1. A receiver has a power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A resistor that matches
the receiver input impedance is connected across its antenna terminals. What is the noise power contributed by that resistor in the receiver bandwidth, if the resistor has temperature of 2! 2. A "00 # resistor is connected across the "00 # antenna input of a television receiver. $he bandwidth of the receiver is % &Hz and the resistor is at room temperature '2(" ) or 20! or %*+,. +ind the noise power and noise volta-e applied to the receiver input ". A diode noise -enerator is re.uired to produce 10 /0 of noise in a receiver with an input impedance of 1 #, resistive, and a noise power bandwidth of 200 kHz.'these values are typical of +& broadcast receivers,. What must the current throu-h the diode be2 3. A receiver produces a noise power of 200 mW with no si-nal. $he output level increases to 1 W when a si-nal is applied. !alculate '456,76 as a power ratio and in decibels. 1. $he si-nal power at the input to an amplifier is 100 /W and the noise power is 1 /W. At the output, the si-nal power is 1 W and the noise power is "0 mW. What is the amplifier noise fi-ure as a ratio2 %. $he si-nal at the input of an amplifier has a 476 of 32 d8. 9f the amplifier has a noise fi-ure of % d8, what is the 476 at the output 'in decibels,2 . A three:sta-e amplifier has sta-es with the ff specs; 4ta-e <ower =ain 6oise +i-ure 1 10 2 2 21 3 " "0 1 !alculate the power -ain, noise fi-ure and noise temperature of the entire amplifier, assumin- matched conditions Radio Frequency Circuits 1. A varactor has ma>imum capacitance of *0 p+ and is used in a tuned circuit with a 100 /H inductor. 'a, +ind the resonant fre.uency with no tunin- volta-e applied. 'b, +ind the tunin- volta-e necessary for the circuit to resonate at double the fre.uency found in part 'a, 2. A portable radio transmitter has to operate at temperatures from :1! to "1!. 9f the si-nal is derived from a crystal oscillator with a temperature coefficient of 51 ppm7 de-ree ! and it transmits at e>actly 13% &Hz at 20!, find the transmittin- fre.uency at the two e>tremes of the operatin- temperature ran-e ". 4ine:wave si-nals with fre.uencies of 10 &Hz and 11 &Hz are applied to a s.uare:low mi>er. What fre.uencies appear at the output 3. A phase:locked loop has a 0!? with a free:runnin- fre.uency of 12 &Hz. As the fre.uency of the reference input is -radually raised from zero, the loop locks at 10 &Hz and comes out of lock a-ain at 1% &Hz. 'a, +ind the capture ran-e and lock ran-e 'b, 4uppose that the e>periment is repeated, but this time the reference input be-ins with a very hi-h fre.uency and steadily moves downward. <redict the fre.uencies at which lock would be achieved and lost 1. !onfi-ure a simple <@@ synthesizer usin- a 10 &Hz crystal so that it will -enerate the A& broadcast fre.uencies from 130 to 100 kHz %. A synthesizer has < A 10 and fref A 10 kHz. +ind the minimum fre.uency step size and compare it with that obtained usin- a fi>ed divided:by:10 prescaler Amplitude Modulation 1. +ind the modulation inde> if a 10 0 carrier is amplitude:modulated by three different fre.uencies with amplitudes of 1 0, 2 0, and " 0 respectively. 2. !8 radio channels are 10 kHz apart. What is the ma>imum modulation fre.uency that can be used if a si-nal is to remain entirely within its assi-ned channel2 ". An A& broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 10 kW. What total power would be produce with *0B modulation2 3. An transmitter -enerates an @48 si-nal with a carrier fre.uency of * &Hz. What fre.uencies will appear at the output with a two:tone modulatin- si-nal with fre.uencies of 2 kHz and ".1 kHz2 1. An A& transmitter is modulated by two sine waves at 1 kHz and 2.1 kHz, with modulations of 21B and 10B respectively. What is the effective modulation inde>2 %. An A& si-nal has the followin- characteristics fc A 110 &Hz, Cc A 10 0, fm A " kHz, Cm A 30 0. +or this si-nal, find; 'a, the modulation inde> 'b, the bandwidth 'c, the peak volta-e of the upper side fre.uencies . An A& transmitter supplies 10 kW of carrier power to a 10 # load. 9t operates at a carrier fre.uency of 1.2 &Hz and is *0B modulated by a " kHz sine wave. 'a, !alculate the total avera-e power in the si-nal, in watts and d8W 'b, !alculate the D&4 volta-e of the si-nal 'c, !alculate the peak volta-e of the si-nal *. An A& transmitter has a carrier power of 10 W at a carrier fre.uency of 12 &Hz. 9t is modulated at *0B by a 1 kHz sine wave. How much power is contained in the sidebands2 (. !8 radio was developed usin- full:carrier E48 A&. 9t operates usin- 30 channels, each 10 kHz wide. When 4484! is used, the same carrier fre.uencies are used as with conventional A&, but the transceivers are switchable to either lower or upper sideband. How many channels are available when 448 is used Angle Modulation 1. An +& modulator has kf A "0 kHz70 and operates at a carrier fre.uency of 11 &Hz. +ind the output fre.uency for an instantaneous value or the modulatin- si-nal e.ual to; 'a, 110 m0 'b, :2 0 2. $he same +& modulator as in the previous problem is modulated by a " 0 sine wave. !alculate the deviation ". An +& broadcast transmitter operates at its ma>imum deviation of 1 kHz. +ind the modulation inde> for a sinusoidal modulatin- si-nal with a fre.uency of; 'a, 11 kHz 'b, 10 Hz 3. A phase modulator has kp A 2 rad70. What D&4 volta-e of a sine wave would cause a peak phase deviation of %02 1. An +& communications transmitter has a ma>imum fre.uency deviation of 1 kHz and a ran-e of modulatin- fre.uencies from "00 Hz to " kHz. What is the ma>imum phase shift that it produces2 %. A phase modulation has a sensitivity of kp A " rad70. How much fre.uency deviation does it produce with a sine:wave input of 2 0 peak at a fre.uency of 1 kHz2 . An +& si-nal has a deviation of " kHz and a modulatin- fre.uency of 1 kHz. 9ts total power <t is 1 W, developed across a 10 # resistive load. $he carrier fre.uency is 1%0 &Hz. 'a, !alculate the D&4 si-nal volta-e 0t *. Fse !arsonGs rule to calculate the bandwidth of the si-nal used in problem (. An +& si-nal has a deviation of 10 kHz and a modulatin- fre.uency of 2 kHz. !alculate the modulation inde> 10. When a positive dc volta-e of 1 0 is applied to an +& modulator its output fre.uency drops by 100 kHz. !alculate the deviation sensitivity of the modulator 11. A phase modulator with kp A " rad70 is modulated by a sine wave an D&4 volta-e of 3 0 at a fre.uency of 1 kHz. !alculate the phase modulation inde> 12. A sine wave of fre.uency 1 kHz phase:modulates a carrier at 12" &Hz. $he peak deviation is 0.1 rad. !alculate the ma>imum fre.uency deviation 1". A phase modulation system operates with a modulation inde> of 1.1. What is the ma>imum phase shift in de-rees2 13. An +& transmitter has a carrier fre.uency of 220 &Hz. 9ts modulation inde> is " with a modulatin- fre.uency of 1 kHz. $he total power output is 100 W into a 1 # load. 'a, What is the deviation2 11. An +& si-nal has a deviation of 10 kHz and is modulated by a sine wave with a fre.uency of 1 kHz. $he carrier fre.uency is 110 &Hz and the si-nal has a total power of 12.1 W, operatin- into an impedance of 10 #. 'a, What is the modulation inde>2 'b, How much power is present at the carrier fre.uency2 'c, What is the volta-e level of the second sideband below the carrier fre.uency2 'd, What is the bandwidth of the si-nal, i-norin- all components that have less than 1B of the total si-nal volta-e2 1%. A fre.uency modulation system re.uires a si-nal:to:noise ratio of 30 d8 at the detector output. $he modulatin- fre.uency is 2 kHz, and the deviation is 10 kHz. !alculate the re.uired minimum 476 at the detector output Transmitter 1. A crystal oscillator is accurate within 0.0001B. How far off fre.uency could its output be at 2 &Hz2 2. A transmitter has a carrier power output of 10 W at an efficiency of 0B. How much power must be supplied by the modulatin- amplifier for 100B modulation2 ". A transmitter operates from a 12 0 supply, with a collector current of 2A. $he modulation transformer has turns ratio of 3;1. What is the load impedance seen by the audio amplifier2 3. A collector:modulated !lass ! amplifier has a carrier output power <c of 100 W and an efficiency of 0B. !alculate the supply power and the transistor power dissipation with 100B modulation. 1. An A& transmitter is re.uired to produce 10 W of carrier power when operatin- from a 11 0 supply. What is the re.uired load impedance as seen from the collector2 %. $he power amplifier of an A& transmitter has an output carrier power of 21 W and an efficiency of 0B and is collector:modulated. How much audio power will have to be supplied to this sta-e for 100B modulation2 . A transmitter uses twelve modules in its solid:state output sta-e. !alculate the power reduction 'in decibels, that would occur if one module fails *. An A& transmitter operates into a 10 # resistive load. $he D&4 volta-e measured at the output is 210 0 without modulation and "00 0 with modulation, usin- the true D&4 readin- meter. +ind; 'a, the power with modulation 'b, the power without modulation 'c, the modulation inde> 'd, the peak volta-e with modulation 'e, the overall efficiency with modulation if the transmitter allows " kW from the A! line when modulated Receivers 1. A tuned circuit tunes the A& radio broadcast band 'from 130 to 100 kHz,. 9f its bandwidth is 10 kHz at 130 kHz, what is it at 100 kHz2 2. A receiver has a sensitivity of 0.1 /0 and a blockin- dynamic ran-e of 0 d8. What is the stron-est si-nal that can be present alon- with a 0.1 /0 si-nal without blockin- takin- place2 ". An +& detector produces a peak:to:peak output volta-e of 1.2 0 from an +& si-nal that is modulated to 10 kHz deviation by a sine wave. What is the detector sensitivity2 3. A <@@ +& detector uses a 0!? with kf A 100 kHz70. 9f it receives an +& si-nal with a deviation of 1 kHz and sine:wave modulation, what is the D&4 output volta-e from the detector2 1. An 9+ transformer operates at 311 kHz. $he primary circuit has a H of 30 and the secondary has a H of "0. +ind 'a, the critical couplin- factor 'b, the optimum couplin- factor 'c, the bandwidth usin- the optimum couplin- factor %. A superheterodyne receivers is tuned to a fre.uency of 1 &Hz when the local fre.uency is %.%1 &Hz. What is the 9+2 . An +& broadcast band receiver tunes from ** to 10* &Hz. the 9+ is 10. &Hz, and the receiver uses hi-h:side inIection. !alculate the ran-e of local oscillator fre.uencies *. A receiverGs 9+ filter has a shape factor of 2.1 and a bandwidth of % kHz at the % d8 down point. What is its bandwidth at %0 d8 down2 Digital Communications 1. A telephone line has a bandwidth of ".2 kHz, and a si-nal:to:noise ratio of "1 d8. A si-nal is transmitted down this line usin- a four:level code. What is the ma>imum theoretical data rate2 2. An attempt is made to transmit a baseband fre.uency of "0 kHz usin- a di-ital audio system with a samplin- rate of 33.1 kHz. What audible fre.uency would result2 ". !alculate the number of levels if the number of bits per sample is 'a, * 'as in telephony, 'b, 1% 'as in compact disc audio systems, 3. +ind the ma>imum dynamic ran-e for a linear <!& system usin- 1%: bit .uantizin- 1. !alculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with a samplin- rate of 30 kHz and 13 bits per sample %. !onvert the 12:bit sample 100110100100 into an *:bit compressed code The telephone System 1. A local loop has a resistance of 1 k#, and the telephone connected to it has an off:hook resistance of 200 #. !alculate the loop current and the volta-e across the telephone when the phone is 'a, on hook 'b, off hook 2. A telephone si-nal takes 2 ms to reach its destination !alculate the via net loss re.uired for an acceptable amount of echo Data Transmission 1. !alculate the ma>imum efficiency of an asynchronous communication system usin- A4!99 with seven data bits, one start bit, one stop bit, and one parity bit 2. How many Hammin- bits are re.uired for a block len-th of 21 messa-e bits2 Digital Modulation and Modems 1. A radio channel has a bandwidth of 10 kHz and a si-nal:to:noise ratio of 11 d8. What is the ma>imum data rate that can be transmitted; 'a, usin- any system2 'b, usin- a code with four possible states2 2. A modulator transmits symbols, each of which has si>ty:four different possible states, 10,000 times per second. !alculate the band rate and bit rate. ". $he 6orth American $E&A di-ital cell phone standards transmit at 23." kilo baud usin- EH<4). What is the channel data rate2 3. A modem uses si>teen different phase an-les and four different amplifiers. How many bit does it transmit for each symbol2 1. A typical dial:up telephone connection has a bandwidth of " kHz and a si-nal:to:noise ratio of "0 d8. !alculate the 4hannon limit Multiplexing and Multiple-Access 1. How many of each of the followin- si-nals would fit into a 1 &Hz spectrum allocation2 'a, voice, with a ma>imum fre.uency of 3 kHz, modulated usin- 4484! A& 'b, the same voice si-nal usin- E48 full:carrier A& 'c, Hi-h:fidelity music with a ma>imum baseband fre.uency of 11 kHz, usin- wideband +& with a ma>imum duration of 1 kHz 'd, A bit stream at 1% kbps, usin- H<4) modulation and assumin- a noiseless channel 2. A voice transmission occupies a channel "0 kHz wide. 4uppose a spread:spectrum system is used to increase its bandwidth to 10 &Hz. 9f the si-nal has a total si-nal power of 110 d8m at the receiver input and the system noise temperature referred to the same point is "00 ), calculate the si-nal:to:noise ratio for both systems. ". A fre.uency:hoppin- spread:spectrum system hops to each of 100 fre.uencies every 10 seconds. How lon- does it spends on each fre.uency2 Multiplexing and Multiple-Access 1. A coa>ial cable has a capacitance of (0 p+7m and a characteristic impedance of 10 #. +ind the inductance of a 1m len-th 2. +ind the characteristic impedance of each of the followin- lines; 'a, an open:wire line with conductors " mm in diameter separated by 10 mm 'b, a coa>ial cable usin- a solid polyethylene dielectric havin- Cr A 2.", with an inner conductor 2 mm in diameter and an outer conductor * mm in inside diameter ". +ind the velocity factor and propa-ation velocity for a cable with a $eflon dielectric 'Cr A 2.1, 3. What len-th of standard D= J *70 coa>ial cable would be re.uired to obtain a 31 phase shift at 200 &Hz 1. A 10 # line is terminated in a 21 # resistance. +ind the 4WD %. A -enerator sends 10 mW down a 10 # line. $he -enerator is matched to the line, but the load is not. 9f the coefficient of reflection is 0.1 how much power is reflected and how much is dissipated in the load2 . A transmitter supplies 10 W to a load throu-h a line with an 4WD of 2;1. +ind the power absorbed by the load. *. A series tuned circuit operatin- at a fre.uency of 1 =Hz is to be constructed from a shorted section of air dielectric coa>ial cable. What len-th should be used2 (. A transmitter is re.uired to deliver 100W to an antenna throu-h 31 m of coa>ial cable with a loss of 3 d87100 m. What must be the output power of the transmitter, assumin- the line is matched2 10. A $ED display shows a discontinuity 1.3 /s from the start. 9f the line has a velocity factor of 0.*, How far is the fault form the reflectometer2 11. $wo adIacent minima on a slotted line are 2" cm apart. +ind the wavelen-th and fre.uency, assumin- a velocity factor of (1B 12. $he forward power in a transmission line is 110 W, and the reverse power is 20 W. !alculate the 4WD on the line Radio-ave !ropagation 1. +ind the characteristic impedance of polyethylene which has a dielectric constant of 2." 2. $he dielectric stren-th of air is about " &07m. Arcin- is likely to take place at field stren-ths -reater than that. What is the ma>imum power density of an electroma-netic wave in air2 ". A power of 100 W is supplied to an isotropic radiator. What is the power density at a point 10 km away2 3. +ind the electric field stren-th for the si-nal in the previous problem 1. A radio wave moves from air 'Cr A 1, to -lass 'Cr A .*,. 9ts an-le of incidence is "0. What is the an-le of refraction2 %. $he critical fre.uency at a particular time is 11.% &Hz. What is the &F+ for a transmittin- station if the re.uired an-le of incidence for propa-ation to a desired destination is 02 . A ta>i company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a 11 m tower, to communicate with ta>icabs. $he ta>i antenna are on the roofs of the cars, appro>imately 1.1 m above the -round. !alculate the ma>imum communication distance; 'a, between the dispatcher and a ta>i 'b, between two ta>is *. +ind the propa-ation loss for a si-nal at *00 &Hz, with a transmittin- antenna hei-ht of "0 m, over a distance of 10 km, usin- 'a, the free: space model 'b, the mobile:propa-ation model (. An automobile travels at %0 km7hr. +ind the time between fades if the car uses; 'a, a cell phone at *00 &Hz 'b, a <!4 phone at 1(00 &Hz 10. A metropolitan area of 1000 s.uare km is to be covered by cells with a radius of 2 km. How many cell sites would be re.uired, assumin- he>a-onal cells2 Antennas 1. !alculate the len-th of a half:wave dipole for an operatin- fre.uency of 20 &Hz. 2. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of % # and a loss resistance of 1 #, measured at the feed point. !alculate the efficiency ". $wo antennas have -ains of 1." d8i and 3.1 d8d respectively. Which has -reater -ain2 3. $he CD< of a transmittin- station is specified as 1 W in a -iven direction. C>press this as an C9D< in d8m so that it can be used with the path loss e.uation 1. A helical antenna with ei-ht turns is to be constructed for a fre.uency of 1.2 =Hz 'a, !alculate the optimum diameter and spacin- for the antenna and find the total len-th of the antenna 'b, !alculate the antenna -ain in d8i 'c, !alculate the beamwidth %. A parabolic antenna has a diameter of " m. An efficiency of %0B, and operates at a fre.uency of 3 =Hz. !alculate its -ain and beamwidth . !alculate the len-th of a practical half:wave dipole for a fre.uency of 11 &Hz *. A transmitter with a power output of 100 watts is connected to a dipole antenna with a radiation resistance of 1 # and an ohmic resistance of 2 # 'a, How much power is radiated into space2 (. =iven that a half:wave dipole has a -ain of 2.13 d8i, calculate the electric field stren-th at a distance of 10 km in free space in the direction of ma>imum radiation from a half:wave dipole that is fed by means of lossless, matched line, by a 11 W transmitter 10. !alculate the len-th of a .uarter:wave monopole antenna for a fre.uency of 1000 kHz Microave Devices 1. +ind the cutoff fre.uency for the $C10 mode in an air:dielectric wave-uide with an inside cross section of 2 cm by 3 cm. ?ver what fre.uency ran-e is the dominant mode the only one that will propa-ate2 2. +ind the -roup velocity for the wave-uide in problem 1 at a fre.uency of 1 =Hz