48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide Tuesday June 9, 2009

1 - some consistently in trends and across
- include Japan on list

- punitive fuelled by politics of fear

48-
- continuation/implementation of responses

Slide GLOBAL RIS - mostly pictures of male youth as perpetrators of

serious youth violence

C
2

R
• U.S.A. Dangerou
Slide
• U.K. - in media from sense of police with notion of

3 15-Year-Old Assassin At-

underworld
* recall slide

P SYC
• dangerous”
Canada
large, armed and - slide applicable to today

A VIOLENT YO
- gang part of larger youth phenomenon 
gangsters  cycle of youth violence

• Australia M ED
J effrey Campbell of Windso
• EuropeOntario (Spain)–Globe an
Canada’s younge
“dangerous offender”

Kelly "The gun murders --

Ellard gets they're
life sentence for
young
1997 murder [of people who are liv
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide Homicides down (1961 – 2007)

- homicide has gone down the last 30 years
4 - consequence of reducing family/spousal
homicides
- institutionalization with family services serving
domestic violence

Drug Offenc
- supports and punishments

Gang-related homicides up (1991 – 2007)

- major trend
- escalating gang violence from 2000 onward

Drug offences up
- drug offences have gone up
- gang killing often over enforcement of drug
dealing

Types of Drug Offences

Homicides down
1977 - 2007
- need to look at TYPE of drug offences
- cannabis
- hard drug (ex. cocaine, heroine)  has gone up
Slide - what do gangs look like?
- images provided by RCMP
5
- gang draw from same practices/culture/names in
other parts of world

Slide - reminded of the global situation of gang activity

6 Gang-related homicides up
- photo from last year of Mexican police
- state giving up of control for drug trade
- shoot out with 3,000 bullets exchanged  1 police
died

- one of Mexico’s gang trafficking gang threatening

to kill Guatemala leader

MEXICAN D
- threats on phone
- cut down (ban) on motorcycle riding to reduce
shooting incidents
- organized crimes

http://www.theage.com.au/world/mexico-d

Mexico drug gang

 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide - Neil Boyd, March 2009 wrote article

7
- gangs are not new  emerged in 60-70s with

A Progressive
spread of globalization with travel and trade

- 1980s research forward

- youth for drug offences are there likely for
violence, alienated despairing people
- lever for material wealth

shooter (com
- Boyd argues US war on drugs (particularly) has
exacerbated than fix the problem

Slide
8
From Saturday's
- claims of links between terrorist organizations and
drug trade

• The late 1960s and early

Canada’s
those involved in gangs
• The drugs of the Third W
world
– Global travel .. conta
The
Slide - youth set suburbs of Paris on fire
- police shoot youth

• Cannabis and has

9

•stCocaine in Colom
21 Century Y
• Opium and heroin
FR
“Alienated and disenfranchised
using crime as a lever for

And for the past 30 years,

 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide * need to look beyond individual determinants

10 (gangs)

- not only deal with rhetoric (ex. claims of boy/girl

same)
- does not show in research  depend on level
examined

- CND female apprehended by police than male

- adolescence 4:1

Girl Crime
- male outnumber female

Slide
(Artz et al., 2005; Belknap & Holsing
- racialization of risks/offending
- racial distribution ,vulnerability
11
- YCJA increase proportion of youth

A
- concentrated among serious perpetrators

Aboriginality a
- comparison on non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal who
are victims are crime
- non outnumber female/male victims

- property/violent crime

- homicide in CND  low internationally for 30 years

[downward trend]

(Brzozowski, Taylor-Butts ,&

- Aboriginal misrepresented

Slide - global responses

12
- right wing, Conservative
- temper laws to deal with problems (gang,
property…)

CANADA: “Righ
- promise to toughen YCJA BUT not have majority to
do it

2006 & 2008 Ele

• 2006 election campaign,
promises to add deterrenc
objectives, and will institu
year old offenders (won w
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide - Ruth’s study completed in 2007 Seen (psych)

13
- youth in conflict with law + youth in high school

- mostly high school

“early on-set youth” who are < 12 age

- those manifest behaviours early CANA
- analysis divided  compare those who started

- overwhelming found most males were early-on set,

Youth Violence & Preve

1 female on-set
- 5 females interviewed in custody probation + 25
females in high school
- serious stories of male offending

Youth Justice, Social

Slide - how various pattern fit with offences
14

• In-depth interviews across

- red – early on set
green – what learn from files

- those involved with major assault were earl on set

community with 46 profess

- proportion to those early on-set

- gendered violence against opposite

FINDINGS: Assa- early on set accounted for most serious patterns

84 Youth, age 15-19:

Males: Early Onseb
Slide - early on set accounted associated with child
15 protection involvement

• 35 recruited in youth
80 • 49 recruited in high
70 FINDINGS: Child
• Criminal JusticeOns
Males - Early Sys
60
50
– 22/38 JS invo
40 (Mann & Cervelló
– 1/10 JS invo Do
30
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide - endanger self and others

16

FINDINGS: Mental H
Slide
17
Males – Early Ons
- high rates experience learning challenge ,
diagnosed with ADHD…

FINDINGS: School D
70 Males - Early Ons
Slide 60 - while creating YCJA in CND, have call for “get
18 tough” policies  appropriate?

50

Get-Tough Press
40

7030
• Federal MPs (across par
1994
6020 and 1997 (Elliott, 20
Hartnagel, 2004)
10
50
• Provincial consultations/
2004)
40
0
% Mental Health % Substanc
challenge/ treatment Treatmen
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide - Conservative proposal

19
- challenge supreme court decision to afford youth
with protect status
- cannot presume adult sentence for youth

Get-Tough Press
Slide - bill proposed
20
- have softened but continued for effective

Disregarding
punishment that deters criminal behaviour

THE FEDER
The Convention on the
Rights of the Child
ON Denov,
YOUTH 2005
CRIM
Slide -
21

• 83. Young Offender

• Conservative Pa
Bill C25: Act to Ame
Received first
• i)Bill C25: Act
A Conservative to19A
Governm
Justice Act (200
lawbreakers accountable
• The bill strengthens [YCJ
community.
sentencing. A Conserva
More specif
ensure that
forviolent or ser
• Conservative Pa
detention a young pe
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide -
22

2008 E
[A] re-elected Conservat
Slide
introducing a new
- Liberal NOT increase BUT build on community to
23 reach youth before offending

• The legislation will expres

- 1998-2002 serious of funds released for future

- listing of pilot programs, and expenses for renewal

primary goal of Canada’s

of YCAJ

- 2008 December  website of extensive lists

withdrawn

Youth Justic
- instead of listing of opportunities of funding for
agencies that apply
* before financial crisis

• It will expressly state thatd

is a primary goal of sente
- calls for reform on political spectrum
Slide
24
- notion of community support, strategies to reach
kids in disadvantaged communities

•• The
Causes not ensure
law will simple that
or “ch
pe
Q: is resources available?

problems
of isYCJA
violent crimesequally –
enhC
face “cos
severity of the crime [with
• Targeted
Federal for
of life forGovernment
first- Refo
or second-
com
term and sustainable so
As David Garland (2000)
• The law will ensure that p the
• of seriouscommitment:
Funding violent offences
youth sentencing
• Strategies of denial [and]
(punis u
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide - Spain similar trajectory like CND

The
25 - liberally progressive  reversal under politicized
demands fro get tough policies
- adapted holistic evidence based responses

- call for lowering age of criminal accountability

Contemp
Criminal Law for M
Slide
26 – Older than 18 > adult
- call for lowering age of criminal accountability
- number of jurisdiction vary by state
* USA not ratified in UN

– Younger than 14 > ad

- US, 1995, some youth convicted and executed
- cruel, unusual punishment

•
Age of Pe
Limits diversion & restora
(Adapted from
while encouraging non-cuM
Slide
27 allow adult adjudication/s
- what shaped hard responses in Spain?

- CND concern of youth gangs, girl violence…

- Spain
AGE
Spain (Mann &
- Basque liberation movement

- girl/boy killing parents with sword

• Rationale:
- 12 years longer + therapeutic probation VS 10
years + therapeutic probation

2003, May

Scotland
– Juveniles commit 8 few
Fr
- lead to 2006 hardening of measures for juveniles

Global/Domestic
response
England & is the T
family
10 Au
institutions
• Wales
Violent episodes in the B
– –Early and
LawIrelandpunitive cri
7 / 2000 harden
Northern 10
negative outcomes co Ge
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide - Election
28 - right wing harden b lower age  press call
barbarity
- did not win election

- need NOT hardening strategy

SPAIN: “Ri
JJ Reform,
• Party Popular (Mariano Ra
lower the age of juvenile p
Slide - research looking at risks, concentrated in school
29 (public/private survey in province of Valenciana)

SPANISH RESEARC
– The left-wing press (El
proposal as a barbarity
Youth Victimizati
criminal activity by pers
Slide
30
Programs
indeed virtually fo
non-exi
- found radical non-interventions

- focus on positive approach with formal response

- educate student body on how to resist bullying

FINDINGS AN
2. CND applicable

• El País further deno

- minor pro-social youth  assume not anti-social 
use arguably work well responses for law-abiding
community”

• Vicentaprinciples
Cervellóof Donderi
juvenil
(Orts B
3. therapeutic interventions

family/school , not justice system

MULTIPLERights
collaboration of the
with
PATTERNS: 40Child.
profe
education, and &juvenile
– Normative jus
recreation
• El País accused
– Occasional & episodicthe
problem
– Serious that
& chronic did no
viole
• Surveyed over 2,000
in the marketplacestude
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

Slide * recall C trying to lower age  not introduce into

31 any policy yet

CONCLUSIO
- <12 youth are still children (CND)
- < 14 youth… (Spain)

- similar themes across nation - adaptive strategy

of what works
- community based intervention
- diversion

Lowering the Age, D

- intervention
- pro-social

anti-social  through deterrence

Slide
32
• Impacts on non-offending 1999

youth)
AFTER BREAK

ANGRY ANGLES
- Under
YOA /

– Lowering the Age:

(video)

RISKS & “WHAT WORKS”

INTERVENTION
• Not relevant (no dis
– Deterring/denouncing:
• May impact minor (
Suspended Grade 1
– Enhanced (Adult, Life)
• Not relevant (no dis
- suspended 20 days
- no different from boys (?)
- 23% girls, age 4-11 / 3 000 Toronto
- 80% skipped class, public school
* how common among youth at large?
* public school less, high school more
- constant power struggles (15x day)

• Impacts on seriously ant

* dynamic relationship with mother and daughter
* rule agreements lead to constant fight
- anger mange = SNAP

- learn skills / strategies

-
-
-
-
Home visit
holistic – family – child
self control techniques – Lowering the Age:
parent-group (not lose it)

• Pre-adolescents wh
* positive tone is the major component of groups
* need to reach people by making them want to come on board  respect for self and others

referred to mental h
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

- rules okay, explainable

- intergenerational patterns

- unreachable – adolescence
- contracted / Negotiated rules
- charting
- drugs therapeutic
__________________________________________________________

- girl violence  increase 20% in decade

* claims true?

- police and youth worker  little difference between boy & girl?
- research boy violence more impact

- boys 4x higher with conduct disorder

- related ADHD

- dynamic relationship with mother and daughter

* conditioning child VS giving choices

________________________________________________________

- girl - combo of supervision + support

- boy – discipline
__________________________________

Tuesday June 9, 2009

- Global risks and youth justice responses
- TO  Earl’s Court child and family centre – child mental health agency working primarily with boys
- recurrently in court with Ellard  issue girl can be violent
- how male/female aggression differ
- EC apply for additional funding to expand girl’s program
- also susceptible to gang activity (considered global risk)
- suffer from challenges fostering the activities currently involved with

1999 video
Angry angels – violent young girls
- escalating activity/aggression through daily life
- 2.3% of population between 4-11 have concept behaviour problems (bite, hit, fights, challenge
authority…)
- 80% of serious teens skip class in public school
- age 6-12 coming into contact with law with non-serious problem  need to assist before problems arise
at an impressionable age
- resort to downhill problems
- Q: what contributes to behaviour problems up to age 12?

Ex. Kim & Sharla 6 years old

- Kim: negativity in marriage? no experience in day care?
- pull knife on 2 year old sister  intervene by locking in storage
- physical aggression from husband
- issue of property, shelter, negative behaviour  no reinforcement in positive way
- “if break rule, lose 1 point”  technique to teach self-control (earlier, the better)
- also role-play
- work with larger environment than focus on the girls themselves
- Sharla needs to be constant under pressure in daily life
- able to incorporate group techniques with own life
- Kim need to practice and watch for warning signs  need to reinforce new skills learned
- foster good self-esteem with positive experiences
- Sharla suspended from fight in grade 1 with a boy who was bothering their group
- Sharla asks how to handle? [never encountered this problem before]  friend told her to throw rocks
- Kim says system is wrong  need to handle problems before it occurs
- Kim sees Sharla seeing her get through life  take drugs

Ex. Susan (Sue) & Stephanie, 16 year old

- single mom
- physical aggression towards family and peer
 48-361, 2009 – PP CL #9-a Global Risks & YJ

- fights now carry over  payback system  retaliate as escalating problem

- fight  charged and suspended for 20 days
- attend Earl Court
- girl’s anger management group for 1.5 hour
- look at goals individually control anger problem
- reinforce role-playing with realistic choices hoping it would transfer to real life Stop Now And Plan
(SNAP)
- parenting program/group  children also role-play in-front of them
- learn to deal with own anger management , learning control, effective strategies…
- afraid of losing communication and child
- Stephanie create “contract” with regulations with mother (ex. curfew, allowance…)  curfew issue
lead to mention other unfair issues (ex. not
paid for babysitting sibling)
- need to explain rules to child’s level
- 14-week program ending with potluck
- treatment continue with home visits and therapy sessions
- parental concern on child’s life (ex. will Stephanie finish school?)
- Sue worries  girl drop out prone for violent, hard life

- EarlsCourt
- small # of girl VS large # of boy
- stress, especially for single-parent families

Q: environment OR genetic?  no answer with research

- Police arrest
- depending on age, have a youth care worker
- youth parole questioning & wait  parental release
- get background situation of family and incident
* girls are just as physically violence as boys

- follow up with the 2 girls

- Sharla remains on psychotherapeutic drugs
- Kim not have skills to manage control