ABSTRACT

This project focus on the design of a microstrip band pass filter for high speed
communication systems. One standard square ring filter as a band pass filter is
studied. Geometrical modifications are made by placing two transmission zeros at
particular frequencies, this helps to provide sharp filter response and high out of
band rejection. The flexibility in choosing this transmission zeros helps in
suppressing unwanted frequency components. Design equations are derived in
terms of the ring length to place transmission zeros at desired frequencies. The
filter is fabricated and tested to validate the design methodology proposed.












INTRODUCTION



In an R.F receiver system the antenna receives information effectively in its band
width of operation. If a filter is not placed in between the antenna and the amplifier
the amplifier will amplify the unwanted signals and will result in cross talks,
interference etc. this will lead to degradation of the performance of the system.
Since the antenna operates over a specific frequency band the filter that is placed
between the antenna and the amplifier is called as Band Pass Filter (BPF). This
band pass filter is designed in such a way that it act as an ideal filter so that the
efficiency of the filter is almost cent percent. For this condition the shaping factor
of the filter must approach unity.




TYPES OF FILTERS
Surface Acoustic wave - Difficult to design and fabricate
Digital FIR and IIR filter- Expensive and occupies more space
Ceramic and Crystal Resonator- Narrow Bandwidth
Microstrip Filter- Cost effective
Lumped element Filter- Not reliable at high frequency
Integrated analog filter- Not reliable at high frequency
FILTER CHOICE
Microstrip filter
Built by simple transmission line
Easy to achieve large bandwidth
Group delay is of the order of nano seconds
Easy to achieve sharp filter response
MICROSTRIP
Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated using
printed circuit board technology, and is used to convey microwave-frequency
signals. It consists of a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a
dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microwave components such as antennas,
couplers, filters, power dividers etc. can be formed from microstrip, the entire
device existing as the pattern of metallization on the substrate. Microstrip is thus
much less expensive than traditional waveguide technology, as well as being far
lighter and more compact. Microstrip was developed by ITT laboratories as a
competitor to stripline .The disadvantages of microstrip compared with waveguide
are the generally lower power handling capacity, and higher losses. Also, unlike
waveguide, microstrip is not enclosed, and is therefore susceptible to cross-talk and
unintentional radiation. For lowest cost, microstrip devices may be built on an
ordinary FR-4 (standard PCB) substrate. However it is often found that the
dielectric losses in FR4 are too high at microwave frequencies, and that the
dielectric constant is not sufficiently tightly controlled. For these reasons, an
alumina substrate is commonly used. On a smaller scale, microstrip transmission
lines are also built into monolithic microwave integrated circuits. Microstrip lines
are also used in high-speed digital PCB designs, where signals need to be routed
from one part of the assembly to another with minimal distortion, and avoiding
high cross-talk and radiation. Microstrip is very similar to stripline and coplanar
waveguide and it is possible to integrate all three on the same substrate.





WHY RING TYPE FILTER
Many Commercially available devices like Wireless Router, Wireless Modem,
Cellphones, ZIG BEE, Personal Area Network (PAN) etc. Has space constrain.
The space available for filters and antenna integration in a wireless device is of the
order of few centimeters. Filters using Commercially available Resistors,
Capacitors and Inductors are not reliable at high frequency. At frequency ranging
from 1GHz to 60GHz the commercially available components( Resistor, capacitor,
inductor) does not acts as they would at low frequency.
Low frequency High frequency









There are other filters like FIR, IIR, Integrated filters, but they are difficult to
design, expensive and occupy more space. Transmission line section (Stub) filters
can be used, however they occupy very large area and does not comply with the
industrial and commercial standards.

ADVANTAGES OF RING FILTER
Occupies very less area and complies with industrial standards
Length and area occupied by the filter can be reduced by various techniques
Provide sharp cut off and out of band rejection ratio
Unlike passive element filter, ring filters provide very low group delay of the
order nano seconds
Provide very good band width
Very good signal to noise ratio
Very good frequency selectivity and reliability










LITREATURE REVIEW
There are many ways to design Microwave filter. The filters are implemented
using transmission lines hence this chapter discusses about different transmission
lines. Filters are two-port network used to control the frequency response in a
Microwave system. They allow transmission of signal frequencies within their pass
band, and attenuate outside their pass band. Common R.F and microwave filters
are listed below.
Transmission line stub filters. These filters are implemented using
transmission lines in place of lumped elements.
Coupled line filters. Filters can be designed using transmission lines as
resonators coupled together using quarter-wave matching transformers.
Inter-digital filters. They are formed from short circuited transmission lines
that take the structure of interlaced fingers.
Comb-line filters. Quarter-wave transmission line resonators are used to
design of comb-line filters. Quarter-wave transmission lines are capacitive
coupled.
Transmission Lines.
There are different types of transmission lines. The different types of transmission
lines arise because of their different applications. The parallel wire transmission
lines are probably among the earliest types as they arose in the dawn of
telecommunications. Also they are the easiest to make. Coaxial cable is mainly
reserved for applications of set constant impedance. On the other hand, microstrip
transmission line is suitable for printed circuit boards.


Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is mainly used in applications that require fixed impedance. It is
made from two conductors, where one is central and other completely surrounds it.
The two conductors are separated by a solid dielectric or something by periodic
dielectric spacers. The central line carries the signal, while the outer line act as the
ground. The character impedance of coaxial cable is
=
138

r
log(

)
Where

r
is the dielectric constant, D is the inner diameter of the outer conductor, d
is the diameter if the inner conductor. Twisted pair copper wire and optical fiber
are alternatives to coaxial cable depending on the carrier technology used.

Open-wire line
Parallel lines are balanced transmission lines. They have various types, for
example the flat TV 300 Ohm ribbon. Open-wire lines are made out of copper wire
and non conducting spacers. Wooden dowels, plastic rods, and strips of vinyl
siding are among the materials that can be used to make spacers. However
polycarbonate rods with assured RF characteristics are the most reliable materials.
The open-wire lines do have the disadvantage that they must be kept away from
other conductors and earthed objects. Also as frequency increases the open-wire
line spacing becomes a significant fraction of the wavelength and the line will
radiate. The characteristic impedance of the open-wire line depends on its physical
properties.

Z
o
=120cosh
1

where d is the diameter of the wire and s is the centre-to-centre spacing of the
wires. The equation involving the common logarithms is generally used

Z
o
=276
2

Microstrip
Micrstrip transmission line consist of a track of copper or other conductor on an
insulating structure. There is a sheet of similar conductor on the other side of the
insulator. The copper acts as a passage of the signal while the sheet on the other
side provides a return path; therefore microstripe is a variant of two-wire
transmission line. Microstripe is predominantly used in printed circuit boards. If
thickness of the copper track is t and the width W of the track is less than the height
h of the insulating material, the effective dielectric constant