Telecommunications Services

Course Overview
• Capabilities and features of a "Plain Old Telephone Service" (POTS) and
modern PSTN services.
• Basic components and features of the ISDN.
• Applications and features of public X25, Frame Relay and ATM
services.
i
• Accessing the Internet inc. ADSL and coax cable modems.
• Introduction to the Internet inc. role of ISPs and NSPs; WAP based
services.
services
• Introduction to GSM mobile radio networks and services.
• Introduction to Third Generation (3G) mobile services.
 Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)

• We probably take for

granted
t d th
thatt we can pick
i k up
a telephone, dial a number
and in seconds be connected
to a friend or colleague who
i th
is thousands
d of f miles
il away.
Every country in the world is
connected to the worldwide
automatically switched
network
t k andd virtually
i t ll every
community connected to a
PSTN can be called without
the intervention of a
t l h
telephone operator.
t
 POTS (Contd.)

• You can even dial a number

and be automatically
connected to someone aboard
a ship. The minimum service
provided by a PSTN is often
known as a "Plain Old
Telephone Service: (POTS)
• The basic "plain Old
Telephone“ service( POTS) is
provided by all PTOs.
• A POTS service allows a
caller
ll tot dial
di l a national
ti l or
international number and
gives 'confidence' (status
feedback) signals such as dial
tone, ringing tone and
engaged d tone.
t
 POTS (Contd.)
• The sequence of events and possible error conditions occurring when
someone makes a telephone call are listed below

– Caller dials a number

– System selects a route

– Connection established

– Called party answers

– Call terminated

– Error conditions
 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

• Modern PSTN are capable of providing more advanced services than a POTS.
There is a table intended as an indication of the range
g of these extra
telephones services offered by PTOs

• Many services have detailed or substantially differing implementations in

d ff
different countries andd by
b different
d ff PT
PTOS, sometimes as a resultl off
regulation. There is considerable overlap between services, and they may
have alternative names, perhaps proprietary. Some services may not be
available to customers with older telephone equipment. Often services are
limited geographically.
 PSTN (Contd.)
• How services are charged for varies widely and rapidly and is not
discussed in detaill here. Some services may be controlled
ll by an
authorization code. Some services include:
• Per Call Service -
• Diversion
Di i and dA
Answering
i
• PABX emulation
• Special rate Services
• Information
I f ti servicesi
• Other services
 PSTN (Contd.)
Diversion and answering Special rate services
Divert all calls Emergency services
Per call service
Divert when busy Freephone
Traditional Service
Divert on no reply Local call
Caller display
Voice mail National rate
Call return Response call
Operator answer
Ring back when free Premium rate
PABX
Call waiting
CENTREX
Conference call
Automatic Call Distribution
Charge advise
Hunting group
Call barring Call pick-up Group
Hotline Call transfer

Short code dialling

 PSTN (Contd.)
Other services
Information services
Payphone
Directory enquiries
Call direct
Time
Voice response
Announcement
Alarm call
Broadcast services
Telemessage
 PSTN (Contd.)

• In CENTREX, a public Telecommunications Operator (PTO) provides

PABX services to customers by segmenting the software in PSTN
exchanges so that a CENTREX customer has a "partition“
exchanges, "partition apparently
independent of the public exchanges. Every “extension" has an
individual path to the CENTREX exchange, and such functions as
internal numbering, PABX operators.
 ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)

• The ISDN allows access to several services. It can be used to carry data from a 
terminal to a remote server. ISDN can also carry voice and video communications. 
All these services are available using a standard copper pair connection from the 
local exchange. They are 
– Voice 
Voice
– Graphics
– Video
– Fax
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services
• Most business use a Local Area Network (LAN) in their day to day activities,
allowing terminals to access and store files and access database located on a
server. To connect outside the LAN, a WAN service is required.

• Most PTOs offer leased lines which pprovide a fixed bandwidth, synchronous
y
connection between points. Typical bit rates include 64Kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s.
Some operators also offer an "nX64Kbit/s" service where n is from one to
six, typically.

• Normally a line connects to the customer's equipment (CPE) using a physical

interface as specified by ITU-T recommendations G.703.
 X25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• G.703 is an ITU-T recommendation dealing with the physical interface for

copper pair
i and
d coax cable
bl lines
li carrying
i synchronous
h 64 kbit/s
kbit/ signals
i l and
d
plesiochronous (PDH) signals at (for example) 1.54 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s, and 8
Mbit/s.

• Leased lines not be cost effective, especially if the link is only used
intermittently and/or several different sites have to be interconnected. Also,
the bandwidth of leased line does not approach the bandwidth of a modern LAN
and so mayy act as a "bottleneck",, to avoid congestion
g 8 Mbit/s or 34 mbit/s lines
may be available, but are very expensive.

• Most PTOs offer some form of X25 access to a public data network. The use of
such service by business is widespread.
widespread
 X25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• As X25 is widely used, a service provider will provide many access

points - this means that a business can easily
l interconnect may sites. A
common application for an X25 data service is to connect many
geographically separated terminals to a central server e.g. EPOS

• Electronic Point of Sale - Electronic cash machines connected to a Wide

Area Network can upload information to a central database, allowing
stock assessment,, price
p adjustment
j and bank card verification.
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• Features of X25
– X25 suite of protocols provide flow control, error checking and
ARQ.
– X25 data services are available not only within national networks
b t also
but l allow
ll connection
ti off terminals
t i l ini different
diff t countries.
t i
– Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC) and Switched Virtual Circuits
(SVC) are available.
– For these reasons,
reasons X25 is used for secure and reliable data
transfer.
– However, the data transfer rates possible within X25 are limited.
When largeg f files have to be transferred
f or if
f interconnection
between LANs is required another type of WAN service must be
considered.
X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)- A method of error correction in

which blocks
l of data found to contain errors at the receiving station
are automatically requested for repeat transmission from the
transmitting station.
• A virtual circuit provided by a network appears to the end user as if it
were a connection over dedicated physical lines. However, a virtual
circuit does not necessarily have particular physical or logical network
resources dedicated to it.
• For example, in packet switching, a virtual circuit will share link
resources dynamically with many other circuits. If a particular
connection has no data to send, no network resources are used by that
connection.
connection
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• Frame-relay technology is widely used by network operators that provide

l
long-distance
di t d
data
t communications
i ti service
i tot companies.
i It iis d
designed
i dffor
ordinary data applications and transmits data frames with variable length.

• Frame
F m relay
y leaves data checking
g and acknowledgment
gm procedures
p to the
network users and the protocols in use are much simpler and can support a
much higher data rate.

• Frame relay consists of an efficient data transmission technique used to

send digital information. It is a message forwarding "relay race" like system
in which data packets,
packets called frames,
frames are passed from one or many start-
start
points to one or many destinations via a series of intermediate node points.
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• A frame relay service carries each packet inside a frame that is error
checked by the network, any frames that contain errors are simply l
discarded. Frame relay leaves it to the communications protocol
operating in a terminal to request data retransmission. This allows
faster data transfer because unlike X25,
X25 packets/frames are not
acknowledged. Frame relay only operates efficiently when links have
good error performance. If there're more than a few errors,
retransmission requests cause performance to deteriorate rapidly.
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• A data frame is used to transport data over a synchronous link and

consists of a sequence of a certain number of bytes. A frame structure
is the set of rules which determines, for example, how many bytes are
in the frame, which bytes are available for data and which bytes are
reserved for the operation of the link (the overhead bytes).
bytes)
• The first byte or bytes in a frame identify the beginning of the frame;
this is the Frame Alignment Word. Other bytes may be reserved for
error checking the contents of the frame.
• The nodes within a Time Division Multiplex network identify individual
received bytes by the order in which they are received.
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM Services (Contd.)

• Frame relay supports data rates up to 50 Mbps. Frame-relay technology

is usually used to provide semi
semi-permanent
permanent connections for LAN
interconnections.
• The network operator sets up a virtual connection between endpoints
and frames with circuit identifiers are routed through the network
• The network capacity is shared between users and the cost for long-
distance connections is much lower than cost of leased-line connections.
Frame relay is a technology for data transmission and it does not
support isochronous transmission,
transmission such as voice or video,
video which requires
low and constant delay.
• Although SVC operation with frame Relay access to a data network is
possible,
poss ble, many service
serv ce providers
prov ders offer just PVC
V serv
service
ce w
with
th each PVC
V
pre-configured for a certain average level of throughput. Both national
and international connections are possible.
 Internet
• Please open your texts to ADSL for discussion

• DMT - Discrete Multi Tone. A form of QAM where many different

carrier frequencies are used, each modulated in phase and amplitude.

• A system using DMT can dynamically change the frequencies used to

avoid any interfering signals that may be affecting the line.
 Internet (Contd.)
• Several types of organisations are involved in providing the Internet's resources
• POP - A point
i t of
f presence (POP) acts
t as th
the iinterface
t f b
between
t customers
t and
d th
the
internet service Provider(ISP) and houses routers, WWW servers and local domain
name servers.
• Residential and business customers gain access to the internet service using one of
several different methods;
– An analogue modem connected to the PSTN
– An ISDN connection
– An ADSL or SDSL broadband connection
– Larger business customers may be connected using a leased line.
• The ISP combines customers' internet traffic into a single steam of IP packets.
before passing them to the internet backbone
 Internet (Contd.)

• ISP - An internet service provider (ISP) allows customers access to the

I t
Internett th
through
h a POP
POP. An
A ISP maintains
i t i one or severall POPs.
POP A national
ti l or
international ISP will use its own WAN(ISP backbone) to interconnect its POPs
and to connect to a NAP. The links for the ISP's WAN may be leased from a
Long Distance Carrier such as a PTO

• Smaller ISPs may gain access to the Internet backbone using a leased line
terminated at a REP
• REP - Regional Exchange Point - A mechanism for Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) to interconnect with at least one Network Access Point (NAP).

• Broadband WANs have been built in Europe and Asia to serve the rapid growth
of
f internet
i t t traffic.
t ffi Th These
s WANs are connected
t d to
t th
the USA b
by hi
high
h capacity
it
submarine fibre-optic cables using SDH and WDM to carry telephony, video and
data in addition to internet traffic.
 Internet (Contd.)
( )

• Network Access Point - Provides a mechanism for Network Service Providers

(NSP) andd Internet
I t t Service
S i Providers
P id (ISP) to
t interconnect
i t t their
th i Wid
Wide A
Area
Networks (WANs). ISPs and NSPs must have bilateral agreements with at least
another ISP/NSP to attach to a NAP. At the time of writing, NAPs include:
Sprint New York NAP, AmeriTech Chicago NAP, PacBell in San Francisco and Los
A
Angeles
l and d MCI C Communications
i ti f
facilities
iliti iin W
Washington
hi t (MAE
(MAE-East),
E t) San
S J Jose
(MAE-West), Dallas (MAE-Central), France (MAE-Paris) and Germany (MAE-
Frankfurt).
• Some NAPs are run by not-for profit organisations including the London Internet
Exchange (LINK).
• Usually, a REP will not provide inter-NAP connectivity but does allow two or more
ISPs to exchange traffic.
 Internet (Contd.)

ISPs offer several services

• ACCESS INTERFERING (PSTN and ISDN)
– Many small business and residential users access the internet using the
PSTN. The ISP has racks of modems which answer PSTN calls.
– The customers IP traffic is combined with other customer's
customer s traffic before
being routed over the ISPs connection to the Internet backbone.
• ROUTER and SERVER MANAGEMENT
– The ISP maintains routers, switches and local Domain Name (DNS) servers
which
hi h direct
di t a customer's
t ' IP traffic
t ffi th
throughh ISP
ISPs LLocall network
t k tto th
the
internet backbone. As well as a local DNS server, the ISP customers’ mails
are stored in its Email server so that each message can be retrieved by its
intended recipient. Web site servers store the HTML files that make up a
W b Sit
Web Site. Th
The servers
s s andd routers
t s att a POP are interconnected
i t t d by
b a LAN
 Internet (Contd.)

• DOMAIN NAME REGISTRATION

– A customer subscribing to an ISP
ISP'ss Email service is allocated a unique identifier.
identifier The
identifier(URL) may be based on the ISP's domain name for example, of he ISP
"compuserve“ may have an Email address such as jsmith@compuserve.com where jsmith
is the "local part "of the address and compuserve.com is the ISPs registered domain
name.
– Alternatively the ISP will, On behalf of the customer, register a new domain name with
the appropriate DNS registrar.
• EMAIL SERVICES
– Email messages are transported over the internet using the SMTP protocol which
provides an end-to-end delivery system. If the intended recipient is not available the
SMTP server will try later. Eventually, if a message cannot be delivered, a notification
may be returned to the sender.
– An ISP maintains an Email server which acts as a mailbox for remotes users. Messages
are stored on the server until a customer "logs on "and accepts delivery of the
message. Security measures, such as passwords, are designed to ensure that only
authorised recipients can access messages.
 Internet (Contd.)

• WEB SITE HOSTING and DESIGN

– Most ISPs provide Web site hosting services; the ISP ISP'ss web site servers store the
HTMl Files belonging to different sites. A particular site is identified by a uniform
resource Locator (URL). A Web site can also be located on a server at the customer's
premises with a dedicated link provided by a leased line or an SDSL connection ) to the
POP
• WEB
EB SERVICES
E E
– THE WAP protocol are designed to provide Internet based services over GSM mobile
phone networks.
• WAP GATEWAYS
– The
h WAP gateway retrieves requested d information
f from
f a server, processes it and
d
passes it via the mobile network to the client. Ideally, the data stored on the server
should be in WML format to suit the presentation capabilities of a mobile phone.
However, if necessary, the gateway may be able to convert form HTML to WML. Some
gateways can communicate over different data bearer services such as SMS,GPRS and
3G (UMTS)
– The gateway may also pass billing information to the mobile networks' billing system
 Internet (Contd.)

• WAP SERVICES
– WAP allows
ll a network
t k operator
t tot supply
l various
i text,
t t graphics
hi andd menu based
b d
interactive services to mobile phone users. services include message notification and
call management.
– To access these services, a mobile phone must be loaded with WAP browser software
and use a WAP enabled connection.
connection
• WAP CONNECTIONS
– The existing SMS service can be employed to provide a connection between the mobile
phone and the WAP service gate way, an interactive service requires a fast response
time to p prevent user frustration.
f
– Network operators are beginning to provide bearer services which offer a fast, more
responsive service. These include HSCSD and GPRS. The faster bearer service offered
by 3G mobile networks is ideal for WAP . Special WAP enabled phone with capability of
employing these enhanced transfer services are now available.
 Internet (Contd.)

WAP PROTOCOL
• Several mobile phone manufacturers and service providers have agreed
upon a set of common standards for the delivery of Internet based
services to mobile phones. The WAP protocol include WML which
defines the format of the information stored on a server ready for
display o a mobile phone screen
• Other WAP protocol are responsible for transferring data between the
mobile p
phone and the WAP gateway
g y over different types
yp of WAP
connection
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks
• GSM - Global System for Mobile communications (originally Groupe
Speciale
l Mobile),
l ) the European
E body responsible
l for specifying digitall
mobile radio systems. Also used for systems meeting those
specifications.

• The GSM specifications are now managed by 3GPP, the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project.
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

ANALOGUE SYSTEMS
• The first generation public mobile systems used analogue techniques
and frequencies in the 450 MHZ and 900 MHZ bands. A number of
different and incompatible arrangements for signalling and frequency
channels were used.
used
• These analogue mobile services, aimed at car users, were very popular
and, therefore, users in some areas experienced poor GoS (grades of
service)) at p
peak time due to lack of channels. Digital
g systems
y make use
of frequency spectrum and so DAMPS, GSM and PCS have been
designed and implemented in many countries-to common standards.
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)
• DAMPS - Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System. AMPS is the North American
analogue
l cellular
ll l phone
h system;
t digital
di it l AMPS is
i a TDMA (time
(ti division
di i i multiple
lti l
access) development of AMPS, sharing many characteristics with GSM but with
fundamental differences also.

S/No Frequency Band Channel Spacing Countries

NMT 450 450 MHz 12.5KHz Nordic Countries, Luxemborg, 
Belgium, Spain, Austria
l i S i i
NMT 900 900 MHz 12.5KHz Some of the above and switzerland
AMPS 900 MHz 30 KHz USA
TACS & ETACS 900 MHz 25KHz UK and Ireland and Nigeria
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)
GSM SERVICES
• H
High
gh Quality
Qual ty Phone
hone
– The prime requirement if for a high quality, fully integrated telephone
service, just like the PSTN. Generally, users will not tolerate any
noticeable degradation in voice quality although a slightly longer time to
connect may beb acceptable.
bl GGSM
M andd PCS
PC systems provide d just about
b all
ll
the PSTN advanced services we have previously discussed, though
charging patterns may be very different from those for PSTN services.
• FAX
– The GSM specification does provide for a facsimile service using a
laptop PC or hand held terminal although at al lower bit rate(9,6Kbit/s)
than is p
possible with a PSTN fax service. Some mobile network
operators provide a service where a mobile user can send a text message
using the SMS to a particular fax machine.
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)
• Message Service
– GSM and PCS provide a class of service by means of the control channel between
base stations and mobiles. The fundamental service is the short message service.
In SMS, a message input from the kea pad of a mobile, is delivered to another
mobile phone. there it may be read when the owner whises,stored,deleted or
replied to.
to IF the recipient is switched off or out of range
range, the message is stored
and forwarded the next time he/she appears.
• Data
– Two classes of data service are available. Transparent bearer services use FEC
b the
but h application
l has
h to be
b able
bl to tolerate
l higher
h h residual
d l error ratios and d an
end-to-end delay of tenths of a second. Non-transperent bearer services use, in
addition to FEC an ARQ protocol to achieve much improved BERs, but the ARQ
mechanism may result in varying delays of up to several seconds in block transfer,
l d
leading to bbuffer
ff problems
bl andd perhaps
h call
ll termination, unless
l applications
l are
designed specially.
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

ENHANCED MOBILE DATA SERVICE

• Enhanced mobile data service are being deployed which offer faster connection
to the internet and other internet related services

• GPRS DATA SERVICE

– The GPRS service is an alternative to HSCSD and is based on packet
switching rather than circuit switching techniques. Each user can begin
transferring data in less than a second. Up to eight TDMA timeslots can be
shared by all GPRS-
GPRS enabled phones in a cell area with data transfer rates of
up to 115Kbit/s. However, the GPRS services available typically use three
timeslots or less available to each user depends on the traffic demands of
other users and may reduce even father. GPRS allows new services such as
MMS and WAP access to be offered
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

• CONVENTIONAL GSM DATA SERVICES

– As with speech calls, a standard GSM data service reserves a single
TDMA timeslot for each call connection. This data service uses a
high degree of FEC with associated overheads so the transfer rate
is only 9.6kbit/s.
9 6kbit/s
• The only other service, SMS is limited to a maximum number of text
160 characters per message. Newer mobile data service offer data
transfer rated near to those pprovided by
y a fixed connection such as
ISDN
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

• SMS Short Message Service - in GSM, the service which allows the
transfer of messages up to 160 characters long
l between mobiles
l and
between mobiles and other services - the Internet, for example.
Developments of SMS to provide longer messages and other
information services have been implemented by different operators.
operators

HSCSD DATA SERVICE

• Some network operator have an enhanced service known as HSCSD.
HSCSD
This service allocates two or more TDMA timeslots per user to increase
the data transfer rate.
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

• PCS - Personal Communications System - a development of GSM which

uses the 1800 MHz band (1900
( MHz in North America). ) PCS networks
are designed for hand-portables rather than car-mounted units. PCS
operators often offer innovative charging arrangements, for example,
free calls off
off-peak
peak, pre
pre-purchased
purchased calls and/or tariffs inclusive of some
call charges. Except where specifically noted, "GSM" includes PCS in
this course.
GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

TARRIFS
• Technically, GSM phones can be used with any GSM network and operator
therefore need to encourage customers to continue service with then rather
than repeatedly change to competing operator( a problem known as churn). It
was therefore normal to require new customers to sign minimum 12 months
contract and to discourage churn by requiring substantial payments for
reprogramming SIMs
• Now that the market for mobile phones has matured, tariffs have been set up to
encourage
g use as a replacement
p phone
p system
y for all,, rather than an additional
phone system for mobile users. To this end, various options are offered by the
competing GSM PTOs
• Newer mobile services include higher bandwidth services with mobile video-
phones integrated with satellite mobile service and "third
phones, third generation "Universal
Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service
 GSM Mobile Radio Networks (Contd.)

• Churn - especially in mobile systems, when a customer repeatedly

changes service supplier
l (for
( example,
l to take advantage of "signing up"
offers). Churn is a problem for service suppliers because of repeated
administration costs and possible bad debts.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
• We have seen that GSM systems are well-developed and are fulfilling
many demands for mobile
l services. so why is another system needed?
there are two main answers and this chapter deals with both.
– Answer (1) - we need more of the same. Third Generation (3G)
mobile systems attempt to address the spiral demand for mobile
services.
– Answer (2) - we need new, different things. The design of 3G has
been structured for new services,, including
g services not yet
y
conceived.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
(C d )
(Contd.)
• Mobile Explosion
• Second generatrion,2G,mobile systems have been extremely successful
and have exceeded all predictions for traffic growth. Traditionally in
telecoms, it has been possible to limit growth by charging high prices or
by setting up waiting lists for connection
connection, or both
both. But in the
competitive mobile market these methods are impossible and
consequently congestion has been a feature at peak times in urban
areas, resulting in lost calls and other difficulties. the resulting
pressure has led to demands for vastly increased capacity-bandwidths,
switching capacity and interconnection. All of these are addressees by
third generation, 3G systems, the dominant example of which is the
Universal Mobile Telecommunications system(UMTS).
system(UMTS)
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
(C d )
(Contd.)
• Another explosion of traffic has been in the use of internet and mobile
users demand mobilel access to the internet. The originall 2G of
accessing the internet is now seen as limited and other facilities such
as GPRS have been added to meet demands for wider-band mobile
internet UMTS has been specifically designed with IP traffic as a
internet.
major consideration ultimately it is foreseen that almost all traffic will
eventually be carried by IP with Voice over IP (VoIP) being used for 3G
telephony service
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
(C d )
(Contd.)
• GPRS - General Packet Radio Service - A service designed for
transporting emaill and WAP (internet)
( ) traffic. The technology
l allows
ll
mobile phone users to remain attached to the network eliminating the
need for call set-up each time a customer wants to send or receive
data.
data
• A data transfer rate equivalent to an ISDN connection is achievable.
However, data rates vary, dependent on the levels of network traffic
and the distance of the user from a base station and other factors.

• GPRS uses packet switching techniques to allow GPRS-enabled mobile

phone clients in a cell to share up to eight timeslots. Timeslot resources
can be shared dynamically between speech and data services according
to traffic load and operator preference.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
(C d )
(Contd.)
• 3G SERVICES
MESSAGE SERVICE
– SMS was initially thought of as a minor part of GSM, but it popularity
for exchanging messages has grown very rapidly. The success of SMS
drove the development of an enhanced SMS service -Enhanced
Enhanced
Messaging Service (EMS) which allows sounds and pictures to be
transmitted or received.
– A service with even m
more facilities
f was then developed
p for
f use with 3G
systems in particular. This Multimedia Messaging Service(MMS) allows
the exchange of audio, pictures and even video.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
(C d )
(Contd.)
LOCATION SERVICE
– The location of a mobile is used internally by the network for
example it is necessary to know a users location to put calls through
to him. However, this information could also be used as a component
of a service for example emergency call centre could be advised of
a users' position as part of handling his emergency.

A 3G service provider could use a user's

user s location to apply a cheaper
'home' tarriff when the mobile is located at the registered home
address and a more expensive tariff when the mobile located at the
registered home address and a more expensive tarriff when a user is on
the move.
th
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
(C d )
(Contd.)
DATA SERVICES
• UMTS comes with a data transfer service with a performance at least
as good as GPRS and possibly far faster. such a high speed service could
be used, for example, to access a WAP based information service to
browse the World Wide Web.
Web Data cards are now available that a slot
into a laptop computer to give radio access to the internet
• It also provides Roaming.
• An upgrade to WCDMA systems known as High Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA) an improve data transfer rates in the direction from
the network to the mobile device. Up to 2Mbit/s is possible in the
downlink direction when this upgrade is implemented.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access. The multiple access method
used in UMTS systems. The “Wideband”
“ is historicall and has had no
significance since a 1999 international decision that all UMTS CDMA
systems shall use similar bandwidths – though there is now a narrower
bandwidth alternative.
alternative
• Code Division Multiple Access provides the means of sharing radio
resources between users.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
• GPS - Global Positioning System - The GPS was built by the United
States Defence Department to provide accurate navigationall positioning
for its military forces. It consists of a series of satellites which
transmit signals to mobile receiving stations. These stations can use the
GPS signals to determine their position with a accuracy of a few
metres. The GPS is also available for non military use.
• The stability of the frequency of the GPS signals has to be very high in
order to provide the necessary navigational accuracy.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
Determining Location
• A mobile location can be determined by identifying the cell it is currently
using though a cell could be relatively large especially rural area.
• A better accuracy can be achieved by measuring the time it takes for a
signal from a mobile to reach three different base stations. In this case a
mobile's location can be calculated with an accuracy of between 200 to 500
meters
• The third and most accurate method used a satellite navigation system such
as a GPS to determine a mobile's location. Mobile devices equipped to use
such a location service can be located to within 5 to 50 meters
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
• GSM uses TDMA. UMTS uses a wide-band modulation/multiple access
technique known as Wideband Code Division Multiplel l access technique
known as WCDMA.
• In a GSM cell mobiles use different frequencies and transmits at
different times.
times In a UMTS cell all active mobiles in a cell
simultaneously transmit at the same frequency. A receiver can tune
into a particular signal because each signal is encrypted with a
different security code per user.
• GSM networks use circuit switched techniques although packet-
switched functionality has been added later in the form of GPRS. IP
mode has been designed into UMTS from the beginning.
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
• Another difference which causes considerable technical concerns in
UMTS is the compatibility
l with existing mobilel systems. 2G systems
were not required to interwork with the then-existing mobile systems
(except in the USA) which gave them considerable flexibility. A
requirement of UMTS systems is that they interoperate with GSM
systems at least for voice calls. It has also been a design objective that
as much as possible of the existing GSM infrastructure should be
usable for UMTS reducing 3G implementation costs and the numbers of
necessary extra
t b base station
t ti sites.
it
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
FREQUENCY SHARING
• The pressure on frequency allocations for mobile systems, caused by
the phenomenal success of 2G systems and the demand for wideband
service, led to the selection of a fundamentally different multiple
access system,
system Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WCDMAWCDMA,forfor 3G
• In contrast with GSM where GMSK is used to limit the bandwidth of
the modulated signal to roughly 200KHZ, WCDMA deliberately spreads
basebands traffic signals
g so that the modulated signal
g occupy
py 5MHz.
However, this 25-fold increases in occupied bandwidth saves frequency
spectrum because, in general, all cells and users transmit on the same
frequency
 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Networks
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(Contd.)
• In GSM systems, several carriers can be used in a cell with each carrier
using TDMA to carry up to eight channels.l Adjacent cells
ll use a
different set of carriers. However, UMTS uses a radically different
technique for both channel and cell separation. Each transmission is
allocated a spreading code which when multiplied with a baseband
baseband,
spreads it to the full bandwidth. At the receiver the same spreading
code is multiplied with the received signal and the baseband signal
recovered. Spreading codes are pseudo-random sequences and the
process iis, in
i essence, encryption/decryption.
ti /d ti I
Indeed,
d d WCDMA
originated in long-established military communications.
 END OF MODULE

Q
QUESTIONS!!!