Modelling and Control

of Wind Generation Systems

Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara
TUTORIAL:
Transmission and Integration of Wind Power Systems:
Issues and Solutions
2
nd
International Conference on Integration of Renewable and
Distributed Energy Resources
December 4-8, 2006, Napa, CA, USA
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Programme
1. Introduction
2. Wind turbine technologies
3. Optimum power extraction from wind
4. Dynamic model of the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG)
5. Control of DFIG-based wind turbines
5.1. Provision of synchronising torque characteristic
5.2. Short-term frequency control
5.3. Provision of Power System Stabiliser (PSS)
6. Impact of wind farms on transient and dynamic stability
7. PSS for a generic DFIG controller
8. References
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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1. Introduction
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Introduction
Wind power is presently the most cost-effective renewable
technology and provides a continuously growing contribution to
climate change goals, energy diversity and security.
Integration of large amounts of wind power into electricity networks
face however various strong challenges:
Technical characteristics of wind turbine technologies are
different from conventional power plants.
Wind intermittency
Grid availability and reliability
Grid Code compliance
Accurate modelling and control of wind turbine systems for power
system studies are required to help solving these challenges
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Wind turbine components
Combination of mechanical
and electrical systems
Mechanical:
Aerodynamics and structural
dynamics
Electrical:
Generator, power electronic
converters, control system,
protection equipment
Source: www.nordex-online.com
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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2. Wind turbine technologies
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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FSIG-based wind turbine
SCIG
Soft-starter
Capacitor
bank
NETWORK
Fixed-Speed Induction Generator (FSIG)-based wind turbines employ a squirrel-cage
induction generator directly connected to the network.
The slip (and hence the rotor speed) varies with the amount of power generated. In this
turbines the rotor speed variations are very small (1 or 2%).
The induction generator consumes reactive power and hence capacitor banks are used to
provide the reactive power consumption and to improve the power factor.
An anti-parallel thyristor soft-start unit is used to energise the generator once its operating
speed is reached.
Power control is typically exercised through pitch control.
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG-based wind turbine
Wound-rotor
Induction generator
PWM converters
Network
Crowbar
protection
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines employ a wound rotor
induction generator with slip rings to take current into or out of the rotor.
Variable-speed operation is obtained by injecting a controllable voltage into the rotor at
slip frequency.
The rotor winding is fed through a variable frequency power converter. The power
converter decouples the network electrical frequency from the rotor mechanical frequency
enabling the variable-speed operation of the wind turbine.
The generator and converters are protected by voltage limits and an over-current
crowbar.
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Wide-range SG wind turbine (SGWT)
Generator
Power
converter
Network
Gearbox
Generator
Side
Converter
Network
Side
Converter
This wind turbine uses a synchronous generator (it can either be an electrically excited
synchronous generator or a permanent magnet machine.
The aerodynamic rotor and generator shafts may be coupled directly, or they can be
couple through a gear box.
To enable variable-speed operation, the synchronous generator is connected to the
network through a variable frequency converter, which completely decouples the
generator from the network.
The electrical frequency of the generator may vary as the wind speed changes, while the
network frequency remains unchanged.
The rating of the power converter in this wind turbine corresponds to the rated power of
the generator plus losses.
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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3. Optimum power extraction
from wind
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Optimum power extraction from wind
Power in the airflow:
3
1
2
air
P AU =
Power extracted by the wind turbine rotor:
wt p air
P C P =
Where:
: Air density
A : Area swept by the blades
U : Wind speed
C
p
: Power coefficient
max
0.593
p
C =
(Betz limit)
The turbine will never extract
more than 59% of the power
from the airflow
WIND
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15 20
Tip-speed ratio
C
p
r
R
U
e
=
e
r
is the rotor speed
and R is the radius
of the rotor
Power coefficient/Tip speed ratio curve
Tip speed ratio :
Operating a wind turbine at variable rotational speed it is possible
to operate at maximum C
p
over a wide range of wind speeds
To extract maximum power e ee e
r
should vary with the wind speed
such as to maintain at its
opt
Optimum power extraction from wind
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

p
o
w
e
r
Generator speed
Rated power
Maximum Power
curve (P
opt
)
Speed Limit
U = 12 m/s
U = 10 m/s
U = 8 m/s
U = 6 m/s
U = 4 m/s
U = 2 m/s
Speed
Rated power
Cut-in
speed
Speed
limit
Shut-down
speed
Power
set-point
In practice the rotor torque (power) is used as set-point and
a speed controller is designed to maintain the operation of
the generator at the point of maximum power extraction
Wind turbine power curve
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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4. Dynamic model of the Doubly-Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG)
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Typical DFIG wind turbine
CONTROL SYSTEM
Network
operator
Gearbox
Crowbar
DFIG
PWM Converters
Windmill
Power
Network
C1
C2
Wound rotor
induction generator
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG power electronic converters
Back-to-back voltage source converters (VSCs)
Converter C1 Converter C2
DC-link
Machine
Side (rotor)
Grid side
(Machine
stator)
Graetz bridge (two-level VSC)
IGBT-based
Pulse Width Modulated (Sinusoidal, Space Vector PWM)
Typical switching frequencies above 2 kHz
Trade-off between switching frequency (losses) and harmonics
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG power relationships
A DFIG system can deliver power to the grid through the
stator and rotor, while the rotor can also absorb power. This
is dependent upon the rotational speed of the generator
P
e ee e
r
> e ee e
s
Super synchronous
operation
P
e ee e
r
< e ee e
s
Sub synchronous
operation
s r
s
s
e e
e

=
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG power relationships
Mechanical
Input
Electrical
Output
Power through
the slip rings
Rotor
losses
Stator
losses
m
P
_ air gap
P
r
P
s
P
m
P : Mechanical power delivered to
the generator
r
P : Power delivered by the rotor
_ air gap
P : Power at the generators air gap
s
P : Power delivered by the stator
_ air gap s
P P =
_ air gap m r s
s m r
P P P P
P P P
= =
=
s r r
T T P e e =
r s s
P Ts sP e = =
g s r
P P P = +
s r
s
s
e e
e

=
Slip
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Dynamic model of the DFIG
Derive voltage and
flux equations for the
stator and rotor in
the abc domain.
Transform voltage
and flux equations to
the dq reference
frame.
Model the induction
generator as a
voltage behind a
transient reactance.
u
e
r
as-
as
ar
bs-
bs
br
br-
cs-
cr-
cr
cs
br axis
bs axis
cr axis
cs axis
as axis
ar axis
ar-
Stator winding
Rotor winding
Air gap
Schematic diagram of an
induction generator
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Stator and rotor
circuits of an induction generator
: Stator resistance
: Rotor resistance
: Stator leakage inductance
: Rotor leakage inductance
: Magnetising inductance
s
r
s
r
m
R
R
L
L
L
ss s m
rr r m
L L L
L L L
= +
= +
, : Stator and rotor
self-inductances
ss rr
L L
rotation
r
e
as
i
bs
i
cs
i
ar
i
br
i
cr
i
as
v
bs
v
cs
v
ar
v
br
v
cr
v
,
r r
R L
,
s s
R L
m
L
u
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG 3
rd
order model
(voltage behind transient reactance)
( )
e m
r
T T
J dt
d
=
1 e
Stator voltages:
Rotor voltages:
Voltage components:
Rotor swing equation:
'
'
ds s ds qs d
qs s qs ds q
v R i X i e
v R i X i e

= + +

= +

m
d qr
rr
L
e
L
=
m
q dr
rr
L
e
L
=
m r
m r
s
X X
X X
X X
+

+ =
'
m s
X X X + =
r
m r
r
rr
o
R
L L
R
L
T
+
= =
( )
s
qs q ds d
e
i e i e
T
e
+
=
Transient reactance's:
Open circuit time constant:
( )
( )
'
'
1
1
d m
d qs s q s qr
s o rr
q
m
q ds s d s dr
s o rr
de L
e X X i s e v
dt T L
de
L
e X X i s e v
dt T L
e e
e
e e
e

(
= +

(
= + +

Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Vector diagram of DFIG operating conditions
r
$
d
q
s
v
s
i
s
jX
'
i
r
v
i r
o
r
i
e
o
o
( ) [ ]
1
m
s s s r
s o rr
L d
j X X j s j
dt T L
e e
e
'
= + e e i e v
In steady state
r dr qr
v jv = + v
0 d dt = e
m
r
rr
L
s
L
~ e v
r
s ~ v e
e : internal voltage vector
v
s
: terminal voltage vector
B
r
: rotor flux vector
v
r
: rotor voltage vector
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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5. Control of DFIG-based
wind turbines
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Decoupled active and reactive power control
The dq transformation allows the two rotor
injection voltages v
qr
and v
dr
to be regulated
separately
Power control
Voltage control
qr
v
dr
v
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG current-mode control
+
-
+
+
7 7
P
I
qr
v'
_ qr ref
i
qr
v
qr
i
s m
m s
L L
L v
+

sp
T
e
T
e
r
e
+
-
+
+
7 7
P
I
dr
v'
_ dr ref
i
dr
v
dr
i
7
+
+
1
s m
L e
vc
K
7
+
-
s
ref
v
s
v
Voltage control loop:
Torque control loop:
Compensation
term
Compensation
term
Source: Ref [4]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG rotor flux magnitude and angle control
Controller
A
angref
X
Compensator
Aux
Loop 3
3 aux
u
2 aux
u
1 aux
u
Power System
Stabiliser
capabilities
Aux
Loop 2
Aux
Loop 1
Provision of
Synchronising Power
characteristic
Network
Frequency
support
Speed
(slip)
s
V
sref
V
-
+
e
P
eref
P
-
+
AVR
Compensator
magref
X
r
V
Rotor
voltage
Flux and Magnitude Angle Controller (FMAC)
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Synchronous Generator
and DFIG vector diagrams
Round rotor synchronous generator
Doubly fed induction generator
fd
= rotor field flux vector
fd fd
E =
E
fd
= dc field voltage
t
E = terminal voltage vector
g
E = generator internal voltage
(voltage behind synchronous
reactance)
s
I = stator current vector
o
r
= rotor angle
X
S
= synchronous reactance
r
= rotor flux vector
s
V = terminal voltage vector
ig
E = generator internal voltage
vector (voltage behind
transient reactance)
is
I = stator current vector
r
V = rotor voltage vector
o
ig
= generator load angle
o
ir
= rotor voltage angle
X

= transient reactance
r

d
q
ig
E
s
V
is
I
is
jXI
'
o
ig
o
ig
r
V
o
ir
d
q
ss
jXI
o
r
g
E
t
E
s
I
fd

Source: Ref [3]

Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
28
FMAC basic scheme
-
r
v
Polar
to
dq
Transf.
ir
o
dr
v
qr
v
7
+ +
-
s
V
ref
s
V
7
-
7
+
+
-
7
ip
pp
k
k
s
+
im
pm
k
k
s
+ ( )
m
g s
ia
pa
k
k
s
+ ( )
a
g s
iv
pv
k
k
s
+ ( )
v
g s
AVR compensator
ref
e
o
FMAC Controller
E
ref
o
Controller A
e
P
e
ref
P
Power-speed function for
max. power extraction
1
1
f
sT +
Filter
Source: Ref [3]
( )
1 0.024 1 0.035
1 0.004 1 0.05
v
s s
g s
s s
+ +
=
+ +
( ) ( )
1 0.4
1 2
m a
s
g s g s
s
+ | |
= =
|
+
\ .
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Auxiliary loop 1:
Synchronising power characteristic
-
mag
r
V
Polar
to
dq
Transf.
ang
r
V
rd
V
rq
V
7
+ +
-
s
V
ref
s
V
7
+
+ -
7
+
7
+
-
7
_ ig sync
o
_ ig T
o
ip
pp
k
k
s
+
im
pm
k
k
s
+ ( )
m
g s
ia
pa
k
k
s
+ ( )
a
g s
slip
Auxiliary loop to provide power-angle characteristic
iv
pv
k
k
s
+ ( )
v
g s
AVR compensator
Dfig
ref
E
Dfig
o
FMAC basic scheme
Dfig
E
Dfig
ref
o
Controller A
e
P
e
ref
P
Power-speed
function for
max. Power
extraction
1
1
f
sT +
Filter
slip
Washout
filter
Integrator
1
2
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
Phase
Compensator
2
s
s
te

1
sT
sT +
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
30
Auxiliary loop 2:
Power System Stabiliser
-
mag
r
V
Polar
to
dq
Transf.
ang
r
V
rd
V
rq
V
7
+ +
-
s
V
ref
s
V
7
+
+ -
7
+
7
+
-
7
_ ig T
o
ip
pp
k
k
s
+
im
pm
k
k
s
+ ( )
m
g s
ia
pa
k
k
s
+ ( )
a
g s
Auxiliary loop to provide Power SystemStabiliser
iv
pv
k
k
s
+ ( )
v
g s
AVR compensator
Dfig
ref
E
Dfig
o
FMAC basic scheme
Dfig
E
Dfig
ref
o
Controller A
e
P
e
ref
P
Power-speed
function for
max. Power
extraction
1
1
f
sT +
Filter
slip
2 aux
u
slip
Wash-out
Compensator
1
sT
sT +
( )
2 a
g s
Limiter
Source: Ref [3]
( )
2
2
1 0.04
200
1 0.2
a
s
g s
s
+ | |
=
|
+
\ .
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
31
Auxiliary loop 3:
Short-term frequency regulation
-
mag
r
V
Polar
to
dq
Transf.
ang
r
V
rd
V
rq
V
7
+ +
-
s
V
ref
s
V
7
+
+ -
7
+
7
+
-
7
2 ig
o
1 ig
o
ip
pp
k
k
s
+
im
pm
k
k
s
+ ( )
m
g s
ia
pa
k
k
s
+ ( )
a
g s
slip
Auxiliary loop to
facilitate short-
term frequency
support
iv
pv
k
k
s
+ ( )
v
g s
AVR compensator
Dfig
ref
E
Dfig
o
FMAC basic scheme
Dfig
E
Dfig
ref
o
Controller A
e
P
e
ref
P
Power-speed
function for
max. Power
extraction
1
1
f
sT +
Filter
Network
frequency
2 ig
o
1
sT
sT +
s
f ( )
1 a
g s
( )
2 a
g s
-
7
+
( )
3 a
g s
1
sT
sT +
Shaping function
tref
slip
t
slip
r
e
Source: Ref [3]
( )
1
500
1 5
a
g s
s

=
+
( )
2
3 4.5
1 5
a
s
g s
s
+
=
+
( )
3
0.8 1.2
1 3
a
s
g s
s
+
=
+
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
32
6. Impact of wind farms on transient
and dynamic stability
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
33
Generic network model
Synchronous
Generator
DFIG
Wind Farm
or
synchronous
generator
Main
System
Load
Z
F
Fault 1
Generator 1
Generator 2
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
34
Conventional synchronous plant operation
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): Synchronous generator
FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.
(a) Synchronous
generator (G1)
(b) Synchronous
generator (G2)
G1 G2
G3
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
35
DFIG with synchronising power characteristic
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.
(a) Synchronous
generator (G1)
(b) DFIG
wind farm (G2)
G1 G2
G3
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
36
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
scheme plus auxiliary loop 1.
G1 G2
G3
FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.
(a) Synchronous
generator (G1)
(b) DFIG
wind farm (G2)
DFIG with synchronising power characteristic
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
37
DFIG with PSS capability
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
scheme plus auxiliary loop 2
G1 G2
G3
FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.
(a) Synchronous
generator (G1)
(b) DFIG
wind farm (G2)
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
38
DFIG contribution to frequency regulation
Loss of generation applied at t=0.5 s.
(a) Main System (G3)
(b) Synchronous
generator (G2)
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): Synchronous generator
G1 G2
G3
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
39
DFIG contribution to frequency regulation
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
scheme plus auxiliary loop 3
G1 G2
G3
Loss of generation applied at t=0.5 s.
(a) Main System (G3)
(b) DFIG
wind farm (G2)
Source: Ref [3]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
40
Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
installed capacity of generator G2 (MVA)
Capacitor factor 2
maximum capacity of G2 MVA (2400 MVA)
f =
224 240 2,520 2,800
1/10
750 800 2,520 2,800
1/3
1,500 1,600 2,520 2,800
2/3
2,240 2,400 2,520 2,800
1
G2
Rating
(MW)
G2
Rating
(MVA)
G1
Rating
(MW)
G1
Rating
(MVA)
G2
f2
Operating situations
Fixed power P1 of G1
G1
(Southern
Scotland)
G2
(Northern
Scotland)
Main System
(England-Wales)
Load L1
Bus1 Bus2
Bus3
Bus4
X1 X2
X3
Load
Eigenvalue analysis
Source: Ref [2]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
41
Generator 2: Synchronous generator
Variation of dominant eigenvalue loci with generation capacity
AVR Control AVR + PSS Control
Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Source: Ref [2]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
42
Generator 2: Wind generation
Variation of dominant eigenvalue loci with generation capacity
FSIG-wind farm
DFIG wind farm with
current-mode control
Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Source: Ref [2]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
43
Generator 2: DFIG wind farm with FMAC control
Variation of dominant eigenvalue loci with generation capacity
FMAC basic
FMAC basic + PSS control
Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
44
PSS for a generic DFIG controller
Generic
DFIG
Control
sref
V
eref
P
dr
V
'
qr
V
'
Rectan.
to polar
transf.
rang
V
Polar to
rectan.
transf.
dr
V
qr
V
rmag
V
PSS
slip
+
+
PSS
u
Source: Ref [5]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
45
DFIG Power System Stabiliser
Generic
DFIG
Control
sref
V
eref
P
dr
V
'
qr
V
'
Rectan.
to polar
transf.
rang
V
Polar to
rectan.
transf.
dr
V
qr
V
rmag
V
+
+
PSS
u
slip
Washout Compensator
5
1 5
s
s +
2
1
300
1 0.2s
| |

|
+
\ .
Limiter
0.8
0.8
Source: Ref [5]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
46
Control performance (transient stability)
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG
Fault applied at t=0.2 s with a clearance time of 150ms. (Full line:
DFIG with PSS; dotted line: DFIG without PSS)
DFIG in super synchronous
Operation (slip = -0.2)
DFIG in sub synchronous
Operation (slip = 0.2)
G1 G2
G3
Source: Ref [5]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
47
Control performance (dynamic stability)
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG
Operating situations
G1 G2
G3
675 -182 857 0.2
2,303 375 1,928 -0.2
Total
power
Output MW
Converter
power
MW
DFIG Stator
power MW
Slip
Influence of PSS loop on the
dominant eigenvalue for sub
synchronous (s=0.2) and super
synchronous operation (s=-0.2).
(With PSS ; without PSS C)
Source: Ref [5]
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
48
Reference for further reading
1. P. Kundur: "Power systems stability and control," McGraw-Hill, 1994.
2. O. Anaya-Lara, F. M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, Influence of wind farms on
power system dynamic and transient stability, Wind Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.
107-127, March 2006.
3. F. M. Hughes, O. Anaya-Lara, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, Control of DFIG-based wind
generation for power network support, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20,
No. 4, pp. 1958-1966, November 2005.
4. O. Anaya-Lara, F. M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, Rotor flux magnitude and
angle control strategy for doubly fed induction generators, Wind Energy, Vol. 9. No. 5,
pp. 479-495, June 2006.
5. O. Anaya-Lara, F. M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, Power system stabiliser for a
generic DFIG-based wind farm controller, paper accepted for publication at the IEE
AC/DC Conference, March, 2006
Modelling and Control
of Wind Generation Systems
Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara
TUTORIAL:
Transmission and Integration of Wind Power Systems:
Issues and Solutions
2
nd
International Conference on Integration of Renewable and
Distributed Energy Resources
December 4-8, 2006, Napa, CA, US