International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976

6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
56










AIR POLLUTION MONITORING USING ZIGBEE BASED
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS


K. Raghava Rao
1
, Monika Vallabhaneni
2
, Srikanth Narayanaraju
3
,

Rajendra Kumar Jonnalagadda
4
, Sunilkumar kanaparthi
5


Professor
1
, B.Tech final year Project Students
2, 3, 4, 5

Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh




ABSTRACT

Sensor networks are presently an active research area mainly due to the potency of their
applications. This paper is proposed to implement wireless sensor networks based Environmental air
pollution monitoring. RSPM (Respirable Suspended Participate Matter), carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide Nitrogen Dioxode (NO
2
) and sulfur dioxide (SO
2
) are monitored because these gases
decide the level of pollution. We have used MQ-7, MQ-2 sensors to monitor the Carbon Dioxide and
Carbon Monoxide levels in the atmosphere. The ARM processor (LPC2148) is used as the prominent
platform for interfacing those sensors and processing the sensed data wirelessly through Zigbee
modules (Tarang F4). The data received from the sensor device is simultaneously stored in a system
for a future reference in the levels of contamination. The information in the system is stored via a
.Net application enabling the user to access the data whenever required. With the help of this data,
proper precautions can be taken to minimize the pollution levels in the air to make human life
sustainable.

Keywords: RSPM (Respirable Suspended Participate Matter), Quality Monitoring System,
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).

I. INTRODUCTION

A wireless sensor network comprises of a gourmet of autonomous sensors which aid us to
supervise the ambience such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and
transmits the information to the central workplace through zigbee protocol. The upcoming networks
are bi-directional and also enables the supremacy over sensors [1]. The military applications such as
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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
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battlefield surveillance are inspired by the advancement of wireless sensor networks. Now a days
such networks are being utilized in various industrial, consumer and medical applications [2]. Nodes
are the integral part of wireless sensor networks. They are of several hundreds or thousands, each of
them is connected to 1 or more sensors. Each node has different parts: radio transceiver with an
internal antenna, a controller, an electronic circuit for interfacing sensors with energy source and a
battery [3]. Size of the sensor node varies in the middle of a shoe box down to the size of a grain of
dust. Functioning nodes of genuine microscopic dimensions have to be created. The piece of the
sensor is in a range of few hundreds to dollars depending on the complexity of the nodes [4]. Results
of size and cost constraints show significant effect on resources such as energy, memory,
computational speed and common bandwidth. The topology that has to be used is picked from a set
of topologies available like a simple star network or an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network
[5]. By using routing of flooding propagation technique is implemented between hops.

II. RELATED WORKS

The scientists in recent years could not assess the quality of air pollution accurately. Here
monitoring comes into the limelight. This monitoring can be studied and understood on the basis of
provided raw measurements of air pollution concentrations [6]. This monitoring segregates the bad
air pollution from good from day to day, from one area to another and their levels of concentration
[7]. How pollutants interact with each other can be understood easily and can be related to traffic
levels or industrial action. The weather conditions resulting in the rise to pollution episodes can be
predicted by examining the relationship between weather forecasting and air quality [8]. Over the
years, vehicle pressure has increased manifold on roads. Many of these vehicles mostly trucks and
trailers often bypass pollution tests for months and these turn into smooth bleaching monsters [9].
Further contributing to air contamination or concrete growth of the city and directly proportional to
shrinking of green cover.

There are many other factors that are collectively responsible for environmental hazards with
a real time monitoring system in place, it improves air quality by compelling stakeholders concerned
to undertake corrective measures [10]. The present day pollution analyzers are expected to record
ambient air quality based on various parameters such as NO
2
, SO
2
, CO, CO
2
and RSPM (Respirable
Suspended Particulate Matter).

III. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

This project work implementation will try to enhance the previous work by being more
flexible and timely. Moreover, accurate data with indexing capabilities will be able to obtain with
wireless sensor networks. The main requirements of our proposed system are: To implement a
system that improves the interaction between the sensor nodes, it needs to acquire the air pollution
data in PPM (parts per million) from the particular region. Collecting more data among a set of nodes
from many regions and to transmit them to a gateway. To reduce the maximum possible duplicate
values from the acquired data, we used the particular data aggregation which reduces the power
consumption during the transmission of huge amounts of data among many sensor nodes or sensor
motes. Analysis of collected data from sensor network using graphical and statistical methods such
as data tables, analysis and graphs are representing the data dynamically by indexing and
categorizing the different pollution levels with associated colors in graphs meaningfully, which
expresses the seriousness of air pollution. Reports are generated periodically i.e. monthly or fort
nightly from the acquired real time data.



International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
58

IV. IMPLEMENTED CIRCUIT DESIGN

The hardware design constitutes of ARM 7 (LPC 2148) developer board, CO
2
sensor, CO
sensor, Two Zigbee modules, RS 232 to USB cable, Front end .Net application to record the acquired
values

4.1 Implemented Block Diagram













Fig.1: Implemented Block Diagram


4.2 The ARM Processor (LPC 2148)
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which provides high
performance and very low power use. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced Instruction Set
Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode mechanism are much simpler
than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction Set Computers. This simplicity results in a
high instruction throughput and an impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-
effective processor core. Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and
memory system scan operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being done, its
replacement is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from storage. The
ARM7TDMI-S processor also uses a unique architectural strategy known as THUMB, which makes
it ideally fitted to high-volume applications with memory restrictions, or applications where code
density is an issue. The central idea behind THUMB is that of a super-reduced instruction set.
Basically, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has two command sets:

The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.
A 16-bit THUMB instruction set.
Co2
sensor
Co
sensor

OP
Amp

ADC
ARM
7
LPC
2148
LCD
Zigbee
transmitter
PC Zigbee
Receiver

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
59


Fig.2: ARM 7TDMI

4.3 CO
2
SENSOR
A carbon dioxide sensor or CO
2
detector is an instrument for the measurement of carbon
dioxide gas. The most common principles of CO
2
sensors are infrared gas sensors (NDIR) and
chemical gas sensors. Measuring carbon dioxide is important in monitoring indoor air quality and
many industrial processes.


Fig.3: CO
2
sensor(MQ-2 Gas sensor)

4.4 CO SENSOR
A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the carbon
monoxide (CO) gas in order to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. Raised levels of CO can be
unsafe to humans depending on the amount present and length of exposure. Smaller concentrations
can be harmful over longer periods of time while increasing concentrations require diminishing
exposure times to be harmful.

Fig.4: MQ-7 Gas sensor(CO sensor)

4.5 RS 232
RS-232 (ANSI/EIA-232 Standard) is the serial connection found on IBM-compatible PCs. It
is practiced for many functions, such as tying in a mouse, printer, or modem, as well as industrial

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
60

instrumentation. Because of improvements in line drivers and cables, applications often increase the
performance of RS-232 beyond the space and speed listed in the banner. RS-232 is limited to point-
to-point connections between PC serial ports and devices. RS-232 hardware can be used for serial
communication up to lengths of 50 foundations.


Fig.5: RS232 TO USB Cable

4.6 LCD Display
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of both liquids
and crystals. Rather than holding a disappearing point, they experience a temperature range within
which the particles are near as mobile as they would be in liquid, but are grouped together in an
ordered form similar to a vitreous silica. The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters
thickness. Since the LCDs consume less power they are compatible with low power electronic
circuits and can be powered for long durations. The LCDs are used extensively in watches,
calculators and measuring instruments is the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited
amount of data. The accompanying form depicts a general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two
lines of 16 fibers.


Fig.6: LCD

4.7 The front end application
A front end application was developed in .Net to acquire the transmitted air pollution data
from the transmitter block. Here wireless communication is done through zigbee protocol. A zigbee
transceiver module transmits the data from the arm processor (transmitter end) which is aquired from
interfaced mq-7 mq-2 sensors. At the receiver end this .Net windowsform application acquires the
data from the receiver end zigbee transeiver module. This windows form application reads the data
via selected com port (through which the zigbee module is connected). and finally the acquired data
is made to store in the text file along with the date and time.


International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
61

5. KIT DIAGRAM


Fig.7: Kit

6. CONCLUSION

Environmental science as well as our health are intensively affected by that air pollution. This
has lead to the death of many innocent lives as they fall victim to diseases like lung cancer, asthama
etc. So the people strive for new breaths of clean and transparent air. This project provides
information to the public about projected levels of environment pollution, with extra stress on
reduction of outside action and avoidance of car driving and other petrol vehicles in such highly
polluted areas. A remote survey is conducted to accumulate the data for future reference. Installing
reference air quality monitoring systems based on gas analyzer technology is one way to measure
road, motorway and highway emissions. But their cost and size limits the number of monitoring
locations.

7. RESULTS


Fig.8: .Net application

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
62


0
100
200
300
400
500
600
586
312
326
220
118 123
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANTS
CO
2
, CO AT VARIOUS SITUATIONS (IN PPM)
CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON MONOIDE

Fig.9: Graphical analysis of CO and CO
2

7.1 Threshold Values
These values have already been defined by the scientists long ago. The threshold value of CO
is 200 ppm (parts per million) and for CO
2
it is 400 ppm. When the levels of CO and CO
2
in air cross
these threshold values it becomes harmful for people causing various heart diseases.


Fig.10: Threshold value


8. REFERENCES

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[2] A Survey of Military Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks, MECO 2012, Bar,
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[3] Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks, Michigan Univ.,
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[4] A Modified Method for Constructing Minimum Size Homogeneous Wireless Sensor
Networks with Relay Nodes to Fully Cover Critical Square Grids, Advances in Intelligent
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[6] JaniceJ. Kim, Svetlana Smorodinsky, Michael Lipsett, Brett C. Singer, Alfred T. Hodgson,
and Bart Ostro "Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads", American Journal of

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 56-63 IAEME
63

Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 170, No. 5 (2004), pp. 520-526.
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