Engineering Experimentation &

Measurements
[ EM312 ]
FahriHeltha
DepartmentOfEngineering
FahriHeltha
DepartmentOfEngineering
1
Lecture #03
The Accuracy of Measurement Systems in
the Steady-state
Review
I O
Element
I = the true value being measured.
O = the measured value, after the measurement
system complete.
Accuracy: E = measured value true value.
= system output system input.
LectureOutline
Measurement error of a system of ideal
element.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements.
Error reduction techniques.
Computer estimation of measured value.
Measurement error of a system of
ideal elements
1
I I
1
K
2 1
I O
3 2
I O
3
O
i
I
i
O
n
I O O
n

3
K
2
K
i
K
n
K
Consider the system below;
- Each element is ideal = linear and not subject to
environmental inputs, and also a=0, then:
I K K K K K O O
n i n

3 2 1

i i i
I K O
Measurement error of a system of
ideal elements
If the measurement is complete, then:
I O E
I K K K K E
n
) 1 (
3 2 1

1
3 2 1

n
K K K K
0 E
For ideal elements with zero intercept:
The system is perfectly accurate.
Measurement error of a system of
ideal elements
Example: A Simple Temperature Measurement System.
C T
T
0
C V K
0
1
/ 40
V T E ) (
V
C T
M
0
V C K / 25
0
3

V V K / 1000
2

I O E
I K K K K E
n
) 1 (
3 2 1

1 25 10 10 40
3 6
3 2 1


x x x K K K
0 E
Measurement error of a system of
ideal elements
In general the error of any measurement system
depends on the non-ideal characteristics e.g. non-
linearity, environmental and statistical effects of
every element in the system.
LectureOutline
Measurement error of a system of ideal
element.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements.
Error reduction techniques.
Computer estimation of measured value.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
1
I I
1
K
2 1
I O
3 2
I O
3
O
i
I
i
O
n
I O O
n

3
K
2
K
i
K
n
K
General calculation of system p(E) :
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
Example: ( )
Temperature measurement system.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
Models for temperature measurement system elements:
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
Summary of calculation of and for temperature system:
From Model
Equation of
each elements
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
and for system of elements described by error band:
Given any input value I, the error bands provide an indication
that the range of the error in the output is within h.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements
and for system of elements described by error band:
LectureOutline
Measurement error of a system of ideal
element.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements.
Error reduction techniques.
Computer estimation of measured value.
Error reduction techniques
Compensation method for NL and Environmental effects:
1. Introduce compensating NL element:
for correcting a NL element.
2. Isolation: to isolate the transducer from environmental
changes such that IM=II=0 :
Example, the use of spring mounting to isolate the
transducer from the vibration of the structure.
3. Zero environmental sensitivity: to isolate the transducer
from environmental, KM=KI=0 :
Example, the use of metal alloy with zero temperature
coefficients of expansion and resistance as a strain
gauge element.
Error reduction techniques
4. Opposing environmental inputs: the method of coping
with environmental inputs.
a). Compensating element.
Error reduction techniques
Example : Copper-constantan thermocouple.
Error reduction techniques
Example of the strain gauges, use 2 matched strain gauges in adjacent arms of
a bridge to provide compensation for ambient temperature changes. One gauge
is measuring a tensile strain +e and other e. The bridge effectively subtracts
the two resistances so that the strain effect is doubles and the environmental
effects cancel out.
b). Differential system.
Error reduction techniques
b). High-gain negative feedback: an important method of
compensating for IM and NL.
Error reduction techniques
Error reduction techniques
Error reduction techniques
LectureOutline
Measurement error of a system of ideal
element.
The error probability density function of
a system of non-ideal elements.
Error reduction techniques.
Computer estimation of measured value.
Computer estimation of measured value
1. Direct Model : for error estimation.
Computer estimation of measured value
2. Inverse Model : for error reduction.
Computer estimation of measured value
-Inverse Model Equation-
Principles:
Computer estimation of measured value
-Inverse Model Equation-
Example of displacement measurement system:
Summary
Has shown how to find the error of a complete
measurement system under steady-state
conditions (measurement error and error
probability density function) .
Has been discussed methods for error reduction
techniques.
Problem examples
Problem examples
Problem examples
Problem examples
THE END