Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics 1

Chapter 15
Explicit Dynamics
15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics
15.2 Step-by-Step: High-Spee !mpact
15." Step-by-Step: Drop #est
15.$ %e&ie'
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 2
Section 15.1
Basics of Explicit
Dynamics
Key Concepts
!mplicit !ntegration (ethos
Explicit !ntegration (ethos
Sol)tion *cc)racy
!ntegration #ime Steps
*)tomatic (ass Scaling
Static Damping
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics "
Implicit Integration Methods
+#ransient Str)ct)ral, sol&es the abo&e e-)ation )sing the follo'ing
algorithm:
#he parameters an are chosen to control characteristics of the
algorithm s)ch as acc)racy. n)merical stability. etc.
!t is calle an implicit method beca)se the response at the c)rrent time
step epens on not only the historical information b)t also the c)rrent
information/ iterations are neee in a single time step.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics $
Explicit Integration
Methods
+Explicit Dynamics, sol&es the abo&e e-)ation )sing the follo'ing
algorithm:
!t is calle explicit methods beca)se the response at the c)rrent time can
be calc)late explicitly/ no iterations 'ithin a time step is neee.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 5
Solution Accuracy
+Explicit Dynamics, )ses the principle of conservation of energy to
monitor the sol)tion acc)racy.
!t calc)lates o&erall energy at each cycle. !f the energy error reaches a
threshol. the sol)tion is regare as )nstable an stops. #he efa)lt
threshol is 101.
#he Energy Error is e2ne by
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 3
#he re c)r&e
is the energy
error. !n this
case. the
sol)tion is
-)ite stable.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 4
Integration Time Steps
5ith explicit methos. the integration time step nees to be small eno)gh
to ens)re stability an acc)racy of the sol)tion. #he 6erman
mathematicians. Co)rant. 7rierichs. an 8e'y. s)ggeste that. in a
single time step. a 'a&e sho)l not tra&el f)rther than the smallest
element si9e. i.e.
'here h is the smallest element si9e. c is the 'a&e spee in the element.
Beca)se of the C78 conition. 'hen generating meshes for +Explicit
Dynamics,. ma:e s)re that one or t'o &ery small elements o not control
the time step. !n general. a )niform mesh si9e is esirable for +Explicit
Dynamics, sim)lations.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics ;
Automatic Mass Scaling
#he 'a&e spee in an element is . 'here E is the <o)ng=s
mo)l)s an is the mass ensity of the element. 7)rther. .
'here m is the mass an V is the &ol)me of the element.
#herefore the C78 conition yiels
#he iea of mass scaling is to arti2cially increase the mass of
small elements. so that the stability time step can be increase.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics >
Static Damping
+Explicit Dynamics, is primarily
esigne for sol&ing transient
ynamic problems.
?sing +Static Damping, option. a
steay-state sol)tion can also be
obtaine.
#he iea is to intro)ce a amping
force. to critically amp the lo'est
moe of oscillation.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.2 High-Spee !mpact 10
Section 15.2
High-Spee !mpact
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15." Drop #est 11
Section 15."
Drop #est
10
R"
20
o

5 m@s
30
120
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?nit: mm.
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boy is mae
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alloy.
A2B #he concrete Coor can
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si9es. 'e 'ill )se
130x;0x10 DmmE.