Wireless Laser Torch-Based Voice Transmitter and

Receiver
Debnath Bhattacharyya
1*
, Bijoy Kumar Manadal
1
, Suntae Kim
2


1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
NSHM Knowledge Campus Durgapur,
Durgapur-713212, India.
d.bhattacharyya@ieee.org, writetobijoy@gmail.com
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Kangwon National University,
Kangwon-Province, South Korea
2
Corresponding Author: stkim@kangwon.ac.kr

Abstract. In this paper we designed the circuit, using that circuit we can
communicate with our neighbors wirelessly. Instead of RF signals, light froma
laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser torch can transmit light
up to a distance of about 500 meters. The phototransistor of the receiver must
be accurately oriented towards the laser beamfromthe torch. If there is any
obstruction in the path of the laser beam, no sound will be heard fromthe
receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises condenser microphone transistor
amplifier BC548 followed by an pomp stage built around A741. The gain of
the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohmpotmeter VR1.The
AF output fromIC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in
turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter uses 9V power supply.
However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its battery) can be directly
connected to the circuitwith the body of The torch connected to the emitter of
BD139 and the spring-loaded lead protruding frominside the torch to circuit
ground. The receiver circuit uses an NPN phototransistor as the light sensor
that is followed by a two-stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio
Power amplifier. The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. J ust
keep the phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitters laser point
and adjust The volume control for a clear sound To avoid 50Hz humnoise in
the speaker, keep the phototransistor away fromAC light sources such as bulbs.
The reflected sunlight, however, does not cause any problem. But the sensor
should not directly face the sun.

Keywords: Laser, LST, RF, LM386, Wireless.
1 Introduction
Laser as a communication medium can provide a good substitute for the present day
communication systems as the problem of interference faced in case of
electromagnetic waves is not there and high deal of secrecy is available. It will easily
A d v a n c e d S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y L e t t e r s
V o l . 3 0 ( I C C A 2 0 1 3 ) , p p . 2 0 3 - 2 1 0
h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 4 2 5 7 / a s t l . 2 0 1 3 . 3 0 . 4 2
I S S N : 2 2 8 7 - 1 2 3 3 A S T L
C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 3 S E R S C
give a communication distance of several hundred meters, and with a parabolic light
reflector, up to several kilometers [1]. The laser-induced lubricant pockets generated
high local pressures and thus caused a thicker lubricant film, allowing an optimal
separation of the contact surfaces even at lower sliding velocities [2]. It transmits
high quality audio and the link is virtually impossible for anyone else to tap into. An
important feature of transmission by laser beam is privacy. Because a laser beam is
intentionally narrow, it's virtually impossible for someone to tap into the link without
us knowing. If someone intercepts the beam, the link is broken, signaling the
interception. Fibre-optic cables also have high security, as it's very difficult to splice
into the cable without breaking the link. However it's theoretically possible; so for
the highest security, we probably cannot beat a line-of-sight laser beam. Also it
cannot be detected with use of spectrum analyzers and RF meters and hence can be
used for diverse applications including financial, medical and military. Laser

Surface
Texturing (LST) is probably the most advanced so far.

LST produces a very large
number of micro-dimples on thesurface and each of these micro-dimples can serve
either asa micro-hydrodynamic bearing in cases of full or mixed lubrication,

a micro-
reservoir for lubricant in cases of starved lubrication conditions,

or a micro-trap for
wear debris in either lubricated or

dry sliding [3]. Lasers can also transmit through
glass; however the physical properties of the glass have to be considered. By rotating
the media under the focused pulsed-laser beam, a row of crater shaped dimples are
created in the landing zone only [4]. Laser transmitter and receiver units ensure easy,
straightforward systems alignment and long-term stable, service free operation,
especially in inaccessible environments, optical wireless systems offer ideal,
economical alternative to expensive leased lines for buildings [5, 7]. Over the past 10
Years, laser intensities have increased by more than four orders of magnitude to
reach enormous intensities of 1020 W /cm2 [6].The laser can also be commissioned
in satellites for communication, as laser radar requires small aperture as compared to
microwave radar. As we cannot see the laser beam without special IR sensitive
equipment, it also makes alignment more difficult. Further, potential bandwidth of
radar using lasers can translate to very precision range measurement. For these
reasons, they can be used as an alternative to present modes of communication. Laser
communication is both wide-band and high-speed.
2 Design Of Working Principle
The block diagram of working principle of the system is shown in Figure 1.

Fig.1. Block Diagramof Working Principle of System.
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204 Copyright 2013 SERSC


A) Condenser Microphone
Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. Condenser
also tends to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamic, making them well suited
to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound
waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the
capacitance. Specifically when the plates are closer together capacitance increases and
a charge current occurs and this current will be used to trigger the transmitting section.
B) Transmitting Section
The transmitter section comprises condenser microphone, transistor amplifier BC548
followed by an op-amp stage built around IC1. The gain of the op-amp can be
controlled with the help of 1-mega ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is
coupled to the base of transistor Bd139, which in turn, modulates the laser beam. The
transmitter uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after the removal
of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit with the body of the torch
connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring loaded lead protruding from inside
the torch to circuit ground. The block diagram of transmitting section is given in
Figure 2.


Fig. 2. Block Diagramof Transmitting Section.
C) Laser Torch
Here we use the light rays coming from laser torch as the medium for transmission.
Laser had potential for the transfer of data at extremely high rates, specific
advancements were needed in component performance and systems engineering,
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particularly for space-qualified hardware. Free space laser communications systems
are wireless connections through the atmosphere. They have worked similar to fibre
optic cable systems except the beam is transmitted through open space. The laser
systems operate in the near infrared region of the spectrum. The laser light across the
link is at a wavelength of between 780 - 920 nm. Two parallel beams are used, one
for transmission and one for reception.
D) Receiving Section
The receiver circuit uses an NPN phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed
by a two stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier. The
receiver doesn't need any complicated alignment. J ust keep the phototransistor
oriented towards the remote transmitter's laser point and adjust the volume control
for a clear sound. The block diagram of receiving section is shown in Figure in 3.



Fig. 3. Block Diagramof Receiving Section


E) Loud Speaker
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an
electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of
an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as
air or water.
3 Circuit Design Of System
There the transmission distance is no more than meters of so, a LED (or two for
increased power) can be substituted for the laser diode. For instance, there the link is
being used for educational purposes, such as demonstrating fibre-optic coupling, or
Advanced Science and Technology Letters
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206 Copyright 2013 SERSC
the concept of communication over a light beam. Obviously the security of the
transmission is much lower as LEDs transmit light in all directions. While, that laser
link can be adapted for use as a perimeter protector. Now to a description of how it
all works. As we shall see, it's really very simple. We shall start with the transmitter.

A) Transmitter
A laser diode needs a certain value of current, called the threshold current, before
it emits laser light. A further increase in this current produces a greater light output.
The relationship between output power and current in a laser diode is very linear,
once the current is above the threshold, giving a low distortion when the beam is
amplitude modulated. For example, the 65Onm 5mW laser diode used in this project
has a typical threshold current of 3OmA and produces its full output when the current
is raised by approximately 1OmA above the threshold to 4OmA. Further increasing
the current will greatly reduce the life of the laser diode, and exceeding the absolute
maximum of 8OmA will destroy it instantly. Laser diodes are very fragile and will
not survive electrostatic discharges and momentary surges! However, if used within
specifications, the typical life of one of these lasers is around 20,000 hours. In the
transmitter circuit as shown in Figure 4, the laser diode is supplied via an adjustable
constant-current source. Since the lasing threshold also varies with temperature, a
68ohm NTC thermistor is included to compensate for changes in ambient
temperature. Note that the metal housing for the laser diode and the lens also acts as a
heatsink. The laser diode should not be powered without the metal housing in place.
The quiescent laser diode current is controlled by Q2, in turn driven by the buffer
stage of 1C2b. The DC voltage as set by VR2 appears at the base of Q2, which
determines the current through the transistor and therefore the laser diode. Increasing
the voltage at VR1 reduces the laser current. The setting of VR1 determines the
quiescent brightness of the laser beam, and therefore the overall sensitivity of the
system.
The audio modulation voltage is applied to the cathode of the laser diode, which
varies the laser current around its set point by around +/-3mA. The modu- lation
voltage is from the emitter of Q 1, which is an emitter follower stage driven by the
audio amplifier stage of 1C2a. Diodes D4 to D7 limit the modulating voltage to +/-
2V, while C4 and C5 block the DC voltages at the emitter of Q 1 and the cathode of
the laser diode. The audio signal is coupled to the laser diode via R10, which limits
the maximum possible variation in the laser diode current to a few milliamps. LED1
gives an indication of the modulating voltage. Diodes D2, D3 and resistor R8 limit
the current through the LED and enhance the brightness changes so the modulation is
obvious. The LED flickers in sympathy with the sound received by the microphone,
giving an indication that a modulating volt- age is present. The inverting amplifier of
1C2a includes a form of compression, in which the output level is relatively constant
and independent of how soft or loud the audio level is at the microphone. This is
achieved by FET Q3 and its associated circuitry.
The cascaded voltage doubler of C9, D8, D9 and C8 rectifies the audio signal at
the emitter of Ql, and the resulting negative DC voltage is fed to the gate of Q3. An
increase in the audio signal will increase the negative bias to Q3, increasing its drain-
source resistance. Because the gain of 1C2a is determined by R7 and the series
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resistance of R5 and Q3, increasing the effective resistance of Q3 will lower the gain.
Since the compression circuit takes time to respond, the clamping network of D4-D7
is still needed to protect against sudden voltage increases. This system is rather
similar to the compression used in portable tape recorders. The electrets microphone
is powered through R1 and is coupled to the non inverting input of 1C2a via C6. This
input is held at a fixed DC voltage to give a DC output to bias Ql. The supply voltage
to the transmitter circuit is regulated by ICI, a 5V three terminal regulator.

Fig. 4. The Circuit Diagramof Transmitter.

B) Receiver
The transmitted signal is picked up by the photo detector diode in the receiver as
shown in Figure 5. The output voltage of this diode is amplified by the common
emitter amplifier around Ql. This amplifier has a gain of 20 or so, and connects via
VRI to ICI, an LM386 basic power amplifier IC with a gain internally set to 20. This
IC can drive a speaker with a resistance as low as four ohms, and 35OmW when the
circuit is powered from a 9V supply. Increasing the sup- ply voltage will increase the
output power marginally. The voltage to the transistor amplifier stage is regulated by
ZD I to 5.6V, and decoupled from the main supply by R2 and C2. Resistor R3
supplies forward current for the photodiode. (Incidentally, the photodiode used for
this experiment has a special clear package, so it responds to visible light, and not
just infrared.)

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Fig. 5. The Circuit Diagramof Receiver
4 Conclusion
Using this circuit we can communicate with our neighbors wirelessly. It can be also
used in inaccessible areas and conference halls. In future, it can be commissioned in
satellite for communication and instead of the short range laser, high range lasers can
be used which range a few hundred meters Provisions have to be made for cases
when there is no heavy traffic
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