Grid Connected Hybrid System With Battery Energy Storage For Critical Load-Libre

International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 5 (2014) No.4, pp. 1341-1348

ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
1341

Sakthivel et. al., Grid Connected Hybrid System with Battery Energy Storage for Critical Load

Grid Connected Hybrid System with Battery
Energy Storage for Critical Load

C.Sakthivel
1
,R.Pradeep
2
R.Guruprasath
3
1
JCT college of engg and Technology, Coimbatore
2
SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore
3
SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore
tcsakthivel107@gmail.com, pradeep.sign@gmail.com, guru_0787@yahoo.com

Abstract In the grid connected network, it is especially difficult to
support the critical load without uninterrupted power supply. The
proposed Wind-Hydro hybrid system with battery energy storage is
used to maintain the voltage profile and support the real and reactive
power in the grid. The proposed system employing one squirrel cage
induction generator driven by variable speed wind turbine. And
another squirrel cage induction generator driven by constant power
hydro turbine feeding to the grid. The scheme can also be operated
as stand-alone system in case of grid failure. The system is simulated
in MATLAB/SIMULINK and results are presented for various types
of linear, nonlinear, and dynamic loads and under varying wind
speed conditions.

Keywords- Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), small hydro,
Battery Energy storage system (BESS), Squirrel cage induction
generator(SCIG)

I. INTRODUCTION

WITH HIGH population growth and economic development in
the world, there is a very high demand for energy. Traditional
fossil sources such as oil, coal are costly and have a serious
pollution to the environment. As a renewable energy, wind energy
generation has been focused as a clean and inexhaustible energy
providing a feasible solution to energy shortage. The micro wind
power generation system with battery energy storage is becoming
more prominent with the increasing demand of power generation.
It also reduces the environment pollution. However the output
power of micro wind generator is fluctuating and will affect the
operation in the distribution network. The utility system cannot
accept new generation without strict condition of voltage
regulation due to real power fluctuation and reactive power
generation/ absorption. The industrial and commercial customers
often operate the sensitive electronic equipments or critical load
that cannot tolerate voltage sags, voltage swells, or loss of power,
which moreover cause interruption in life operating equipments or
stoppage in industrial production. This requires some measure to
mitigate the output fluctuation so as to keep the power quality in
the distributed network. International Electro-Technical
Commission IEC-61400-21 describes the norms for power quality
of micro-wind generating system. The battery storage is used for
critical load applications as it supplies power for a short period of
time. The combination of battery energy storage and wind
generating system in distributed power system can provide the
effective, reliable, and durable power system. The system also
provides energy saving and un-interruptible power within
distribution network. In Japan, battery energy storage was used
for mitigation of variations in wind farm output to stabilize the
short fluctuation of output power. The parallel processing of wind
energy generating system and battery storage will enhance the
power flow in the distributed network. The wind energy
generating system is used to charge the battery as and when the
wind power is available [1]. The control method for the state of
charge of battery unit was proposed in. The battery storage
provides a rapid response for either charging/discharging the
battery and also acts as a constant voltage source for the critical
load in the distributed network. The battery storage system
utilizes flooded lead-acid battery cell for energy storage. For
electrical energy storage application, a large number of cells are
connected in series to produce the required operating voltage. In
order to verify the effectiveness of proposed system, the current
control mode of voltage source inverter is proposed to interface
the battery storage with micro-wind energy generator into the
distributed network. The proposed control system with battery
storage has the following objectives:

1) Unity power factor and power quality at the point of common
coupling bus;
2) Real and reactive power support from wind generator and
batteries to the load;
3) Stand-alone operation in case of grid failure.

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II. Wind Power Extraction with Batteries

The proposed wind energy extraction from wind generator and
battery energy storage with distributed network is configured on
its operating principle and is based on the control strategy for
switching the inverter for critical load application as shown in Fig.
1.

A. Wind Energy Generating System

The wind Energy generating system (WEGS) is connected with
turbine, induction generator, interfacing transformer, and ac-dc
converter to get dc bus voltage. The power flow is represented
with dc bus current for constant dc bus voltage in inverter
operation. The static characteristic of wind turbine can

Fig. 1. Scheme of wind generator with battery storage for critical
load application.

be described with the relationship in the wind as in

where is air density (1.225 kg/m3), R is the rotor radius in
meters, and Vwind is the wind speed in m/s. It is not possible to
extract all kinetic energy of wind and is called CP power
coefficient. This power coefficient can be expressed as a function
of tip speed ratio and pitch angle . The mechanical
power can be written as (2)

By using the turbine rotational speed, turbine mechanical torque
is shown in

B. Dc Link for Battery Storage and Micro-Wind Energy
Generator

The battery storage and WEGS are connected across the dc
link as shown in Fig. 3. The dc link consists of capacitor which
decouples the wind generating system and ac source (grid)
system [8], [9]. The battery storage will get charged with the help
of wind generator. The use of capacitor in dc link is more
efficient, less expensive and is modeled as follows:

where C is dc link capacitance, Vdc is rectifier voltage, Idc(rect)
is rectified dc-side current, Idc(inv) is inverter dc-side current, and
Ib is the battery current. The battery storage is connected to dc
link and is represented by a voltage source Eb

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1343


Fig. 2. Power-speed characteristic of turbine.

connected in series with an internal resistance Rb. The internal
voltage varies with the charged status of the battery. The terminal
voltage Vdc is given in

where Ib represents the battery current.

C. Grid Synchronization

In the three-phase balance system, the RMS voltage source
amplitude is calculated at the sampling frequency from the source
phase voltage (Vsa, Vb, Vsc) and is expressed as sample
template Vsm [14], as in

The in-phase unit vectors are obtained from ac source-phase
voltage and the RMS value of unit vector usa, usb, usc as shown
in
The in-phase generated reference currents are derived using the
in-phase unit voltage template as in

Fig. 3. Dc link for battery storage and wind generator.

where i is proportional to the magnitude of filtered source voltage
for respective phases. This ensures that the source current is
controlled to be sinusoidal. The unit vector implements the
important function in the grid for the synchronization of inverter.
This method is simple, robust and favorable as compared with
other methods.
When the grid voltage source fails the wind generator acts as a
stand-alone generator. Under such conditions the voltage sensors
sense the condition and will transfer the switches for the
generation of reference voltage from wind generator. The above
generated reference under no source supply gets switched to the
stand-alone reference generator after voltage sensing at the point
of common coupling. This is a unit voltage vector which can be
realized by using microcontroller or DSP. Thus, the inverter
maintains the continuous power for the critical load.

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of windhydro hybrid system.

Although the potential for small hydroelectric systems depends
on the availability of suitable water flow, where the resource

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1344

exists, it can provide cheap clean reliable electricity.
Hydroelectric plants convert the kinetic energy of a waterfall into
electric energy. The power available in a flow of water depends
on the vertical distance the water falls (i.e., head) and the volume
of flow of water in unit time (i.e., discharge). The water powers a
turbine, and its rotational movement is transferred through a shaft
to an electric generator.
When SCIG is used for small or micro hydro applications, its
reactive power requirement is met by a capacitor bank at its stator
terminals. The SCIG has advantages like being simple, low cost,
rugged, maintenance free, absence of dc, brushless, etc., as
compared with the conventional synchronous generator for hydro
applications. As regards wind-turbine generators, these can be
built either as constant-speed machines, which rotate at a fixed
speed regardless of wind speed, or as variable-speed machines in
which rotational speed varies in accordance with wind speed.
For fixed-speed wind turbines, energy-conversion efficiency
is very low for widely varying wind speeds. In recent years, wind
turbine technology has switched from fixed speed to variable
speed. The variable-speed machines have several advantages.
They reduce mechanical stresses, dynamically compensate for
torque and power pulsations, and improve power quality and
system efficiency. The grid-connected variable-speed wind-
energy-conversion system (WECS) based on SCIG use back-to-
back connected power converters. In such systems, the power
converter decouples the SCIG from the grid, resulting in an
improved reliability.
In the case of grid-connected systems using renewable energy
sources, the total active power can be fed to the grid. For
standalone systems supplying local loads, if the extracted power is
more than the local loads (and losses), the excess power from the
wind turbine is required to be diverted to a dump load or stored in
the battery bank. Moreover, when the extracted power is less than
the consumer load, the deficit power needs to be supplied from a
storage element, e.g., a battery bank. In the case of stand-alone or
autonomous systems, the issues
of voltage and frequency control (VFC) are very important.
In this paper, a new grid connected windsmall hydro hybrid
system is proposed , which cannot be connected to the grid and
where the wind potential and hydro potential exist simultaneously.
One such location in India is the Andaman and Nicobar group of
islands [24]. The proposed system utilizes variable speed wind-
turbine-driven SCIGw (subscript w for wind), and a constant-
speed/constant-power small hydro-turbine-driven SCIGh
(subscript h for hydro). For the rest of this paper, the subscript w
is used to denote the parameters and variables of
the wind-turbine generator, and the subscript h is used to denote
the parameters and variables of the hydro-turbine generator. A
schematic diagram of a three-phase four-wire autonomous system
is shown in Fig. 1. Two back-to-back-connected pulse width
modulations (PWM)-controlled insulated-gate-bipolar transistor
(IGBTs)-based voltage-source converters (VSCs) are connected
between the stator windings of SCIGw and the stator windings of
the SCIGh to facilitate bidirectional power flow. The stator
windings of the SCIGh are connected to the load terminals. The
two VSCs can be called as the machine (SCIGw) side converter
and the load-side converter.
The system employs a battery energy storage system (BESS),
which performs the function of load leveling in the wake of
uncertainty in the wind speed and variable loads. Because in the
proposed system the dc-bus voltage is kept constant by the
battery, the control objective of the load-side converter is
different, i.e., to maintain an active power balance in the system
by transferring the excess power to the battery or for providing
deficit power from the battery. Further, the load-side converter
provides the requisite reactive power for the load.
For the proposed system, there are three modes of operation. In
the first mode, the required active power of the load is less than
the power generated by the SCIGh, and the excess power
generated by the SCIGh is transferred to the BESS through the
load-side converter. Moreover, the power generated by the
SCIGw is transferred to the BESS. In the second mode, the
required active power of the load is more than the power
generated by the SCIGh but less than the total power generated by
SCIGw and SCIGh. Thus, portion of the power generated by
SCIGw is supplied to the load through the load-side converter and
remaining power is stored in BESS.
In the third mode, the required active power of the load is more
than the total power generated by SCIGw and SCIGh. Thus, the
deficit power is by the BESS, and the power generated by SCIGw
and the deficit met by BESS are supplied to the load. In Section
II, the principle of operation of the proposed hybrid system is
given. In Section III,

Fig. 5. Coefficient of performance (Cp) versus tip speed ratio () for wind turbine.

the control algorithm is presented for the proposed hybrid system.
In Section IV, a design procedure is presented for selection of
various components of the proposed system. In Section V, the
developed MATLAB-based simulation is discussed for the
proposed system. In Section VI, the simulation results for the
proposed system under linear load, nonlinear load, mixed load,
balanced load, unbalanced load, and variable wind-speed

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conditions are presented and discussed verifying the validity of
the proposed methodology. Finally, an appraisal of the proposed
hybrid system is presented in the Section VII.

Fig. 6. Mechanical power output of the wind turbine versus SCIGw speed for
different wind speeds.

the SCIGw is required to be operated at optimal tip speed ratio
as shown in Fig. 2. The tip speed ratio determines the SCIGw
rotor-speed set point for a given wind speed, and the mechanical
power generated at this speed lies on the maximum power line of
the turbine, as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 7. Phasor diagram of rotor flux oriented control of SCIG.

decoupled control of d- and q-axes stator currents of the SCIGw
with the d-axis aligned to rotor flux axis as shown in Fig. 4. The
reference value for the d-axis or reactive component of the
SCIGw stator current is generated from the required magnetizing
flux for the SCIGw. The reference value for the q-axis or active
component of the SCIGw stator current is generated from error of
the desired speed and the sensed SCIGw rotor speed.

IV. DESIGN OF SCIG-BASED WIND-HYDRO HYBRID
SYSTEM

The system is designed for grid connected network with the
load varying from 30 to 150 kW at a lagging power factor (PF) of
0.8. The average load of the system is considered to be 90 kW.
The following subsections describe the procedure for selection of
ratings for SCIGs, battery voltage, battery capacity, specifications
of wind turbine, and gear ratio.

A. Selection of Rating of SCIGs

The wind-hydro hybrid system being considered has a wind
turbine of 150 kW and a hydro turbine of 35 kW. Both turbines
are coupled to SCIGs. The rating of the SCIGw is equal to the
rating of the wind turbine, which is 150 kW. The rating of the
SCIGh should be equal to the rating of the hydro turbine, which is
35 kW. Commercially available SCIG whose rating is close to 35
kW is of 37.3 kW rating. Hence, the rating of SCIGh is taken as
37.3 kW. The parameters of the turbines and SCIGs are given in
the Appendix.

B. Selection of Voltage of DC Link and Battery Design

The dc-bus voltage (Vdc) must be more than the peak of the line
voltage.

where ma is the modulation index normally with a maximum
value of one and Vac is the rms value of the line voltage.
Considering the ability of the proposed system to supply
electricity to a load of 60 kW for 10 h, the design storage capacity
of the battery bank is taken as 600 kW h. The commercially
available battery bank consists of cells of 12 V. The nominal
capacity of each cell is taken as 150 A h. To achieve a dc-bus
voltage of 700 V through series connected cells of 12 V, the
battery bank should have (700/12) = 59 number of cells in series.
Since the storage capacity of this combination is 150 A h, and
the total ampere hour required is (600 kW h/700 V) = 857 A h,
the number of such sets required to be connected in parallel would
be (857 A h/150 A h) = 5.71 or 6 (selected). Thus, the battery
bank consists of six parallel-connected sets of 59 series connected
battery cells.

F. Selection of Specifications of Wind Turbine and Gear Ratio

The wind turbine is designed for 55 kW at 11.2 m/s, which is
considered as rated wind speed. For wind speeds below the rated
wind speed, the mechanical power Pm captured by the turbine is a
function of wind speed Vw, radius of turbine rw, density of air ,
and coefficient of performance Cp, and is given as

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Fig. 8. MATLAB simulation diagram of grid connected windhydro hybrid system with battery
.

The relationship between the coefficient of performance and tip
speed ratio for a typical wind turbine is shown in Fig. 5. The
maximum coefficient of performance (Cpmax) is achieved at
optimum tip ratio ( w). The values of Cpmax and w obtained
from the Fig. 5 are 0.4411 and 5.66, respectively. consider, Pm =
55 kW, Cp = 0.4411, wind speed Vw = 11.2 m/s, and density of
air = 1.1544 kg/m3 in (27), the radius of the wind turbine rw is
obtained as

At 11.2 m/s wind speed, the generator rotor speed is considered as
100 rad/s. Substituting the value of tip speed ratio = 5.66, radius
of the wind turbine = 7.5 m, wind speed = 11.2 m/s, and generator
speed = 100 rad/s, the gear ratio is obtained as

.
Cp is a function of tip speed ratio and blade-pitch angle [28] as

Where

Equations (11)(14) are used to simulate wind turbine. In the real
turbines above the rated wind speed, the blade-pitch control
comes in operation, and the turbine blades are pitched slightly out
of the wind to limit power. Conversely, the blades are turned
back into the wind whenever the wind drops again. The ratings
and the specifications of the selected components of the hybrid
system based on the aforementioned design procedure are used for
simulation purpose.

V. MATLAB-BASED MODELING

A simulation model is developed in MATLAB using Simulink
and Sim Power System set toolboxes. The simulation is carried
out on MATLAB version 10. The electrical system is simulated

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using Sim Power System. The different loads are modeled using
resistive and inductive elements and diode rectifier-fed resistive
loads combined with an LC filter. The unbalanced load is modeled
using breakers in individual phases. The developed MATLAB
model for the wind-hydro hybrid system is shown in Fig. 8.

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The performance of the wind-hydro hybrid system with battery
energy storage is demonstrated under different dynamic

Fig. 9. output voltage of grid connected 150kv and 30kv load.
conditions as shown in Figs. 910. Moreover, performance of the
wind-hydro hybrid system is studied with various electrical loads.
In fig.9 shows the grid voltage supply to 150KV load and
grid voltage supply to 30KV linear and nonlinear loads.

Fig. 10. Output voltage magnitude of linear, nonlinear, static
And dynamic loads.

C. Performance of WindHydro Hybrid System With Mixed
Load Consisting of Linear-, Nonlinear-, and Dynamic Loads

In Fig. 10, the performance of the wind-hydro hybrid system with
battery energy storage is shown with linear, nonlinear, static and
dynamic load at wind speed of 11 m/s. The performance of the
system is also studied under varying SCIGw rotor speeds due to
windspeed variations. It is observed that under all these
conditions, the wind-hydro hybrid system performs in the
desirable manner. Main objective of this paper is under varying
wind speed condition and load condition while maintaining
constant voltage.

VII. CONCLUSION
Among the renewable energy sources, small hydro and wind
energy have the ability to complement each other. Further, there
are many isolated locations which cannot be connected to the grid
and where the wind potential and hydro potential exist
simultaneously. For such locations, a new three-phase four wire
autonomous wind-hydro hybrid system, using one cage generator
driven by wind turbine and another cage generator driven by
hydro turbine along with BESS, has been modeled and simulated
in MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power System tool boxes.
The design procedure for selection of various components has
been demonstrated for the proposed hybrid system. The
performance of the proposed hybrid system has been
demonstrated under different electrical (consumer load variation)
and mechanical (with wind-speed variation) dynamic conditions.
It has been demonstrated that the proposed hybrid system
performs satisfactorily under different dynamic conditions while
maintaining constant voltage and frequency.

APPENDIX

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1) Parameters of 150-kW 415-V 50-Hz, Y-connected six-pole
SCIGw:
2) Parameters of 150-kW wind turbine: wind-speed range =
6.011.2 m/s, speed range = 4381 r/min,
3) Parameters of 37.3-kW 415-V 50-Hz Y-connected fourpole
SCIGh:
4).Battery Specifications: 415-V,40 Ah

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