Pcim Asia 2013

Wind Power -
A Technology enabled by power electronics

Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Center of Reliable
Power Electronics
Prof. Frede Blaabjerg
Professor, IEEE Fellow
fbl@et.aau.dk
Aalborg University
Department of Energy Technology
Aalborg, Denmark

CORPE
www.corpe.et.aau.dk
Outline
2 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Aalborg University and Department of Energy Technology
Power Electronics for Wind Turbines
Reliability Challenge of Power Electronics
Power Converter Operation in Wind Turbines
Conclusions
Wind Power -
A Technology enabled by power electronics
Aalborg University and
Department of Energy Technology,
Denmark
Aalborg University - Denmark
PBL-Aalborg Model
(Project-organised and problem-
based)
Inaugurated in 1974
19,000 students
2,500 faculty
Aalborg University - Campus
Energy production - distribution - consumption - control
HEAT
LOADS
POWER STATION
SOLAR CELLS
WIND TURBINE
MOTOR
PUMP
ROBOTICS
REFRIGERATOR
TELEVISION
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
INDUSTRY
=
POWER SUPPLY
ac dc
TRANSFORMER
COMPEN -
SATOR
FUEL
CELLS
FUEL
[
COMMUNICATION
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
SOLAR
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
3 3 3 1 - 3
3
DC
AC
~
POWER STATION
SOLAR CELLS
WIND TURBINE
MOTOR
PUMP
ROBOTICS
REFRIGERATOR
TELEVISION
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
INDUSTRY
=
POWER SUPPLY
ac dc
TRANSFORMER
COMPEN -
SATOR
FUEL
CELLS
FUEL
[
COMMUNICATION
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
SOLAR
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
3 3 3 1 - 3
3
DC
AC
~
DC
AC
DC
AC
PRIMARY
FUEL
CHP
Energy
Storages
Energy
Storages
FACTS/CUPS
Strategic Networks
EMSD
CEES
ECPE
VE-NET
DUWET
WEST
VPP
REN-DK
HUB NORTH
Energy Sponsor
Programme

Fluid Power and
Mechatronic
Systems
Fluid Mechanics
and Combustion
Electric Power
Systems
Power Electronic
Systems
Electrical
Machines
50+ VIP
70+ PhD
10+ Guest Researchers
10+ Research Assistants
22 TAP

Smart Grids and Active Networks
Wind Turbine Systems
Fluid Power in Wind and Wave Energy
Biomass
Photovoltaic Systems and Microgrids
Modern Power Transmission Systems
Fuel Cell and Battery Systems
Automotive and Industrial Drives
Efficient and Reliable Power Electronics
Thermoelectrics
Green Buildings
Multi-disciplinary Research Programmes
Lab. Facilities
Power Electronics
Systems
Drive Systems Tests
Fluid Power
Power Systems & RTDS
Micro Grid
High Voltage
DSpace
PV Converter &
Systems
Laser Systems
Fuel Cell Systems
Battery Test
EMC
Vehicles Test Lab
Biomass Conversion
Facilities
Proto Type Facilities

Thermal Energy
Systems
Power Electronics for Wind Turbines
Energy and Power Challenge
Four main challenges in energy
Sustainable energy production (backbone, weather based, storage)
Energy efficiency
Mobility
Infrastructure
EU Set-plan (20-20-20) and beyond
Danish Climate Commision Independent in 2050 of fossil fuel
Germany no nuclear in the future
Globally large activity
Different initiatives
Renewable Electricity in Denmark
Key figures for proportion of renewable electricity
Key figures 2010 2011 2020 2035
Wind share of net generation in year 21.3% 29.4% 50%*
Wind share of consumption in year 22.0% 28.3%
RE share of net generation in year 32.8% 41.1% 100%*
RE share of net consumption in year 33.8% 39.0%
(Data source: Energinet.dk)
(Data source: Energinet.dk)
(*target value)
2011 Renewable Electricity Generation
in Denmark
11
Energy and Power Challenge in DK
Very high coverage of distributed generation.
B
r
i
e
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

Development of Electric Power System in Denmark
From Central to De-central Power Generation
(Picture Source: Danish Energy Agency) (Picture Source: Danish Energy Agency)
Renewable Energy System
Important issues for power converters
Reliability/security of supply
Efficiency, cost, volume, protection
Control active and reactive power
Ride-through operation and monitoring
Power electronics enabling technology
Global Wind Turbine Capacity
Large investment a critical factor
New wind turbines development cost is expensive
Globally it changes from country to country annually
Worldwide wind power capacity
(Giga Watts)

Wind Turbine Development
Bigger, cheaper and more efficient
3.6-7 MW prototypes running (Vestas, GE, Siemens Wind, Enercon)
2-3 MW WT are still the best seller on the market
Global installed wind capacity (up to 2012): 282 GW, 2012: 44 GW
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011
50 kW
D 15 m
100 kW
D 20 m
500 kW
D 40 m
600 kW
D 50 m
2 MW
D 80 m
5 MW
D 124 m
7~8 MW
D 164 m
Soft starter
Rotor
resistance
Rotor
power
Full generator
power
0% 10% 30%
100%
Role:
Rating:
Power
Electronics
2018 (E)
10 MW
D 190 m
Grid Codes for Wind Turbines
Conventional power plants provide active and reactive power, inertia
response, synchronizing power, oscillation damping, short-circuit
capability and voltage backup during faults.
Wind turbine technology differs from conventional power plants
regarding the converter-based grid interface and asynchronous
operation
Grid code requirements today
Active power control
Reactive power control
Frequency control
Steady-state operating range
Fault ride-through capability
Wind turbines are active power plants
Power Grid Standards Normal Operation
17
Part of frequency control Reactive power capability
Designed for all ratings
Set-point may be given by power system operator
Requirements to be a power station
100%
Available power
f
g
(Hz)
48 49 52 51
51.3 50.15
75%
50%
25%
50
49.85 48.7
With full
production
With reduced
production
P/P
rated
(p.u.)
Q/P
rated
(p.u.)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.4
Overexcited Underexcited
-0.3
Underexcited
Boundary
Overexcited
Boundary
Power Grid Standards Ride-Through Operation
18

0
25
75
90
100
150 500 750 1000 1500
Voltage(%)
Time (ms)
Denmark
Spain
Germany
US
Keep connected
above the curves
Grid voltage dips vs. withstand time

100%
I
q
/I
rated
V
g
(p.u.)
0.5
0
Dead band
0.9 1.0
20%
Reactive current vs. Grid voltage dips
Withstand extreme grid voltage dips.
Contribute to grid recovery by injecting I
q
.
Higher power controllability of converter.
Requirements during grid faults
Wind Turbine Concepts
Wound-rotor induction generator
Variable pitch variable speed
30% slip variation around
synchronous speed
Power converter (back to back/
direct AC/AC) in rotor circuit
Variable pitch variable speed
With/without gearbox
Generator
Synchronous generator
Permanent magnet generator
Squirrel-cage induction generator
Power converter
Diode rectifier+boost DC/DC+inverter
Back-to-back converter
Direct AC/AC (e.g. matrix,
cycloconverters)
20
Back-to-back two-level voltage source converter

Proven technology
Standard power devices (integrated)
Decoupling between grid and generator (compensation for
non-symmetry and other power quality issues)

Need for major energy-storage in DC-link (reduced life-time and
increased expenses)
Power losses (switching and conduction losses)

Back-to-back VSC
Power Electronic Converters

Transformer
2L-VSC
Filter
Filter
2L-VSC
21
Power converters

Proven technologies today

Boost and Voltage Source Converter to grid

Transformer
Filter
Filter

Transformer
Filter
Filter
Current Source Inverter to grid
22
Parallel of low voltage power converters
Multi-winding low voltage
.
.
.
Multi winding
generator
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
.
.
.
.
.
.
Transformer
2L-BTB
2L-BTB
Grid
.
.
.
.
.
.
Transformer
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
.
.
.
Generator
2L-BTB
2L-BTB
Grid

Also proven technologies today

23
Multi-level topologies +6 MW

Transformer
3L-NPC
Filter
Filter
3L-NPC

Transformer
open windings
Filter Filter
3L-HB 3L-HB
Three-level NPC
Half-bridge and open-winded transformer
24

5L-HB
Transformer
(open windings)
5L-HB
Filter Filter

3L-NPC
Transformer
(open windings)
5L-HB
Filter
Filter
Half-bridge, five-level
Three-level and five-level
25

.
.
.
Cell 1
Cell N
.
.
.
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
.
.
.
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
MFT
MFT

.
.
.
.
.
.
To grid
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
DC
DC
AC
Rectifier
MVDC
To generator
Medium frequency transformer
Stacked output converter
Control Structure for a Wind Turbine System
Gear-box
LCL
Low pass
filter
Vgenerator
Igenerator
Grid fault ride through
and grid support
Igrid
Vgrid
Vdc
Power Maximization
and Limitation
Inertia
Emulation
Power
Quality
Extra functions
WT specific functions
Basic functions (grid conencted converter)
Current/Voltage
Control
Vdc
Control
Energy
Storage
Grid
Synchronization
AC
DC
DC
AC
Xfilter
Pitch actuator
Wind speed
Superviosry
commmand
from TSO
wgenerator
SG
IG
DFIG
local
load
utility
micro-
grid
Braking
Chopper
Pulse Width Modulation
Power has to be controlled by means of the aerodynamic system and has to
react based on a set-point given by a dispatched center or locally with the goal to
maximize the power production based on the available wind power.
Current Development Example
Vestas V164 offshore turbine
Rated power: 8,000 kW
Rotor diameter: 164 m
Hub height: min. 105 m
Turbine concept: medium-speed gearbox,
variable speed, variable pitch, full-scale
power converter
Generator: permanent magnet
Vestas Wind Systems A/S Denmark
Target market: Big offshore farms
28
Vestas V802.0 MW
Horns Reef I 160 MW, Horns Reef II 209.3 MW
80 x 2MW (Vestas V80, in
operation Dec 11, 2002)
91 x 2.3MW (Siemens SWT-
2.3-93, in operation Sep 17,
2009)
Rotor Diameter 80 m
Hub Height 60-100 m
Weight 227-303 tons
Min/Max rotation speed 9/19 rounds/minute
Min/Nom/Max Wind 4/16/25 m/s
Gear box Yes (1:100.5)
Generator DFIG (4 pole slip rings)
Current Development Example Wind Farm
Improved performance of Wind Turbines

Integration with a battery storage system
Take part in primary and secondary control

WBG devices
30
Wide-Band-Gap Devices: Ways to Higher Power Density
January 27, 2012 DB-4
WBG
devices
200 400 ~ 600 1200
Voltage (V)
Power (W)
10
100
1k
10k
GaN HEMTs
MHz switching
Low conduction loss
Conduction
loss
Switching
loss
High-temp.
operation
Smaller cooling
system size
High-freq. passive
components
Smaller
passives sizes
Improved
power
density
GaN diodes & transistors
SiC Schottky diodes
Better FOM, Competitive cost
No reverse recovery
SiC BJ Ts / IGBTs
MOSFETs / J FETs
Schottky / PiN diodes
High voltage
High temperature
Source D, Boroyevich - CPES

SiC Devices
31
June 18, 2013
Source D, Boroyevich - CPES
Major SiC Device Developers
January 27, 2012 DB-23
600 V 1200 V 1700 V 3-7 kV 10 kV
Schottky
Blocking
Voltage
JFET
Normally-on/-off
JFET
Normally-off
Schottky diode
Schottky diode
JFET
Normally-on
Schottky diode
Super-junction
BJT
Thyristor
6.5 kV
BJT
MOSFET
Schottky diode
Schottky
MOSFET MOS
MOSFET
Mainstream: 1.2 kV switches
A lot of research
going on for high-
voltage SiC devices
MAINSTREAM
Wind Turbine power electronic components
Emerging devices soon ready for wind power processing
IGBT module IGBT Press-pack IGCT Press-pack SiC MOSFET module
Power Density Low High High Low
Reliability Moderate High High Unknown
Cost

High High High
Failure mode Open circuit Short circuit Short circuit Open circuit
Easy maintenance + - - +
Insulation of heat sink + - - +
Snubber requirement - - + -
Thermal resistance Large Small Small Moderate
Switching loss Low Moderate Moderate Low
Conduction loss Moderate Moderate Moderate Large
Gate driver Moderate Moderate Large Small
Major manufacturers
Infineon, Semikron, Mitsubishi,
ABB, Fuji
Westcode, ABB ABB Cree, Rohm, Mitsubishi
Medium voltage ratings 3.3 kV / 4.5 kV /6.5 kV 2.5 kV / 4.5 kV 4.5 kV / 6.5 kV 1.2 kV
Max. current ratings 1.5 kV / 1.2 kA / 750 A 2.3 kA / 2.4 kA 3.6 kA / 3.8 kA 100 A-180 A
Wind Turbine system cost Off-shore
Not only Wind turbine cost
Wind Turbine system cost before and future
Different trends
But the Cost of Energy will be reduced
Reliability Challenge of Power Electronics in
Renewable Energy Systems
Failures of Power Electronic Systems
Power module
Rotor
module
Control
& Commons
Nacelle
Drive
train
Auxiliary system
Structure
Power
converter
13%
Pitch
system
21.3%
Yaw system
11.3%
Gearbox
5.1%
Field Experience of Wind Turbines Normalized Failure Rate
(Source: Reliawind, Report on Wind Turbine Reliability Profiles Field Data Reliability Analysis, 2011.)
Semiconductor
21%
Capacitor
30%
PCB
26%
*Data sources: Wolfgang E., Examples for Failures in Power Electronics Systems, in EPE Tutorial Reliability of Power Electronic Systems,
April 2007.
Failure root causes distribution for power electronic systems*
(% may vary for different applications and designs)
Critical Components in Power Electronic Systems
(http://www.alibaba.com)
(www.abb.com)
Availability Impact on Cost-of-Energy (COE)
(source: MAKE Consulting A/S)
CAPEX OPE
COE
X
AEP
CAPEX Capital cost
OPEX Operation and maintenance cost
AEP Annual energy production

Lower downtime
Lower OPEX and higher AEP
Higher reliability and better maintenance
Lower COE
Reliability basics
39
Life time models for switching devices
(Source: Semikron)
Thermal cycling parameters T
j
and T
m
are important for device life time.
Reliability basics
40
Thermal models for switching devices
IGCT Diode
Z
T(j-c)
Z
D(j-c)
Z
T(c-h)
Z
D(c-h)
T
A
T
A T
A
Switch
Diode
T
A
Clamped Diode
Z
D(j-c)
Z
D(c-h)
Z
(h-a)
T
A
Z
(h-a)
T
C
T
H
T
C T
C
T
H
T
j
T
j T
j
Note:
T
j
: junction temperature, T
C
: case temperature, T
H
: heat sink temperature, T
A
: ambient temperature
Z
(j-c)
: thermal impedance from junction to case, Z(c-h): thermal impedance from case to heat sink, Z
(h-a)
: thermal impedance from
heat sink to ambient
Z
T/D(j-c)
T
A T
C
T
j
R
th1
R
th2
R
th3
R
th4
1
2

3

4
Thermal model of the impedance Z
T(j-c)
or
Z
D(j-c)
from junction to case.
Thermal models are important for T
j
and T
m
.
(Source: ABB)
Reliability basics
41
Reliability evaluation tools for converter
Wind Profiles
Turbine-
Generator
Models
Loss Model
Loss
Life time
Model
Thermal
Model
thermal impedance
T
j
T
m
MTTF
turbine, drive, generator topology device
v
w
Wind speed
I
G
V
G
Mission Profiles
Wind Profiles
Turbine-
Generator
Models
Loss Model
Loss
Life time
Model
-1
Thermal
Model
-1
V
G
T
j
T
m
C
therm
Cost
turbine, drive, generator topology, devices
v
w
Chip Size
Model
Wind speed
MTTF
R
therm
I
G
Mission Profiles
From mission profiles to Life time
From life time to cost
Power Converter Operation in Wind Turbines
43
MW Configurations I
Promising LV configurations
DFIG
Rotor-side
Converter
Filter
Transformer
Grid-side
Converter
C

T1
D1
T2
D2
T1
D1
T2
D2
PMSG
Generator-side
Converter
Filter Transformer
C
T1
D1
T2
D2
T1
D1
T2
D2
Grid-side
Converter
2L DFIG
2L PMSG
44
Normal operation
2L DFIG 2L PMSG
Generator-side
Converter
Grid-side
Converter
Power loss profile
45
Thermal cycling
Normal operation
Generate-side converter Grid-side converter
Grid faults operation
46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P
Q
Grid Voltage V
g
(p.u.)
A
c
t
i
v
e

/

r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

(
M
W

/

M
V
a
r
)
8 m/s
10 m/s
>12 m/s
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Grid Voltage V
g
(p.u.)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
A
)
P
h
a
s
e

a
n
g
l
e

I

-

V
g

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
8 m/s
10 m/s
>12 m/s
Current amplitude (3L-HB, 3L-NPC)
Phase angle
P/Q power vs. Grid voltage Current amplitude & position vs. Grid voltage
When Vg<0.5 p.u. is regardless of wind speeds (100% I
q
, no I
p
).
When Vg>0.5 p.u. is referring to the generated power/wind speeds (some
room for I
p
).

Operation status under balanced LVRT
Grid faults operation
47

Voltage
dips
Normal
operation
Normal
operation
T
jmax
=116
J
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
)
Time (s)
D
npc
T
out
T
in
D
out
D
in
Voltage
dips
Normal
operation
Normal
operation
T
jmax
=94
J
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
)
Time (s)
D
npc
T
out
T
in
D
out
D
in
With normal modulation With optimized modulation
Thermal optimized modulation under LVRT
(for 3L-NPC grid inverter)
Junction temperature dynamic response
(wind speed 8 m/s, 0.05 p.u. LVRT, dip time 500 ms)
Summary
A solution for the long term future in society
Smart grid also pushed by renewable
Coordinated control of production and consumption better integration
Systems should be able to run in on-grid and off-grid modes
Wind turbines have been the fastest growing but PV will come
Wind turbine technology better performance
- Full scale power electronics
- New generator concepts (e.g. PM, gearless)
- Larger size lower cost per kWh
- Reliability a key to lower Cost of Energy

Power Electronics for Wind Power
A solution for the long term future in society
Smart grid pushed by renewable
Increased power production close to the consumption place
Coordinated control of production and consumption
Future grid configurations may be different but intelligent
Systems should be able to run in on-grid and off-grid modes
PV-plants will get same specifications as wind turbines
Wind turbines have been the fastest growing but PV will come
Wind turbine technology better performance
- Full scale power electronics
- New generator concepts (e.g. PM, gearless)
- Larger size lower cost per kWh
A university-industry collaborated center has been established to advance
the research progress in reliability of power electronic, especially for the
applications in renewable energy systems.
Power Electronics

enabling wind power into an intelligent grid
References
1. H. Wang, M. Liserre, and F. Blaabjerg, Toward reliable power electronics - challenges, design tools and opportunities, IEEE Industrial
Electronics Magazine, Jun. 2013 (in press).
2. H. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, and K. Ma, Design for reliability of power electronic systems, in Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the IEEE
Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), 2012, pp. 33-44.
3. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems, IEEE Trans. on Power
Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1184-1194, Sep. 2004.
4. F. Blaabjerg, M. Liserre, and K. Ma, Power electronics converters for wind turbine systems, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol.48, no.2, pp.708-
719, Mar-Apr. 2012.
5. S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, A review of single-phase grid connected inverters for photovoltaic modules, IEEE Trans. on Ind.
Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292-1306, Sep. 2005.
6. K. Ma, F. Blaabjerg, and M. Liserre, Thermal analysis of multilevel grid side converters for 10 MW wind turbines under low voltage ride
through, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 909-921, Mar./Apr. 2013.
7. K. Ma, M. Liserre, and F. Blaabjerg, Reactive power influence on the thermal cycling of multi-MW wind power inverter, IEEE Trans. on Ind.
Appl., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 922-930, Mar./Apr. 2013.
8. C. Busca, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, S. Munk-Nielsen, L. Helle, T. Abeyasekera, and P. Rodriguez, An overview of the reliability prediction
related aspects of high power IGBTs in wind power applications, Journal of Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 51, no. 9-11, pp. 1903-1907, 2011.
9. E. Koutroulis and F. Blaabjerg, Design optimization of transformerless grid-connected PV inverters including reliability, IEEE Trans. on Power
Electronics, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 325-335, Jan. 2013.
10. K. B. Pedersen and K. Pedersen, Bond wire lift-off in IGBT modules due to thermo-mechanical induced stress, in Proc. of PEDG 2012, pp.
519 - 526, 2012.
11. S. Yang, D. Xiang, A. Bryant, P. Mawby, L. Ran and P. Tavner, Condition monitoring for device reliability in power electronic converters: a
review, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2734-2752, Nov., 2010.
12. M. Pecht and J. Gu, Physics-of-failure-based prognostics for electronic products, Trans. of the Institute of Measurement and Control , vol. 31,
no. 3-4, pp. 309-322, Mar./Apr., 2009.
13. Moore, L. M. and H. N. Post, Five years of operating experience at a large, utility-scale photovoltaic generating plant, Progress in
Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16(3): 249-259, 2008.
14. Reliawind, Report on Wind Turbine Reliability Profiles Field Data Reliability Analysis, 2011.
15. D. L. Blackburn, Temperature measurements of semiconductor devices - a review, in Proc. IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and
Management Symposium, pp. 70-80, 2004.
16. Avenas, Y., L. Dupont and Z. Kahatir, Temperature measurement of power semiconductor devices by thermo-sensitive electrical parameters -
A review, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 3081-3092, Jun., 2010.
17. K. Kriegel, A. Melkonyan, M. Galek, and J. Rackles, Power module with solid state circuit breakers for fault-tolerant applications, in Proc. of
Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS), pp. 1-6, 2010.
18. ZVEL, Handbook for robustness validation of automotive electrical/electronic modules, Jun. 2008.

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