Database Management

818-201 Information Technology

for
Hospitality and Tourism
by
Lerluck Boonlamp
7/08
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Overview
1. Database
2. Relational Database Basics
3. Using Excel as a Database
4. Using Microsoft Access
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Why Database?
we have many of Data in organization
we record many of Data processes
we record many of Data transaction
we need Information to support a decision
we need a Report at the end of day,
week, month and year
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1. What is Database?
A database is a collection of data that is
organized so that its contents can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated. It is
designed to meet the information needs
and shared among users in an organization
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Examples of database:
Guest History List (name, addresses, how long they
stayed, room, etc)
Supplier Information (name, addresses, what they
sell, etc.)
Travel Agent Data (name, addresses, #guests
they have sent, etc)
Sales Database(product name, supplier detail,
customer detail, shipping detail)
Corporate Database(data about management,
marketing, materials, manufacturing and accounting)
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Why database is important?
Today organization consider data
and informationas one of the most
important resources.
Support Decision Making
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Data & Information
Data is raw facts about anything.
Data is what stored in database.
Ex. About people, events
Information is the data that has been
processed or transformed so that it is more
meaningful for analysis and decision
making
Information consists of a set of data which is
an answer to a particular question.
Ex. what products sold well in the past week, month
or year?
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Changing data to information
Data Information Processing
* Your phone number
* The number that you call
* Time you start
* Time you finish
Telephone Bill
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How is data stored in a
database?
In a database, data is mostly stored in the
form of table.
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Data Management
There are 2 ways to manage data:
1. File systems
2. Database systems
HOW
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1) File Systems
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Disadvantages of File Systems
Uncontrolled Redundancy
Inconsistent Data
Limited Data Sharing
Poor Enforcement of Standard
File Systems
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2) Database Systems
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Database Management System
(DBMS)
DBMS is a kind of software that is
used to manage a database.
Ex. Microsoft Access, MS Foxpro, Lotus
Smart Suite, Oracal Server, IBM DB2,
Microsoft SQL Server and MySql
Server.
Database Systems
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Database Management System
(DBMS)
Database Systems
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How is a database used?
1. Personal Computer Database
2. Central Computer Database
3. Client/Server Database or Two-
Tiered Database
4. Distributed Database
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1) Personal Computer Database
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2) Central Computer Database
Terminal is a computer that has no processing unit. It acts as an
interface only.
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3) Client/Server DB or Two-
Tiered DB
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4) Distributed Database
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Database Personnel (User)
1. Database Administrator
2. Database Programmer
3. End User
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1) Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Administrator (DBA)
The information specialist who is expert
in developing, providing, and securing
database
Oversee all database activities
Managerial skills, high technical skills
Must understand the business
operations of the firm
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2) Database Programmer
Represent a high level of
specialization and selection
Write code to strip and/or aggregate
data from the database
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3) End User
As important personnel who interact
with the database
Generate report and form
Post queries to the database
Use results from their database
inquiries to make decision
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DBMS Advantage
Reduce data redundancy
Achieve data independence
Retrieve data and information rapidly
Improve security
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DMBS Disadvantage
Obtain expensive software
Obtain a large hardware
configuration
Hire and maintain a DBA staff
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2. Relational Database Basic
Table
Relationship
Primary key
Foreign key
And data integrity
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2.1 Table
In relational database, a relation is looks
like a table. Thus, relation and table are
the term used interchangeably.
Row is also record.
Column is also called field.
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2.2 Primary
In relational database, each record
in a table must be unique. That
means there must be a field that
contains a value that is different from
other records.
That filed that make records unique
is called a primary key.
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Which field should be defined
as the primary key?
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Primary key
Adding an extra field that contains unique
value in each record to represent a primary
key is a technique that often used to simplify
table design when there is no appropriate
field (or fields) to use as primary key.
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2.3 Relationship
Data is stored in separated table.
Then you define relationships
between tables.
Relationship can be in 3 forms
One-to-one
One-to-many
Many-to-many
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One-to-one relationship (1:1)
One-to-one relationship means that one
record in the first table has a relationship
with only one record in the 2
nd
table, and
vice versa
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One-to-Many Relationship
(1:M)
Means that one record in the first table has
a relationship with many records in the 2
nd
table, and vice versa.
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Many to Many relationship
(M:M)
Means that many records in the first table
has a relationship with many records in the
2
nd
table, and vice versa.
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2.4 Foreign Key
A database generally contains more
than one table that are related. A
relationship is established through a
foreign key.
A foreign key is a field that is its
value is taken from the value in
primary key field in another table.
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Foreign key
BAD table
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Foreign Key
Primary key
Primary key
T
a
b
l
e

1
T
a
b
l
e

2
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Foreign Key
Primary key
Foreign key
Primary key
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2.5 Integrity Rules
Must follows two rules:
Entity integrity
The primary key must be unique
and must not be null.
Referential Integrity
The foreign key must be in referenced
table
Or be null
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Entity Integrity
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Entity Integrity
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3. Using Excel as Database
As data mostly stored in the form of
tables. Excel is often used to store
data and do simple queriesto get
information that is needed.
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4. Access
Data Type
Type of Number
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Data Type
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Type of Number