment [L1]:
+
[1] Please list all literature
refered to in this document and
relevant documents. The format is
as following:
[2] Author +name
of the book ( magazine, literature,
document) +publishing house
(issue number, volume number,
company document reference
number) + date of publishment +
quoted page number

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