Carbohydrates: aldehyde/ketone

alcohol containing C, H, O

True sugars: Mono-, Disaccharides

Polysaccharides
! Homoglycans
! Starch (glucosan) glucose
units
! Inulin (fructosan) fructose
units [around 100]
! Cellulose (glucosan) glucose
units

Monosaccharides: simple, not
hydrolyzed

Glucose
! Aldohexose
! Aldehyde group C1
! Reducing sugar Benedicts
test
! Linear; Cyclic

Oxidation Acid
Reduction Alcohol

Linear config.: Fischer
! L- vs. D-glucose (D = !active)
Cyclic: Haworth
! Pyran; glucopyranose

Glucose/D-glucose/Dextrose
! Blood, grape, physiologic
sugar

Uses:
! parenteral (rigorously
purified) D5W, D5NSS, D5LR
nutrient
! pharm. necessity - "rigorous
purification
! liquid glucose syrupy liq.,
almost colorless, sweet, as
sweetening agent
! Dextrose excipient
crystalling sweetening agent

Glucose derivatives
! Ca gluconate, Ca gluceptate,
Ca levulinate Ca replenisher
! Fe gluconate hematinic





Fructose
! Ketohexose
! Ketone group C2
! Reducing sugar
! Fruit sugar; sweet fruits
and honey
! Levulose: sweetest
monosaccharide

D-fructose

Uses:
! Food for diabetic px
! Ingredient in: infant feeding
formula, fructose inj.
(nutrient)

Pentoses
Xylose
! Wood sugar
! From boiling corn cobs, straw
and similar materials
! With dilute acids to hydrolyze
xylan polymer
! Diagnostic aid: intestinal
malabsorption

Disaccharides
Sucrose
! Sugar cane: Saccharum
officinarum, Poaceae
! Sugar beet: Beta vulgaris,
Chenopodiaceae
! Acer saccharum, Aceraceae
! Non-reducing
! Fructose & Glucose

Uses:
! Demulcent
! Sweetening agent
! Coating agent
! Preservative concentrated
! Production of syrups
! Retards oxidation

Maltose
! Produced during germination
of barley
! Glucose & Glucose
! Reducing sugar

Lactose
! Milk sugar
! Bos taurus, Bovidae
! Glucose & Galactose
! Reducing sugar

Lactulose
! Alkaline rearrangement of
lactose
! Converted to lactic acid and
acetic acid; causes irritation
of intestines and subsequent
catharsis
! Decrease serum ammonium
conc. in portal-systemic
encephalopathy
! Mental confusion (!levels:
ammonium)

Cherry juice (Succus cerasi)
! Ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus,
Rosaceae
! Contains pectin, main cause of
incompatibilities esp. when
added to prepn containing
alcohol
! Remedy: Add 0.1% benzoic
acid, leave for 1 week
! Constituent: Malic acid
! Use: Mask taste of sour drugs

Plant acids
Uses:
! Acidulants in effervescent
formulation
! Component of buffer system
! Citric acid isolated by
Scheele from lemon juice
(1784)
! Lactic a. acidulant: infant
formula
! Tartaric a. by-product
(wine industry)
! Fe fumarate hematinic

Alcohol/Ethanol
! 94.9% EtOH by vol. @ 15.56C
! Product of fermentation
! Undergo the process of
distillation to concentrate alc.
Content to 40-55%
! Brandy wine
! Whiskey malted grain
! Rum molasses


Uses:
! "conc. CNS stimulant
! !conc. CNS depressant

Diluted alcohol: 48.4-49.5% @
15.56C

Products of reductive metabolism
Mannitol
! Manna (Fraxinus ornus,
Oleaceae)
! Osmotic diuretic or osmotic
laxative
Sorbitol
! Berries of mountain ash,
Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae)
! D-glucitol
! Taste half as sweet as
sucrose
! Not absorbed in orally
! Toothpaste and chewing gums

Polysaccharides
Starch
! Temporary storage form of
photosynthetic products
! Corn Zea mays, Poaceae
! Wheat Triticum aestivum,
Poaceae
! Potato Solanum tuberosum,
Solanaceae

Amylose
! Linear; sol. in water; I
2
test
(deep blue); Ratio: 25%
! 250-300 D-glucopyranose; !-
1,4
Amylopectin
! insol. in water; branched
! 1000 or more glucose; !-1,4;
!-1,6
! I
2
: blue violet/purple; Ratio
75%
100 units of amylase: Q enzyme
cleaves bond to C6 (branching)
! !-amylose " in pancreatic
use and saliva
metabolism/breakdown of
CHOs start in mouth
! "-amylose starch #[H
+
]#
nearly pure maltose

Uses of starch:
! Tablet filler, binder,
disintegrant
! Antidote for iodine poisoning
Starch prepns
! Pregelatinized starch
chemically/mechanically
processed to rupture all or
part of granules; tablet
binder
! Sodium starch glycollate
disintegrating agent
! Hetastarch plasma expander

Inulin
! Fructosan
! Uses: ingredient in culture
media and evaluation of renal
func.

Dextran
! Glucosan
! Leuconostoc mesenteroides
release dextran sucrase
(conversion of sucrose to
dextran)
! Plasma expander
! Same osmolarity and viscosity
with plasma

Cellulose
Purified/Adsorbent cotton
! From hair of the seeds of
Gossypium hirsutum,
Malvaceae
! Mechanical protection against
bacteria
! Absorb mucus, pus and blood

Soluble guncotton/Pyroxylin
! Formed by action of
nitric/sulfuric acid on cotton
! Other ing.: castor oil
flexibility; camphor water-
proof

Other cellulose derivatives
! Cellulose acetate phthalate
coating agent
Heteroglycans
! Polysaccharides that yield
more than 1 monosacch.

Gums & Mucilages
! Natural plant hydrocolloids:
anionic/non-ionic polysacch.
! Produced by plants as
protective after injury
! Upon hydrolysis, they yield
arabinose, galactose, mannose,
xylose and other uronic acid
(pentose; hexose) derivatives

Plant exudates
Acacia/Gum Arabic
! Source: Acacia Senegal,
Fabaceae
! Constituent: arabin
! Notes: incompatibility in
preparations containing more
than 60% alcohol, only 5-6%
swells in water

Tragacanth
! Source: Astralagus gummifer
! Constituent: Bassorin
gelling; Tragacanthin non-
gelling components
! Notes: 35-36% swell in water;
most resistant to acid
hydrolysis

Karaya/Sterculia gum
! Source: Sterculia urens,
Sterculiaceae
! D-galacturonic; D-glucoronic
! Fetid odor

Marine gums
Agar/Japanese Isinglas
! Source: Algae; Gelidium
cartilagineum; Gracilaria
confervoides
! Constituent: Agarose;
agaropectin
! Ingredient of culture media

Algin
! Source: Seaweeds; Macrocystis
pyrifera
! Constituent: Mannuronic acid

Carageenan/Irish moss
! Source: Red algae; Chondrus
crispus; Gigartina mamillosa
! Constituent: Kappa and Iota
(gelling comp.), Delta (non-
gelling)

Danish agar
! Source: Furcellaria fastigiata
! Constituent: Kappa





Seed gums
Platago/Psyllium/Plantain seed
! Source: Seed coats of
plantago; Psyllium Spanish
psyllium; Plantago ovata
Blonde/Indian psyllium
! Bulk laxative, should be taken
with considerable amt. of
water

Cydonium/Quince seed
! Source: Ripe seed of Cydonia
vulgaris

Guar gum/Guaran
! Source: Endosperm of
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Locust bean gum/Carob pulp/St.
Johns Bread
! Source: Endosperm of seed of
Ceratonia siliqua
! Flour/carob resemble
chocolate used by John the
Baptist

Microbial gum
Xanthan gum
! Source: Action of
Xanthomonas campestris on
CHOs
! Pseudoplastic activity (shear
thinning) enables
toothpastes and ointments to
spread readily

Pectin
! Purified CHO product obtained
from dilute acid extract of
inner portion of rind of citrus
fruits and apple pomace
! Anti-diarrheal
! Kaopectate Kaolin + Pectin
anti-diarrheal prep.