University of Toronto Scarborough

Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

MATA30: Calculus I - Solution Midterm Test
1. Let f(x) = 2e
x
+ 3.
(a) [ 2 marks] Find the domain and range of f.
solution : Since e
x
is dened for all x R, then the domain of f(x) = 2e
x
+3
is R.
0 < e
x
< thus 0 < 1/e
x
= e
x
< and 3 < 2e
x
+ 3 < . Thus the range of
f is the interval (3, ).
(b) [ 1 mark] Show that f is invertible.
The graph of f is the graph of y = e
x
ipped about the yaxis, stretched vertically
by a factor of 2 and then shifted upward by 3 units. Thus the graph of f is
decreasing in its domain. Thus f is a one to one function and so f is invertible
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(c) [ 3 marks] Find f
1
, the inverse of f, and give its domain and range.
solution :
y = 2e
x
+ 3
y 3 = 2e
x
(y 3)
2
= e
x
ln

y 3
2

= x
ln

y 3
2

= x
thus the inverse of f is
f
1
(x) = ln

x 3
2

= [ln (x 3) ln(2)] = ln(2) ln (x 3)

The domain of f
1
is dom(f
1
) = range(f) = (3, ).
The range of f
1
is range(f
1
) = dom(f) = R.
(d) [ 4 marks] Give the graphs of f and f
1
.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2. (a) [ 3 marks] Find all x satisfying: 2 log
4
(x + 1) = log
4
(x + 7).
solution : 2 log
4
(x + 1) = log
4
(x + 7) 4
log
4
(x+1)
2
= 4
log
4
(x+7)
thus we have: (x + 1)
2
= (x + 7) or x
2
+ 2x + 1 = x + 7.
Simplify: x
2
+ x 6 = (x 2)(x + 3) = 0. Thus x = 2 or x = 3
However, log
4
(x+1) is not dened if x = 3, therefore the only solution is x = 2.
(b) [ 3 marks] Prove the identity: (sin(x) + cos(x))
2
= 1 + sin(2x).
solution :
LHS = (sin(x) + cos(x))
2
= sin
2
x + 2 sin xcos x + cos
2
x
= 1 + 2 sin xcos x
= 1 + sin(2x)
= RHS
therefore (sin(x) + cos(x))
2
= 1 + sin(2x)..
(c) [ 4 marks] Simplify the following: sec

arctan

x
2
+1
2

solution :
Let = arctan

x
2
+ 1
2

, then

x
2
+ 1
2
= tan where

2
,

2

.
Using the identity sec
2
= 1 + tan
2
and tan =

x
2
+ 1
2
we get:
sec
2
= 1 + tan
2
= 1 +

x
2
+1
2

2
= 1 +
x
2
+ 1
4
=
x
2
+ 5
4
Finally sec =

x
2
+ 5
2
.
since = arctan

x
2
+ 1
2

then
sec

arctan

x
2
+ 1
2

= sec
=
hyp
adj
=

x
2
+ 5
2
2
3. [5 marks each; 20 marks total] Evaluate each of the following limits, else explain
why the limit does not exist. Justify your answer. Do not use LH ospitals rule.
(a) lim
x0
(tan(ax) csc(bx)), where a = 0, b = 0.
lim
x0
(tan(ax) csc(bx)) = lim
x0
sin ax
cos axsin bx
= lim
x0

sin ax
ax

bx
sin bx

ax
bx

1
cos ax

= 1 1
a
b

1
1
=
a
b
(b) lim
x0
e
2x
1
e
x
1
lim
x0
e
2x
1
e
x
1
= lim
x0
(e
x
1)(e
x
+ 1)
e
x
1
= lim
x0
e
x
+ 1
1
= 2
3
(c) lim
x1
|1 x|
x
2
x
|x| =

x if x 0
x if x < 0
|1 x| =

1 x if x 1
1 + x if x > 1
lim
x1

|1 x|
x
2
x
= lim
x1

1 x
x(x 1)
= lim
x1

(x 1)
x(x 1)
= lim
x1

1
x
= 1
lim
x1
+
|1 x|
x
2
x
= lim
x1
+
x 1
x(x 1)
= lim
x1
+
1
x
= 1
lim
x1

|1 x|
x
2
x
= lim
x1
+
|1 x|
x
2
x
therefore lim
x1
|1 x|
x
2
x
does not exist.
(d) lim
x1
(x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

Since

2
< arctanx <

2
for all x, then:

2
< arctan

e
1
x+1

<

2
for all x = 1 ()
Since (x + 1)
2
> 0 for all x = 1, then, multiplying all sides of () with (x + 1)
2
gives:

(x + 1)
2
2
< (x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

<
(x + 1)
2
2
for all x = 1
Since lim
x1

(x + 1)
2
2
= 0 and lim
x1
(x + 1)
2
2
= 0, therefore by the Squeeze
theorem:
lim
x1
(x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

= 0

Alternatively (A)
lim
x1
(x + 1)
2
= 0
And
lim
x1

arctan

e
1
x+1

= 0
(x + 1 < 1, x + 1 0, so
1
x + 1
and e
1
x+1
0 )
Thus
lim
x1

(x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

= 0
And (B) A
lim
x1
+
arctan

e
1
x+1

=

2
(x + 1 > 1, x + 1 0, so
1
x + 1
and e
1
x+1
)
Thus
lim
x1
+
(x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

= 0

2
= 0
From (A) and (B), Thus
lim
x1

(x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

= lim
x1
+
(x + 1)
2
arctan

e
1
x+1

= 0
4
4. [10 marks] Let f(x) =

x
2
1 + 1
x 1
.
(a) [2 marks] Give the domain of f.
solution : x dom(f) is

x
2
1 is dened and if x 1 = 0.
So
x = 1 and x
2
1 0
x = 1 and x
2
1
x = 1 and |x| 1
x = 1 and x 1 or x 1
Thus x (, 1] (1, )
(b) [8 marks] Find all the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of f.
solution : For vertical asymptotes of f:
x 1 = 0 if x = 1. So we have a possible vertical asymptote at 1
Since f is not dened for x (1, 1] we only consider the right limit or f as at 1:
lim
x1
+

x
2
1 + 1
x 1
= (since x 1 0 but x 1 > 0 and

x
2
1 + 1 1.)
Thus x = 1 is the vertical asymptote of f.
For horizontal asymptotes:
lim
x

x
2
1 + 1
x 1
= lim
x

x
2
1+1
x
x1
x
= lim
x

x
2
1
x
2
+
1
x
1
1
x
= lim
x

1
1
x
2
+
1
x
1
1
x
= 1
(x =

x
2
since x > 0)
lim
x

x
2
1 + 1
x 1
= lim
x

x
2
1+1
x
x1
x
= lim
x

1
1
x
2
+
1
x
1
1
x
= 1
(x =

x
2
since x < 0)
Thus y = 1 and y = 1 are the horizontal asymptotes of f.
5
5. [10 marks] Given some numbers a, b and c, dene f : R R by
f(x) =

3 x if x a ,

x 1 if a < x < 5 ,
x b e
sin(x)
if 5 x 6 ,
cx
2
if x > 6 ,
Find a, b and c so that f is continuous on R.
solution : 3 x is continuous everywhere, thus continuous on (, a) for all a.

x 1 is continuous on [1.) and so continuous on (a, 5) if a 1

x b e
sin(x))
is continuous everywhere since both x and e
sin(x)
are, thus it is also
continuous on (5, 6).
cx
2
is a polynomial therefore it is continuous everywhere, thus continuous on (6, ).
-For a function to be continuous at a we need:
lim
xa
+
f(x) = lim
xa

f(x) = f(a) = a 3
lim
xa

f(x) = lim
xa

3 x = 3 a = f(a),
lim
xa
+
f(x) = lim
xa
+

x 1 =

a 1, thus we need 3 a =

a 1 or (3 a)
2
= a 1
a
2
6x + 9 = a 1 a
2
7x + 10 = 0 (a 5)(a 2) = 0 a = 5 of
a = 2. However, since a < 5 (second condition of denition of f), then a = 2 therefore
a=2
-For a function to be continuous at 5 we need:
lim
x5
+
f(x) = lim
x5

f(x) = f(5) = 5 b e
sin(5)
= 5 be
0
= 5 b
lim
x5
+
f(x) = lim
x5
+
x b e
sin(x)
= 5 b e
sin(5)
= 5 b,
lim
x5

f(x) = lim
x5

x 1 =

5 1 = 2, thus we need 5 b = 2 or b = 3 therefore

b=3
6
For a function to be continuous at 6 we need:
lim
x6
+
f(x) = lim
x6

f(x) = f(6) = 6 b e
sin(6)
= 6 b = 6 3 = 3
lim
x6

f(x) = lim
x6

x b e
sin(x)
= 6 b = f(6),
lim
x6
+
f(x) = lim
x6
+
cx
2
= 36c, thus we need 3 = 36c or
c=1/12
Since b = 3, then a = 2 and c =
1
12
and
f(x) =

3 x if x 2 ,

x 1 if 2 < x < 5 ,
x 3 e
sin(x)
if 5 x 6 ,
x
2
12
if x > 6 ,
is continuous on R.
7
6. [5 marks] Fully justify that arctanx = 10x e
x
has a positive root.
solution :
Since arctanx, 10x and e
x
are all continuous functions on R, then their linear combi-
nation f(x) = arctanx 10x + e
x
is also a continuous function on R.
Since f(0) = arctan(0)10(0)+e
0
= 1 and f(1) = arctan(1)10+e
1
=

4
10+e < 0,
or f(1) < 0 < f(0) then by the IVT there is some c (0, 1) such that f(c) = 0 or
arctanx = 10x e
x
has a positive root.
8
7. (a) [5 marks] Let f(x) =

x 2. Use the denition of the derivative to nd f

(x).
solution : (a)
lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
= lim
h0

x + h 2

x 2
h
= lim
h0

x + h 2

x 2
h

x + h 2 +

x 2

x + h 2 +

x 2
= lim
h0
x + h 2 (x 2)
h(

x + h 2 +

x 2)
= lim
h0
h
(

x + h 2 +

x 2)h
= lim
h0
1

x + h 2 +

x 2
=
1
2

x 2
(b) [7 marks] There are many tangent lines to the graph of f. Find the equation(s)
of the tangent line(s) that pass through the point (5, 2). (Note that the point
(5, 2) is NOT on the graph of f.)
solution : Suppose the tangent line touches the graph of f at (a, f(a)) =
(a,

a 2). Then the slope of the tangent at that point is m = f

(a) =
1
2

a 2
.
Since (5, 2) is also a point on the line , then:
m =
1
2

a 2
=
2

a 2
5 a
which gives
5 a = (2

a 2)2

a 2
(5 a) = 4

a 2 2(a 2)
a + 1 = 4

a 2
(a + 1)
2
= 16(a 2)
a
2
+ 2a + 1 = 16a 32
a
2
14a + 33 = 0
(a 11)(a 3) = 0
So a = 11, a = 3.
(A) If a = 11, then m =
1
2

11 2
=
1
2

9
=
1
6
=
y 2
x 5
giving the equation of
the tangent:
y = x/6 + 7/6
(B) If a = 3, then m =
1
2

3 2
=
1
2
=
y 2
x 5
giving the equation of the tangent:
y = x/2 1/2
9
8. [3 marks] Consider the function f : R R whose graph is given below.
Let A be the set of points {x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
, x
5
, x
6
, x
7
, x
8
, x
9
, x
10
, x
11
} R.
i. Find all points in A where f is dierentiable.
Your answer:
x
2
, x
5
, x
7
, x
8
ii. Find all points in A where f is continuous but not dierentiable.
Your answer:
x
4
, x
9
iii. Find all points in A where f

is zero.
Your answer:
x
2
, x
5
, x
8
10
9. For the following given functions use dierentiation rules to nd their required deriva-
tives. Do not simplify.
(a) [5 marks] f(x) =
(2 + x)
2
ln(2 + x)
. Find f

(x)
solution :
f

(x) =
2(2 + x) ln(2 + x) (2 + x)
2

1
2+x
(ln(2 + x))
2
=
= 2(2 + x) ln(2 + x) (2 + x)
(ln(2 + x))
2
(b) [5 marks] g(x) = sin(tan(sec(x
2
))). Find g

(x).
g

(x) = cos(tan(sec(x
2
))) sec
2
(sec(x
2
)) sec(x
2
) tan(x
2
) 2x
11
(c) [5 marks] h(x) = 5
8
x
2
where a is a positive constant real number. Find h

(x).
solution :
h

(x) = (ln 5) (5
8
x
2
) (ln 8)(8
x
2
) 2x
(d) [5 marks] If y cos x = 2x
2
+ 4y
2
, nd
dy
dx
.
solution :
y cos x = 2x
2
+ 4y
2
y

cos x y sin x = 4x + 8yy

cos x 8yy

= 4x + y sin x
y

(cos x 8y) = 4x + y sin x

y

=
4x + y sin x
cos x 8y