Abejo, Hanna E.

Garcia, Jenica Anne M.

Resurreccion, Christophe Rafael

Lth Band Filter (Lowpass)

The following list of references are gathered to provide knowledge and
understanding regarding the Lth-band Filters or the Nyquist filters with a lowpass
design. Based on the books we have collected, and several other articles on the
internet, we have found that the ideal filter design to use is the lowpass filter since an
Lth-band is ideally a lowpass filter. Presented with the list of references are the topics to
be studied and the concepts on how to design a Nyquist filter. On these references also
are some example filter designs using lowpass Lth-Band filters, its characteristics, and
some concepts on how to learn about it.

We believe that the examples here would help us gain more information and help
us design a lowpass filter with the characteristics of an Lth-Band to complete our case
study effectively.

References

1. Milic, Ljiljana. (2009). Multirate Filtering for Digital Signal Processing: MATLAB
Applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Chapter 7, page 206-.

Lth Band Digital Filters
Chapter 7

Digital Lth-band FIR and IIR filters are the special classes of digital filters, which are of
particular interest both in single-rate and multirate signal processing. The common
characteristic of Lth-band lowpass filters is that the 6 dB (or 3 dB) cutoff angular frequency is
located at /L, and the transition band is approximately symmetric around this frequency. In
time domain, the impulse response of an Lth-band digital filter has zero valued samples at the
multiples of L samples counted away from the central sample to the right and left directions.
Actually, an Lth-band filter has the zero crossings at the regular distance of L samples thus
satisfying the so-called zero intersymbol interference property. Sometimes the Lthband filters
are called the Nyquist filters.

The important benefit in applying Lth band FIR and IIR filters is the efficient
implementation, particularly in the case L = 2 when every second coefficient in the transfer
function is zero valued. Due to the zero intersymbol interference property, the Lth-band filters
are very important for digital communication transmission systems. Another application is the
construction of Hilbert transformers, which are used to generate the analytical signals. The Lth-
band filters are also used as prototypes in constructing critically sampled multichannel filter
banks. They are very popular in the sampling rate alteration systems as well, where they are
used as decimation and interpolation filters in single-stage and multistage systems.

This chapter starts with the linear-phase Lth-band FIR filters. We introduce the main
definitions and present by means of examples the efficient polyphase implementation of the
Lth-band FIR filters. We discuss the properties of the separable (factorizable) linear-phase FIR
filter transfer function, and construct the minimum-phase and the maximum-phase FIR transfer
functions. In sequel, we present the design and efficient implementation of the halfband FIR
filters (L = 2). The class of IIR Lth-band and halfband filters is presented next. Particular
attention is addressed to the design and implementation of IIR halfband filters. Chapter
concludes with several MATLAB exercises for self study.


Lth-BAND LINEAR-PHASE FIR FILTERS: DEFINITIONS AND PROPERTIES

In this section, we consider the basic properties of the linear-phase Lth-band FIR filters. The
filter transfer function H(z) of such a filter can be expressed in the form

H(z)=

where, obviously, the filter length N is an odd number,
N = 2K +1.
Since the filter is of a linear phase, the impulse response coefficients are symmetric,
h[2K n]= h[n] for n = 0, 1, , 2K.
The frequency response of a linear-phase filter is expressible in the form
H(

)=

H()
where H() is the zero-phase frequency response given by
H()=

The filter H(z) is an Lth-band filter if the impulse response coefficients satisfy the following
conditions
h[K]=1 L, h[K rL]= 0 for r =1,2, , K L ,
where [x] stands for the integer part of x. Figure 7.1(a) illustrates the above conditions for the
case K =10 and L = 4. Here, the value of the central coefficient h[10] is exactly 1/L = 1/4, and the
zero crossings occur at n = 10 4, and n = 10 8.

Equation (7.6) defines the time-domain conditions for the Lth-band filter. It was proved by
Mintzer(1982) that filters satisfying the time-domain conditions defined by (7.6) satisfy also the
following condition in the frequency domain
(

MATLAB Functions
In MATLAB, function firnyquist from the Filter Design Toolbox designs a lowpass linear-
phase Lthband FIR filter with an equiripple magnitude characteristic. With the following code,
we compute the impulse response coefficients
h = firnyquist(Nord,L,ro);
Program firnyquist, for the given filter order Nord, factor L, and the roll-off factor ro,
returns in the vector h the impulse response coefficients of the linear-phase Lth-band filter. The
filter magnitude response exhibits equiripple characteristic in the pass and stopbands. Several
options are available with firnyquist, and some of them will be used later on in this chapter.
h = firnyquist(20,4,0.2); % Computing the Nyquist filter coefficients
Lth-band filters exhibit a very attractive property when they are used in interpolation.
Namely, when the interpolation-by-L is performed with an Lth-band filter, the original values of
the input samples appear at the output without any distortion at the regular time intervals of L
samples. The in-between L1 samples are determined by interpolation. This becomes evident
when observing the interpolation process in detail. It is well known that the interpolation- by-L
consists of two operations: up-sampling-by-L, and the lowpass filtering.
The illustrative example plotted in Figure 7.1 was designed by means of firnyquist with
the following parameters














2. T. Saramaki, Handbook for Digital Signal Processing, Eds. S.K. Mitra, J.F. Kaiser, Wiley,
New York 1993.

4-10-2 Design of Lth Band (Nyquist) Filters


























3. Crochiere, Ronald and Rabiner, L. (1983). Multirate Digital Signal Processing. Murray Hill,
New Jesery: Prentice Hall.

Half-bands are a type of Lth-band filters (Nyquist filters) with an L value of two.






4. Filter design toolbox for use with MATLAB. Users guide. Version 6. (2006). Natick:
MathWorks.
FIR Nyquist (L-th band) Filter Design
This example shows how to design lowpass FIR Nyquist filters. It also compares these filters
with raised cosine and square root raised cosine filters. These filters are widely used in pulse-
shaping for digital transmission systems. They also find application in interpolation/decimation
and filter banks.

Magnitude Response Comparison
The plot shows the magnitude response of an equiripple Nyquist filter and a raised cosine filter. Both filters have an
order of 60 and a rolloff-factor of 0.5. Because the equiripple filter has an optimal equiripple stopband, it has a larger
stopband attenuation for the same filter order and transition width. The raised-cosine filter is obtained by truncating
the analytical impulse response and it is not optimal in any sense.
NBand = 4;
N = 60; % Filter order
R = 0.5; % Rolloff factor
TW = R/(NBand/2); % Transition Bandwidth
f1 = fdesign.nyquist(NBand,'N,TW',N,TW);
f2 = fdesign.pulseshaping(NBand,'Raised Cosine','N,Beta',N,R);
heq = design(f1,'equiripple','Zerophase',true,'SystemObject',true);
hrc = design(f2,'window','SystemObject',true);
hfvt = fvtool(heq,hrc,'Color','white');
legend(hfvt,'Equiripple NYQUIST design','Raised Cosine design');

In fact, in this example it is necessary to increase the order of the raised-cosine design to about 1400 in order to
attain similar attenuation.
Impulse Response Comparison
Here we compare the impulse responses. Notice that the impulse response in both cases is zero every 4th sample
(except for the middle sample). Nyquist filters are also known as L-th band filters, because the cutoff frequency is Pi/L
and the impulse response is zero every L-th sample. In this case we have 4th band filters.
f1.FilterOrder = 38;
f2.FilterOrder = 38;
h1 = design(f1,'equiripple','Zerophase',true,'SystemObject',true);
h2 = design(f2,'window','SystemObject',true);
hfvt = fvtool(h1,h2,'Color','white','Analysis','Impulse');
legend(hfvt,'Equiripple NYQUIST','Raised Cosine');
title('Impulse response, Order=38, Rolloff = 0.5');

Nyquist Filters with a Sloped Stopband
Equiripple designs allow for control of the slope of the stopband of the filter. For example, the following designs have
slopes of 0, 20, and 40 dB/(rad/sample)of attenuation:
set(f1,'FilterOrder',52,'Band',8,'TransitionWidth',.05);
h1 = design(f1,'equiripple','SystemObject',true);
h2 = design(f1,'equiripple','StopbandShape','linear','StopbandDecay',20,...
'SystemObject',true);
h3 = design(f1,'equiripple','StopbandShape','linear','StopbandDecay',40,...
'SystemObject',true);
hfvt = fvtool(h1,h2,h3,'Color','white');
legend(hfvt,'Slope=0','Slope=20','Slope=40')

Minimum-Phase Design
We can design a minimum-phase spectral factor of the overall Nyquist filter (a square-root in the frequency domain).
This spectral factor can be used in a similar manner to the square-root raised-cosine filter in matched filtering
applications. A square-root of the filter is placed on the transmiter's end and the other square root is placed at the
receiver's end.
set(f1,'FilterOrder',30,'Band',NBand,'TransitionWidth',TW);
h1 = design(f1,'equiripple','Minphase',true,'SystemObject',true);
f3 = fdesign.pulseshaping(NBand,'Square Root Raised Cosine','N,Beta',N,R);
h3 = design(f3,'window','SystemObject',true);
hfvt = fvtool(h1,h3,'Color','white');
legend(hfvt,'Minimum-phase equiripple design',...
'Square-root raised-cosine design');

Decreasing the Rolloff Factor
The response of the raised-cosine filter improves as the rolloff factor decreases (shown here for rolloff = 0.2). This is
because of the narrow main lobe of the frequency response of a rectangular window that is used in the truncation of
the impulse response.
set(f1,'FilterOrder',N,'TransitionWidth',.1);
set(f2,'FilterOrder',N,'RolloffFactor',.2);
h1 = design(f1,'equiripple','Zerophase',true,'SystemObject',true);
h2 = design(f2,'window','SystemObject',true);
hfvt = fvtool(h1,h2,'Color','white');
legend(hfvt,'NYQUIST equiripple design','Raised Cosine design');

Windowed-Impulse-Response Nyquist Design
Nyquist filters can also be designed using the truncated-and-windowed impulse response method. This can be
another alternative to the raised-cosine design. For example we can use the Kaiser window method to design a filter
that meets the initial specs:
set(f1,'TransitionWidth',TW);
hwin = design(f1,'kaiserwin','SystemObject',true);
The Kaiser window design requires the same order (60) as the equiripple design to meet the specs. (Remember that
in contrast we required an extraordinary 1400th-order raised-cosine filter to meet the stopband spec.)
hfvt = fvtool(heq,hrc,hwin,'Color','white');
legend(hfvt,'Equiripple design',...
'Raised Cosine design','Kaiser window design');

Nyquist Filters for Interpolation
Besides digital data transmission, Nyquist filters are attractive for interpolation purposes. The reason is that every L
samples you have a zero sample (except for the middle sample) as mentioned before. There are two advantages to
this, both are obvious by looking at the polyphase representation.
fm = fdesign.interpolator(4,'nyquist');
Hm = design(fm,'kaiserwin','SystemObject',true);
hfvt = fvtool(Hm,'Color','white');
set(hfvt,'PolyphaseView','on');

The polyphase subfilter #4 is an allpass filter, in fact it is a pure delay (select impulse response in FVTool, or look at
the filter coefficients in FVTool), so that: 1. All of its multipliers are zero except for one, leading to an efficient
implementation of that polyphase branch. 2. The input samples are passed through the interpolation filter without
modification, even though the filter is not ideal.








5. Diniz, Paulo S. R. Adaptive Filtering: Algorithms and Practical Implementation. Springer Science
& Business Media, 2012.