Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)
61
Fired Heater Design
Mahesh N. Jethva
1
, C. G. Bhagchandani
2
1
M.E.,
2
Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad-380 015
Abstract- In fired heaters, heat is released by combustion
of fuels into an open space and transferred to process fluids
inside tubes. The tubes are ranged along the walls and roof
of the combustion chamber. The heat is transferred by
direct radiation and convection and also by reflection from
refractory walls lining the chamber. The design and rating
of a fired heater is a moderately complex operation. Here
forced draft fired heater, which is fired by fuel gas, has been
treated. For that all required equations and generalizations
are listed from different fired heater design methods as per
requirement. A fired heater design calculations are
performed using Microsoft Excel Programming software.
Keywords- Convective heat transfer, Heat balance,
Radiant heat transfer, Shield section.
I. INTRODUCTION
A fired heater is a direct-fired heat exchanger that uses
the hot gases of combustion to raise the temperature of a
feed flowing through coils of tubes aligned throughout
the heater. Depending on the use, these are also called
furnaces or process heaters. Some heaters simply deliver
the feed at a predetermined temperature to the next stage
of the reaction process; others perform reactions on the
feed while it travels through the tubes.
Fired heaters are used throughout hydrocarbon and
chemical processing industries such as refineries, gas
plants, petrochemicals, chemicals and synthetics, olefins,
ammonia and fertilizer plants. Most of the unit operations
require one or more fired heaters as start-up heater, fired
reboiler, cracking furnace, process heater, process heater
vaporizer, crude oil heater or reformer furnace.
Heater fuels include light ends (e.g. refinery gas) from
the crude units and reformers as well as waste gases
blended with natural gas. Residual fuels such as tar,
pitch, and Bunker C (heavy oil) are also used.
Combustion air flow is regulated by positioning the stack
damper. Fuel to the burners is regulated from exit feed
temperature and firing rate is determined by the level of
production desired.
A typical fired heater will have following four
sections: (1) Radiant section, (2) Shield section, (3)
Convection section, and (4) Breeching and stack. A fired
heater may be a box (rectangular c/s) or vertical
(cylindrical c/s) in shape. Same way, a fired heater may
be classified depending on location of the burners and
type of the draft.
II. RADIANT SECTION DESIGN
A. Radiant Heat Transfer in Radiant Section:
Applying basic radiation concepts to process-type
heater design, Lobo & Evans developed a generally
applicable rating method that is followed with various
modifications, by many heater designers. Direct radiation
in the radiant section of a direct fired heater can be
described by the equation shown below.
Where,
Where,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)
62
Where,
Where,
Where,
Where,
= Tube-wall thickness, ft
:
The inside film coefficient needed for the thermal
calculations may be estimated by several different
methods. The API RP530, Appendix C provides the
following methods,
For liquid flow with
10,000,
And for vapor flow with
15,000,
Where the Reynolds number is,
And the Prandtl number is,
Where,
Where,
for
Fin tubes:
Where,
Where,
Where,
= Colburn heat transfer factor
Where,
= Geometry correction
Where,
= Reynolds number =
Geometry correction,
:
For segmented fin tubes arranged in, a staggered
pattern,
an inline pattern,
For solid fin tubes arranged in, a staggered pattern,
an inline pattern,
Where,
= Fin height, in
= Fin spacing, in
Non-equilateral & row correction,
:
For fin tubes arranged in, Staggered pattern,
Inline pattern,
Where,
Where,
Where,
= Fin height, ft
= fin thickness, ft
And for solid fins,
)
And for segmented fins,
((
)(
) (
))
Where,
= fin thickness, ft
= Fin height, ft
vi. Fin Efficiency, :
For segmented fins,
And for solid fins,
(
)
Where,
And,
Where,
For segmented fins,
And for solid fins,
vii. Fin Tip Temperature,
:
The average fin tip temperature is calculated as
follows,
Where,
= Gas Temperature, F