th
th
/
/
s
F dx
22
2
2
22 3
=
-
+
th
th
/
/
s
Mem brane shear force:
F dx
12
2
2
12 3
=
-
+
th
th
/
/
s
Plate bend ing mo ments:
Internal Force and Stress Output 189
Chapter X The Shell Element
M x dx
11 3
2
2
11 3
= -
-
+
thb
thb
/
/
s
M x dx
22
2
2
3 22 3
= -
-
+
thb
thb
/
/
s
Plate twist ing mo ment:
M x dx
12
2
2
3 12 3
= -
-
+
thb
thb
/
/
s
Plate trans verse shear forces:
V dx
13
2
2
13 3
=
-
+
thb
thb
/
/
s
V dx
23
2
2
23 3
=
-
+
thb
thb
/
/
s
where x
3
rep re sents the thick ness co or di nate mea sured from the mid-sur face of the
el e ment, th is the mem brane thick ness, and thb is the plate-bend ing thick ness.
For a lay ered shell, the def i ni tions are the same, ex cept that the integrals of the
stresses are now summed over all lay ers, and x
3
is al ways mea sured from the ref er -
ence sur face.
It is very im por tant to note that these stress re sul tants are forces and mo ments per
unit of in- plane length. They are pres ent at every point on the mid-sur face of the el -
e ment.
For the thick-plate (Mindlin/Reissner) for mu la tion of the ho mo ge neous shell, and
for the lay ered shell, the shear stresses are com puted di rectly from the shear ing de -
for ma tion. For the thin-plate ho mo ge neous shell, shear ing de for ma tion is as sumed
to be zero, so the trans verse shear forces are com puted in stead from the mo ments
us ing the equi lib rium equa tions:
V
dM
dx
dM
dx
13
11
1
12
2
= - -
V
dM
dx
dM
dx
23
12
1
22
2
= - -
Where x
1
and x
2
are in-plane co or di nates par al lel to the lo cal 1 and 2 axes.
The sign con ven tions for the stresses and in ter nal forces are il lus trated in Figure 40
(page 191). Stresses act ing on a posi tive face are ori ented in the posi tive di rec tion
of the ele ment lo cal co or di nate axes. Stresses act ing on a nega tive face are ori ented
in the nega tive di rec tion of the ele ment lo cal co or di nate axes.
190 Internal Force and Stress Output
CSI Analysis Reference Manual
A posi tive face is one whose out ward nor mal (point ing away from ele ment) is in the
posi tive lo cal 1 or 2 di rec tion.
Internal Force and Stress Output 191
Chapter X The Shell Element
j1
j1
j2
j2
j3
j3
j4
j4
F11
F12
F22
F-MIN
F-MAX
Axis 1
Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 2
Forces are per unit
of in-plane length
Moments are per unit
of in-plane length
M-MAX M-MIN
M12
M11
M22
PLATE BENDING AND TWISTING MOMENTS
Transverse Shear (not shown)
Positive transverse shear forces and
stresses acting on positive faces
point toward the viewer
STRESSES AND MEMBRANE FORCES
Stress Sij Has Same Definition as Force Fij
ANGLE
ANGLE
M12
Figure 40
Shell Element Stresses and Internal Resultant Forces and Moments
Posi tive in ter nal forces cor re spond to a state of posi tive stress that is con stant
through the thick ness. Posi tive in ter nal mo ments cor re spond to a state of stress that
var ies line arly through the thick ness and is posi tive at the bot tom. Thus for a ho mo -
ge neous shell:
(Eqns. 2)
s
11
11 11
3
3
12
= -
F M
x
th
thb
s
22
22 22
3
3
12
= -
F M
x
th
thb
s
12
12 12
3
3
12
= -
F M
x
th
thb
s
13
13
=
V
thb
s
23
23
=
V
thb
s
33
0 =
The trans verse shear stresses given here are av er age val ues. The ac tual shear stress
dis tri bu tion is para bolic, be ing zero at the top and bot tom sur faces and tak ing a
maxi mum or mini mum value at the mid-sur face of the ele ment.
The force and mo ment re sul tants are re ported iden ti cally for ho mo ge neous and lay -
ered shells. Stresses are re ported for ho mo ge neous shells at the top and bot tom sur -
faces, and are lin ear in be tween. For the lay ered shell, stresses are re ported in each
layer at the in te gra tion points, and at the top, bot tom, and cen ter of the layer.
The stresses and in ter nal forces are evalu ated at the stan dard 2- by-2 Gauss in te gra -
tion points of the ele ment and ex trapo lated to the joints. Al though they are re ported
at the joints, the stresses and in ter nal forces ex ist over the whole el e ment. See
Cook, Malkus, and Ple sha (1989) for more in for ma tion.
Prin ci pal val ues and the as so ci ated prin ci pal di rec tions are avail able for Load
Cases and Load Com bi na tions that are sin gle val ued. The an gle given is meas ured
coun ter clock wise (when viewed from the top) from the lo cal 1 axis to the di rec tion
of the maxi mum prin ci pal value.
For more in for ma tion, see Topic Stresses and Strains (page 71) in Chap ter Ma -
te rial Prop er ties.
192 Internal Force and Stress Output
CSI Analysis Reference Manual