A Study on Stack Ventilation System and Integrated Approaches

Shiv Lal
*
, S.C. Kaushik*and P.K. Bhargava**
*Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, elhi
**CSI!"Central Building !esearch Institute !oorkee
*
Corres#onding author, E"$ail address% Shivlal&'g$ail.co$
Abstract.
The (etter life style of society evidently de$ands huge energy. The (uilding, trans#ortation
and industries are $a)or energy de$and sectors *here +,- energy is consu$ed (y (uilding
sector .&/0. The ventilation 1 234C load of (uilding can (e reduced (y ado#ting the stack
ventilation syste$s and integration techni5ues. There is i$$ense o##ortunity for !1
#articularly in the a##lication for enhance$ent of ventilation and ther$al conditioning. This
#a#er co$$unicates the $ethod of reducing ventilation and cooling load of (uilding (y
a##lication of solar chi$ney and integrated a##roach in $odern (uildings.
Key words% 3entilation, Solar chi$ney, roof solar collector, Earth air tunnel etc.
1. Introduction
The largest energy consu$ed (y co$$ercial and residential (uilding a#art fro$ ++-
industry and 67- trans#ortation as sho*n in figure &. The energy is consu$ed in lightning,
heating, cooling, cooking, ventilation, *ashing, co$#uter, and refrigerator, etc. *hereas
heating and lighting are the $a)or energy contri(utors. The end use contri(ution (y
ventilation e5ui#$ents in 8S4 is &6- .&90 (ut in India it is a##ro:i$ate ;- .&;0. The
ventilation energy consu$#tion is not a less a$ount so s$all energy saving in this field *ill
reduce the (uilding energy load and hel# to save environ$ent.
Figure1. Energy de$and scenario. .&/0
It can (e #ossi(le (y (uild a solar chi$ney in south side of (uilding. The cause of selection of
south direction is that the (uilding situated in north he$is#here. If *ind flo* is negligi(le i.e.
in $etro#olitan cities due to cluster of (uildings, *indo* services are ineffective then
ventilation can (e enhanced through a##lying solar chi$ney technology and #roduce (etter
environ$ent conditions.
The (etter environ$ental condition $eans $ore satisfying *ork #lace and gives $ore
#roductive *orkforce. The evidence of this state$ent is not found (ut differences *ere
descri(ed (y Paul and Taylor in 6997 .660. They studied t*o different universities (uilding
and found 234C retrofitted (uilding *as $ore ther$ally co$fort (ut natural ventilated
(uilding *as having (etter air 5uality. In this study ther$ally disco$fort is the negative
as#ect in nor$al (uilding (ut *hen *e #rovide natural cooling <through E4T2, adsor#tion,
a(sor#tion and eva#orative cooling= *ill give (etter satisfying condition.
The energy consu$#tion is less in green (uildings as co$#ared to conventional (uildings.
The reduction of energy de$and in (uilding sector is an i$#ortant goal in current scenario
and *ill (e revie*ed the architectural design of (uilding. It has (een used in ur(an #lanning
fro$ last fe* years. >keil .69&90 has given the $ore energy efficient (uilding for$s. 2e
studied the various #ara$eters res#onsi(le for increasing the *inter solar e:#osure, reducing
the ur(an heat $itigation (y channel flo* or through i$#roved air flo* for *hich #ro$oting
the green roofs .690.
This #a#er deals *ith the enhance$ent techni5ues of natural ventilation and #erfor$ance
i$#roving integration techni5ues of solar chi$ney as !SC and ET2E integration.
2. Conentional solar chimney
In a (uilding air flo*s through an o#ening is due to <i= *ind forces and <ii= ther$al forces.
?hen *ind strikes on (uilding it creates #ositive #ressure on *ind*ard *all and negative
#ressure on lee*ard *all. If *e #rovide *indo* on (oth *alls, due to #ressure difference or
so develo#ed aero $otive force, *ind starts flo*ing fro$ higher #ressure region to lo*er
#ressure region and the s#ace get ventilated. The rate of air flo* increases *ith increase in
*indo* area and (eco$es o#ti$u$ at /9- area of floor area. @urther increase in *indo*
area, the increase in *ind flo* is insignificant. ?hen *ind s#eed is not sufficient to induce
natural ventilation (y *ind forces, then *ind flo* $ay (e induced (y ther$al forces (ased
on the #rinci#le of stack effect.
To counter this #ro(le$ of ventilation due to ther$al forces, solar chi$ney can (e for$ulated
in (uilding. The sche$atic vie* of a si$#le solar chi$ney is sho*n in figure 6. The solar
chi$ney is *orking on the #rinci#le of (uoyancy or stack effect *here air is heated (y solar
insolation. The solar chi$ney design is (ased on the fact that hot air rises u# creates suction
effect and that re#laces roo$ air (y a$(ient air. The solar chi$ney $ainly $ade of a (lack
hollo* ther$al $ass *ith o#ening at the to# for e:it the hot air and at (otto$ for entering the
roo$ air. The air is #assed through the roo$ and e:it fro$ the to# of chi$ney. The chi$ney
enhances the ventilation and reduces the te$#erature inside the roo$ *hen da$#er o#erates
at #osition <&=. It can *ork as reverse for heating the roo$ in cold region *hen da$#er
o#erates at #osition <6= *here chi$ney hot air can (e circulated in roo$. The $erits of solar
chi$neys areA there is no $echanical #art, Lo* $aintenance, Bo electrical #o*er
Consu$#tion, Bo glo(al *ar$ing, Bo Pollution and can (e used for (oth heating and
cooling. >nly one dra*(ack is to increases the cost of (uilding.
Figure2. Solar chi$ney used in (uilding ventilation.
The solar chi$neys have attracted $uch interest in various investigations in #ast t*o
decades. Bansal et al. .&,,+0 analytically studied a solar chi$ney"assisted *ind to*er for
natural ventilation in (uildings. The e:#ected effect of the solar chi$ney *as sho*n to (e
e:tensive in inducing natural ventilation for lo* *ind s#eeds.
Can and !iffat <&,,7= have investigated solar"assisted natural ventilation *ith heat"#i#e heat
recovery in naturally ventilated (uildings using a C@ techni5ue.
The natural ventilation and s#ace conditioning enhance$ent $ethods for (uildings have (een
#ro#osed (y BarroDi et al .+0, 2irunla(h et al .,0, 4lfonso .&0, rori .E0, Khedari et al .6/0,
>ng .&70 etc. The solar chi$ney have used for centuries #articularly in Euro#e (y !o$ans as
*ell as Fiddle East and north east (y Persians .70.
!. Solar chimney and roo" solar collector integration
The roof integrator solar collector $eans solar collector *ould (e situated at to# of roof. It is
different fro$ tro$(e *all. Ghai et al. .+90 suggested single #ass and dou(le #ass roof solar
collectors <!SC= for t*o $odes o#eration as s#ace heating and natural ventilation $ode as
sho*n in figure + <i= 1 <ii=.
4s #er the constructional feature of the single #ass !SC is given (y the nu$(ering and detail
in figure +<i= *here & 1 are da$#er, +"glass cover, /"a(sor(er #late, E"insulation #late, ;"air
channel, H1&9"tuyere, 7"air duct and ,"fan. The da$#er & 1 6 are used to o#erate the syste$
in t*o different $odes. The dou(le #ass !SC found &9- higher efficiency than the single
#ass !SC.

<a= <(=
Figure!. <i= Structure of single #ass roof solar collector <a= S#ace heating $ode. <(= Batural
ventilation $ode. .Ghai et al. 699/0

<c= <d=
Figure!. <ii= Structure of dou(le #ass roof solar collector <a= S#ace heating $ode. <(= Batural
ventilation $ode. &Ida$#er,6Ida$#er, +Ida$#er, /Iglass cover, EIa(sor(er #late, ;I
insulation #late, HIda$#er, 7Ituyere, ,Ituyere, &9Ifan, &&"tuyere, &6Iair channel &, &+
Iair channel 6, &/Iair duct.. Ghai et al. 699/0.
The roof solar chi$ney incor#orates the full collector area. !SC is insulated against the roo$
*hen it o#erates in su$$er. There are $any advantages of !SC as follo*s .2arris and
2el*ig 699H0
&. It is $ore aesthetical and #leasing than to*er
6. Large collector area easily achieved
+. Bo additional to*er needed
/. Less cost that to*er
E. Easier to retrofit
So$e of disadvantages of !SC are% it restricted the stack height, heat transfer (et*een glass
cover and air is higher than to*er, higher #ressure loss due to additional (ends and
incor#orate of additional ther$al $ass is $ore difficult.
4n integrated a##roach of tro$(e *all and !SC can (e used to increase the #erfor$ance of
solar chi$ney or to increase the ventilation of (uilding in su$$er and heating in *inter. This
a##roach is sho*n in figure /, *here da$#er #osition & and 6 are used for ventilation and
s#ace heating. This configuration gives (etter result than individual a##roaches of !SC and
conventional solar chi$ney.
Figure#. !SC and conventional solar chi$ney
#. Solar chimney and earth tunnel heat e$changer Integration
The soil te$#erature at the de#th of 6"+ $eter found sta(le and constant throughout the year
and it is a##ro:i$ately e5ual to the average annual a$(ient air te$#erature. Sharan and
Jadhav .69960 studied the soil te$#erature regi$es of 4h$eda(ad India. The result of their
*ork is that the de#th (elo* + $eter is suita(le for earth air tunnel or Earth tunnel heat
e:changer <ET2E=. The ET2E can (e used in (uildings for heating in *inter and cooling in
su$$er u# to so$e e:tent that surely reduces the energy (ill. 4 sche$atic diagra$ E is
sho*n the earth tunnel heat e:changer.

<a= <(=
Figure%. Earth tunnel heat e:changer for conditioning of (uildings. .Sharan and Jadhav
699+0
The ET2E is $ade of lo* cost $ild steel #i#e of $oderate conductivity </E";E ?K$
6
K= as
sho*n in ta(le &, *here rate of $ild steel #i#e is also co$#ared *ith other #i#es as #er Indian
$arket.
The sharan and Jadhav .699+0 have e:#eri$entally analyDed the single #ass ET2E syste$
and found +.+ C>P in cooling $ode and +.7 C>P in heating $ode. The te$#erature of indoor
air *as reduced u# to &/LC fro$ $a:i$u$ hot te$#erature in Fay"June and *ar$ u# to
6;LC <annual average air te$#erature= in ece$(er"January. Sodha et al. .&,7E0 have
designed ET2E for a hos#ital in Fathura India having cooling ca#acity E&6k?h and heating
ca#acity 6;, k?h at air velocity of /.7,$Ks. The Singh .&,,/0 o#ti$iDed and analyDed the
ET2E and found various #ara$eters and constant re5uired to design the syste$.
&able 1. Ther$al conductivity and cost of so$e i$#ortant #i#e $aterials
S.'o. (aterial &hermal
Conductiit
y )*+m
2
k, -
.ensity
)kg+m
!
,
-
Si/e )outer
diameter
"or 2.%mm
thickness,
(ass o"
pipe
)kg+m,
Appro$imate
Cost per
meter 0
1s 2S.
&. 4lu$inu$ 6+E 6H&6 /
MM
E.+ &E99 6,.+/
6. Co##er /99 7,/9 /
MM
&H./, E999 ,H.7+
+. Cast iron 79 H999 /
MM
&+.;, &699 6+./7
/. Fild steel
<(lack=
;& H7E9 /
MM
&E.+, E,, &&.H6
E. Stainless steel &/ 7999 /
MM
&E.;E 6E99 /&.,&
;. ?rought Iron &96 H7E9 /
MM
&E.+, &/99 6H.+,
* using conversion values of Indian !u#ees to 8S fro$ Fonday, 4#ril 9,,
69&6<htt#%KK***.:"rates.co$= '!ates as #er Indian $arket @e(. 69&6 and N
htt#%KK***.engineeringtool(o:.co$
Figure 3. ET2E and vertical solar chi$ney
Fathur and Bansal .699,0 used eva#orative cooling to enhance the #erfor$ance of ET2E.
The $ain advantages of the ET2E syste$ is to conserve &K+
rd
energy of conventional 4C and
&99- fresh air circulated in the (uilding. The integrated a##roach of conventional solar
chi$ney and earth air tunnel heat e:changer is sho*n in figure ;, *here suction effect is
generated (y conventional solar chi$ney and the cooling effect generated (y earth air tunnel
and it gives (etter indoor air 5uality.
%. Solar chimney4 1SC and 5&65 integration
The individual a##roaches are descri(ed in a(ove literature *here individual syste$ gives
lo*er #erfor$ance and air 5uality (ut integrated a##roach gives (etter air 5uality for
individual su$$er and *inter season. T*o different integrated a##roaches can (e cou#led
and the #ro#osed syste$ can run *hole year *hich sho*n in figure H.
Figure 7. !SC, ET2E and vertical solar chi$ney
3. Conclusions
The green (uildings are naturally ventilated *ith good 5uality air, ther$ally co$fort energy
efficient (uildings. This revie* is #resenting the $a)or energy conservation criteria other than
23Cs in (uildings. The study have #resented that the (etter environ$ental condition can (e
achieved (y integrated a##roach of conventional solar chi$ney, !SC and ET2E. Present
scenario is de$anding grou# housing and energy *here all these as#ects $ust (e included in
design for (etter living standard via energy conservation. The govern$ent should $ake rule
for ado#tion this a##roach in star rating of (uildings to reduce energy de$and and car(on
e$issions and it *ill (e hel#ful for sustaina(le future.
7. Future Scope
There is need to research in the field given (elo* to i$#rove #erfor$ance of (uildings
to*ards the side of energy conservation and co$fort living etc.
There is a need to study the solar chi$ney *ith ne* alternate $aterials for lo* cost
glaDing, chi$ney structure and *all insulation for intended task.
There is so need to study of various ther$al energy storage o#tions so as to $ake solar
chi$ney *ork continuously rather than day ti$e only.
There is need to study the $aterial selection, and underground *ork #lace ther$al data
collection for ET2E.
There is need to study on i$#le$entation of vastu in architectural design.
8. Acknowledgement
The author <Shiv Lal= gratefully ackno*ledges 8niversity College of Engineering, !a)asthan
Technical 8niversity, Kota, !a)asthan <India= and IIT elhi <India=, for s#onsorshi# under
5uality i$#rove$ent #rogra$ of govern$ent of India.
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