Environmental Quality and Pollution

Monitoring Techniques
Physical Environment

Aquatic Environment
Water Quality/Pollution Monitoring
Wastewater/Effluent Monitoring
Air Environment
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Emission Monitoring
Terrestrial Environment
Soil/Rocks
Solid Wastes
Laboratory Exercises
Nos 1-8
Analytical Techniques
Gravimetric
Titrations Acid-Base, Complexometric, Oxidation-
Reduction
Colourimetric Spectrophotometer
Turbidimetery/nephlometery
Use of electrodes, etc.
Water Quality/Wastewater Parameters
Solids, alkalinity, Hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrogen
ammonical, TKN, Sulphate, pH, NO
3
, Fluoride, Coliforms
(MPN), etc.
Laboratory Exercises
Nos 9-10
Analytical Techniques: Advanced Analytical
Instruments
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (For Metals)
Ion Chromatography (IC)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyser
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Laboratory Exercises
Nos 11-12
Noise Levels
High Volume Sampler
Sample Representative Collection to Analysis
Sampling and Preservation
Representative
Collection
Composite Sample Flow weighted average
S No. Time, Hr Flow Fractional
Flow, Q
i
/Q
i

Volume Required
for Composting
1 0800 Q
1
Q
1
/Q
i
V
1
= (Q
1
/Q
i
)

V
2 0900 Q
2
Q
2
/Q
i
V
2
= (Q
2
/Q
i
)

V
3 1000 Q
3
Q
3
/Q
i
V
3
= (Q
3
/Q
i
)V
- - -
-
-
- - -
-
-
N Q
N
Q
N
/Q
i
V
N
= (Q
N
/Q
i
)

V
Solid (Soil/Solid Wastes)
Liquid (Water/Wastewater/Effluent)
Gaseous (Air/Emissions)
Sampling
Sampling
Solid (Soil/Solid Wastes)
Liquid (Water/Wastewater/Effluent)
Gaseous (Air/Emissions)
Representative
Collection
Grab Sample Characteristics at the time sample is
taken Used when (i) Flow and composition are fairly
constant (ii) Flow is intermittent (iii) Composite sample
obscure extreme conditions (e.g. pH, temperature,
toxicant, etc.)

Representative
Preservation Transport and Storage
Prevent any change in the parameter value
Arrest Physical, Chemical and Biological Process(es)
Temperature (transport in ice box, store in refrigerator),
Add inhibitor (acid, alkali, toxic substance), Remove
certain objectionable entities (dechlorinate sodium
sulphite in sterilized bottles)
Sampling
Solid (Soil/Solid Wastes)
Liquid (Water/Wastewater/Effluent)
Gaseous (Air/Emissions)
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Sampling
High Volume Sampler
Respirable Dust Sampler
Analysis
Gravimetric (for Particulates)
Absorption (titrimetric, colourimetric,
gravimetric, etc.)
Principle of Respirable Dust Sampler
Ambient Air Laden with SPM
Cyclone
Coarse, non-respirable dust
(>10)
Collected in sampling bottle
Respirable dust (<10)
Collected on filter paper
Voltage
Stabilizer
Timer
Time
Totalizer
Respirable Dust Sampler
230V AC
Cyclone
Sample Bottle
Inlet Pipe
Ice Tray
Impingers
Gas Manifold
Rotameter
Manometer
000 00
Filter Cover
Blower
Nuts Nuts
Volt meter
Select Switch
Programmable
Timer
Time
Totalizer
Power On/Off
Manometer
Carbon Brush Cap
Filter Adaptor
Assembly
Orifice
Respirable Dust Sampler
Measures respirable dust particulates PM
10
and TP (TSP)
0.5 to 10 particles collected on filter paper (Whatman GF/A)
>10 particles collected in separate sampling bottle
Manometer measures pressure drop across orifice
Scale is calibrated in units of flow (m
3
/min)
Flow rate : 0.9 1.2 m
3
/min
Sampling time record programmable time totalizer (0
999.99 hrs)
Gaseous sampling can also be done through a set of
impingers
Dr Vinod Tare

Environmental Observatory
Automatic Weather Monitoring Station, Samplers and Trace
Gas Analysers
October/November 2012
Automatic Weather Monitoring Station
Fig: Weather Monitoring Sensors Fig: WMS Datalogger & Housing
High Volume Sampler
Fig: PM 10 Dust sampler Fig: PM 2.5 Dust sampler

Optical Particle Counter (OPC)
Fig: Optical Particle Counter with Housing
OPC run on the principle of
the light scattering
Working in the range of 0.3
20 micron particle size (15
channel)
Two modes of sampling are
available in instrument
Count Mode
Mass Mode
In count mode monitor
number of particle/lt. of air
sampled in different bins.
In mass mode monitor
particles in terms of the
mass (g/m
3
)
Mass mode have three
options:
Mass in different
channels
Environmental aspect
Occupational aspect





Trace Gases (CO, SO
2
, NO
x
and O
3
) Sampler and
Analyzers


Ambient Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Relative Humidity
3-Cup Anemometer
Wind Vane
Pyranometer
Rain Gauge



AWMS: Automatic Weather Monitoring Station
Weather Monitoring Station:
Ambient Temperature Sensor
Operating Principle:
The sensor used for measurement is an RTD ( PT
1000). Here the resistance of the element varies
with temperature (increases with temperature),
approximately 3.9 ohms/degree Celsius. The
weather shield is provided to avoid direct heating
of the sensor by suns radiation and to protect it
from rain and snow.
Range: - 40 degrees to + 60 degrees Celsius
Resolution: 0.1 degrees Celsius
Accuracy: 0.2 degrees Celsius
Weather Shield: Weather shield coated with weather
proof reflective white paint


Weather Monitoring Station:
Atmospheric Pressure Sensor
Operating Principle:
The pressure sensor uses a strain gauges mounted
on stainless steel bellows to measure pressure.
The bellows respond to pressure, built-in
integrated circuits provide signal conditioning and
temperature compensation. The sensor output is a
linear voltage output proportional to pressure.
Range: 600 to 1100 hPa
Resolution: 0.1 hPa ( milli bar)
Accuracy: 0.2 hPa
Power requirement: +12 Volts DC., 18-20 ma
Response Time: < 2 seconds
Housing: Weather and insect proof housing

Weather Monitoring Station:
Relative Humidity Sensor
Operating Principle:
The humidity sensor is a thin film capacitor
element. A dielectric polymer absorbs water
molecules from the air through a thin metal
electrode and this causes a capacitance change
proportional to humidity. A sintered filter is
provided to protect the sensor element from dirt,
atmospheric pollutant and water condensation.
Range: 0 to 100 % operating at -40
O
C to +50
O
C
Resolution: 0.1 %
Accuracy: 3% of full scale reading
Power requirement: + 5 volts DC
Response Time: 10 seconds
Housing: Weather shield coated with weather proof
reflective white paint
Weather Monitoring Station:
3-Cup Anemometer Sensor
Operating Principle:
When cups rotate by the wind, a chopper on the
anemometer shaft interrupts an infra red light
source, generating pulses from a photo transistor.
The signal is amplified and fed through a line
driver. The frequency is proportional to wind
speed. Sensor has fast response and low
threshold.

Range: 0 to 65 meters/sec.
Starting Threshold: 0.3 meters/sec
Accuracy: Better than 0.5 m/s up to 10 m/s + 2% FSD
Distance Constant: 2.5 meters
Weather Monitoring Station:
Wind Vane Sensor
Operating Principle:
Wind vane is a counter balanced, low threshold sensor. A linear, wire wound
endless potentiometer is coupled to the vane by an SS shaft. As the vane turns, it
rotates a stainless steel shaft which is coupled to the potentiometer. This
potentiometer has excellent linearity and very low starting torque.
The north of the wind vane is marked on its body. This line is to be aligned
with actual North with the help of prismatic compass, at the time of installation.
Sensor gives minimum resistance at North (i.e., 0 degree approximately 20 ohms).
The resistance output linearly proportional to the position of the wind vane

Range: 0 to 357 degrees (3 degrees electrical gap in the Potentiometer)
Starting Threshold: Better than 0.5 meters/sec
Accuracy: 3 degrees
Resolution: 1 degrees

Weather Monitoring Station:
Pyranometer (CMP6) Sensor
Operating Principle:
The pyranometer measures radiation received on
a horizontal surface from both the sun and the
sky. When exposed to radiation, the temperature
of the blackened horizontal surface rises. Heat is
lost from the blackened surface by conduction,
convection and radiation. The equilibrium
temperature reached is a measure of the radiation.
This temperature is measured by a thermopile.
Spectral Range: 285 2800 nm
Sensitivity: 5 to 20 V/W/m
Response time: 18 second
Directional Error: < 20 W/m
Maximum solar irradiance: 2000 W/m
Weather Monitoring Station:
Rain Gauge Sensor
Operating Principle:
It uses a tipping bucket mechanism to produce a
contact closure every time it receives a
predetermined quantity of rainfall . The body and
funnel are made of FRP (Fiber glass Reinforced
Plastic), rim is made of gun metal. All parts
having contact with water are made of stainless
steel. Each tip of the bucket produces an on-off
output when the magnet passes over the reed
switch.
Accuracy: better than + 5%
Resolution: 0.5 mm
Collecting Area: 325 mm
Sensitivity: 0.5 mm or, 0.2 mm (rainfall per pulse)
Capacity: unlimited
Weather Monitoring Station:
Datalogger
The Datalogger samples sensor data
every 5 seconds and stores the same
in the Datalogger.
The data is averaged over a preset
interval (set from keyboard from 1
Min to 60 Min).
This data can be downloaded from
the Datalogger through the serial port
provided. The data also can be stored
in a memory module through the
parallel port.
The data can be downloaded to a PC
at the base station by sending
message with an address.
Trace Gas Analyzers (CO, SO
2
, NO
x
and O
3
) and Sample Inlet
PUMP
MCB
Digital
Watch
Manometer
Temp
Impingers
Cold Box Assy
Stack
Monitoring
Flowmeter
Stack Monitoring System
Stack Monitoring System
Schematic Diagram of VSS1
Stack Monitoring System
Front Panel of VSS1
Stack Monitoring System
Diagram of Impingers Train
Stack Monitoring System
Stack Monitoring System
Stack Monitoring System
Stack Temperature Range : Ambient to 600C displayed on a digital pyrometer
Stack Velocity Range : 3-60 m/s
Particulate Sampling : 2-60 lpm collection on thimble type filter up to 0.3 micron
rating
Gaseous Sampling : 0.2-6 lpm collection in a set of Borosilicate glass impingers
Overall Accuracy of Measurement : 3%
Thermocouple : Thermocouple sensor in SS 304 casing, length of insertion 1m
with 2m long cable (2m long Thermocouple available at extra cost)
Manometer : Glass Borosilicate tube with spirit level attached for leveling
Pitot Tube : Modified S-type pitot tube fabricated from SS 304, 1.5m in length,
individually calibrated at IIT Delhi (1m, 2m, 4m available at extra cost)
Rotameter : Plastic body rotameter with 2% FSD accuracy, 0-60 lpm for
particulates and 0-6 lpm for gases
Stack Monitoring System - Specifications
Sampling Probes : Made from SS 304 tube, 1.5m and 30cms in
length(1m, 2m, 4m available at extra cost)

Filter holder : Fabricated from SS 304 suitable to hold either
cellulose filtration thimble (size 28mm ID X 100mm long) or glass
micro fiber thimble (size 19mm ID X 90mm long)

Nozzles : A set of 3 SS nozzles

Digital Clock : 0-60 minutes, 1 second, readout with start and stop
switches

Sampling Train : 5 Nos. of 275 ml capacity borosilicate glass
impingers with Ball Socket glass joints accommodated in cold box
made out of FRP with a provision to keep ice

Vacuum Pump : Rotary vane type, oil lubricated, driven by 1/2 HP
single phase motor (230V) with more than 100 Ipm free flow
capacity, 0-25" Hg vacuum mounted inside a MS cabinet with
caster wheel and MCB
Stack Monitoring System Major Components
Flue gases enter the system through the nozzle at the tip of the sampling probe, pass through
the filter thimble, where particulate matter (PM) is removed and reach the sampling
train/condenser assembly in the cold box section of the instrument panel. Here the gas stream
is split into two sections. One section passes at low flow rate (0.5 - 3 LPM) through a train of
impinges loaded with suitable reagents to absorb gaseous pollutants, relevant to the emission
source while the remaining gas stream bubbles through a distilled water impinger followed by
silica gel. On passing through the cold box section, the flue gases cool down, releasing any
moisture or condensibles present, and are scrubbed for corrosive or toxicant fractions.
Relatively clean gases then pass through the flow meter and dry gas meter so that the volume
of flue gas sampled is measured and are subsequently exhausted into the atmosphere through
the vacuum pump.

Provision has been made to accurately measure the pressure drop across the thimble and
sampling train assembly using a vacuum gauge. Similarly the temperature of the gas stream
near the flow meter inlet can be measured by a pyrometer. Hence the flue gas sample volume
can be normalised as per gas laws.

Change in weight of the filter is used to determine the quantity of dust contained in the flue -
gas sample while a product of the sampling rate and time is used to measure the sample
volume.
Stack Monitoring System - Working