Physics Module

Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2010
4-
1
4.1
4 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
What is
thermal
equilibrium ?
1. ( , Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold
body.
2. The SI unit for ( , temperature) is oule! .
". ( #eat , ) is the degree of hotness of a body
$. The SI unit for (heat , ) is %el&in! %.
'. When thermal equilibrium is reached! the net rate of heat flow between the two
bodies is ( , equal)
(. There is no net flow of heat between two ob)ects that are in thermal equilibrium.
Two ob)ects in thermal equilibrium ha&e the * * tem+erature
irres+ecti&e of sha+e! mass! si,e or ty+e of surface.
-alibration of
thermometer
.. The of an ob)ect is im+ortant in the construction of a
thermometer. It is a +hysical quantity which is sensiti&e to and changes linearly
with the change in tem+erature of the ob)ect.
8. (l
0
)/ ice point : the temperature of
pure melting ice/0
0
C
9. ( l
100
)/steam point: the temperature of steam
from water that is boiling under standard atmospheric pressure /
100
0
C
1/. The lengths of the mercury column in the mercury0in0glass thermometer is 2.( cm
at /
1
- and 22.( cm at 1//
1
-. When the thermometer is +laced in hot water! the
length of the mercury column is 1(.2 cm. -alculate the tem+erature of the hot
water.
Answer :
3iquid0in0glass
thermometer
11. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
(a) Be easily
(b) Exp an d a n d c o n t r a c t ra p id l y o v e r a r a n g e
o f te m p e ra t u r e
c! N o t to t h e gl a ss w a l l o f t h e c ap i lla r y t u b e
1". #ist the characteristic of mercur$
(a) l iq u i d
(b) Does not t o t h e g la ss
(c) u n i f o r m l y w h en h e a ted
(d) p o i n t - !
"
#
(e) p o i n t $ %
"
#
1". Which modification increases the sensiti&ity of the thermometer ?
4. Increasing the si,e of the bulb
5. Increasing the thic6ness of the bulb
-. 7educing the diameter of the ca+illary tube
8. 7educing the length of the ca+illary tube
4-"
4-
%
-hec6 9ourself 1
1. The diagram below shows a thermometer is
used to measure the tem+erature of hot water.
When the thermometer and the hot water are in
thermal equilibrium! which of the following is
not correct ?
A. The tem+erature of hot water is equal to the
tem+erature of the thermometer
5. :o heat flow between thermometer and hot
water
-. #eat flows from hot water to thermometer
8. #eat flows from thermometer to hot water
2. Which of the following characteristics does a
liquid0in0glass thermometer wor6 ?
4. ;olume of a fi<ed mass of liquid
5. 3ength of the liquid
-. 7esistance of the liquid
8. =ressure of the liquid
". Which of the following tem+eratures
corres+onds to ,ero on the %el&in scale ?
4. 2."
1
-
5. /
1
-
-. 02."
1
-
8. 1//
1
-
$. 8iagram below shows the liquid le&els from
the bulb in three thermometers =! > and 7 at
certain tem+eratures.
What is the tem+erature reading at
thermometer 7 ?
4. ./.?
1
-
5. ('.$
1
-
-. (2.'
1
-
8. '...
1
-
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
4."
4 UNDERSTANDING SPECIIC HEAT CAPACIT!
8efinition of #eat -a+acity 1. >uantity of energy required to raise the tem+erature of an ob)ect by
1
0
C
.
2. The unit of heat ca+acity is
". 5ea6er 4 has (greater! same! less) heat ca+acity than bea6er 5.
A
&
$. This means that the (bigger! smaller) the mass! the (larger! smaller) the
amount of heat stored.
8efinition of S+ecific #eat
-a+acity
1. >uantity of energy required to raise the tem+erature of of
a substance by 1
0
C.
2. The unit of s+ecific heat ca+acity is
". 4n ob)ect with l ow s + ec if ic heat ca + ac it y can be heated u+ ! as it
r eq u ir e s le s s he a t to increase its tem+erature by 1
0
C. It can be cooled
due to li ttl e a m ount of h e at s t o r ed in it.
$. 4n ob)ect with h i g h s+ e c i fic he a t c a +a c it y ta6es time to heat u+! as it
r eq u ir e s m o r e he a t to increase its tem+erature by 1
0
C. It is to cool
down due to la r g er a m ount of h e at s t o r ed in it.
> @ =t
=t @ mc
> @ #eat su++lied
= @ =ower of heater
T @ Time in seconds
A @ mass of substance
- @ S+ecific heat ca+acity
@ Increase in
tem+erature
8etermining the heat ca+acity
of aluminium bloc6
1. The +ur+ose of wra++ing the aluminium blo6 with wool to or
" # he a t from the surrounding.
2. 1il in the holes for housing thermometer and the immersion heater is to
im+ro&e the of heat from the heater to the thermometer through the
aluminium bloc6.
". The immersion heater of '/ W rated +ower is used for ' minutes to heat u+
the aluminium bloc6. If the mass of the alumimium bloc6 is 1./ 6g and the
rise in tem+erature is 1(
0
C! what is the s+ecific heat ca+acity of aluminium ?
C
=

Pt
m
=
1'///
= 2"..' 'g
-10
C
-1
11(
$. S+ecific heat ca+acity calculated is usually than the standard &alue
because some is lost to the surroundings.
4im To in&estigate the relationshi+ between tem+erature rise and mass of water
B<+eriment
80
0
C (0
0
C
80
0
C 40
0
C
#y+othesis When the mass of water * * the tem+erature rise will * *.
Aani+ulated &ariable " # $ a ter
7es+onding &ariable % & te m p er a t ure
Ci<ed &ariable ' u ra t% "&, $ a t e r , $ e % (h% & ( ) * a l e , ra t% &( " # he a t e r u) e '
4++aratus Thermometer! water! bea6er water! weighing scale
Setu+
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
=rocedure
1. 1// ml of water is +laced in a '// ml bea6er.
2. 4 heater is +laced in the water.
". #eating +rocess is carried out for 1minute.
$. #ighest tem+erature achie&ed is recorded.
'. Ste+ 2 to $ is re+eated for 2//ml! "//ml! $//ml and '//ml of water.
4nalysis
;olume of
water used!
; (ml)
Cinal
tem+erature!
T
2
(
0
C!
Initial
tem+erature!
T
1
(
0
C!
7ise in
tem+erature!
@ T
2
D T
1
(
0
C!
1E (
0
C
-1
!
1//
2//
"//
$//
'//
-onclusion
;
1E
Appl%*at%"&) "# )pe*%#%* heat *apa*%t+
Wa ter a s h e a ti ng a g ent i n
hea ti ng r a d i a t or
4-(
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
". )eat from hot
water is released to
the cooler
surroundings of a
room to
achie*e
%. Cold water will
be recirculated to
repeat the process
continousl$
1. Cool water is pumped into the
hot water reser*oir to absorb a
large amount
Wa ter a s a coo lant i n car
en g i ne
4. )ot water
is cooled b$
the air from
the cooling
+ns
and the fan
".
speci+c heat capacit$
of water allows it to
absorb a large
amount
of from the
%. Cool water is recirculated
through the engine bloc's
1. Cool
water is pumped
and the process continues
Sea 5r e e , e
( w i nd fr om t he s e a )
%. Cool air
". )ot air rises up
blows from from the land
the sea to
replace
the space
left b$
1. ,uring the da$
the hot air land gets hotter
and
than the sea
because c
land
c
sea
currents
in
the air
3and 5 r e e , e ( w i nd f r om t he
l an d )
%.
Cooler
air
blows
from the
". hot air rises
land to
from the sea replace the
space left
b$ the hot
1. ,uring the
air and
night- the sea
con*ection
is hotter than currents in
the land
the air are
because
formed.
c
land
c
sea
4-.
4-8
3iquid S+ecific heat
ca+acity ('g
-10
C
-
1
!
5oiling +oint
(
o
-)
4 "./ '/
5 './ ?/
- $.2 1//
8 /.2 2//
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
/lastic handle
specific heat capacit$
# ous e h o l d a+ + a ra t u s a nd
u t en s il s
0teel
specific heat
-hec6 9ourself 1
1. Table below shows four ty+es of liquid with
their res+ecti&e s+ecific heat ca+acities and
boiling +oints. 4ll the liquids ha&e the same
mass and same tem+eratures of "/
o
-. If the
same amount of heat is su++lied to them!
which liquid! 4! 5! - or 8 will boil first ?
%. 8iagram below shows a bullet mo&ing at a
&elocity of (/ ms
01
is embedded in a wooden
bloc6.
4ssuming all the energy lost by the bullet is
con&erted to heat energy and is absorbed by
the bullet. What is the rise in tem+erature of
the bullet ? ( S+ecific heat ca+acity of the
bullet @ 12/ 'g
-10
C
-1
!
A. 0.1
o
-
&. ".0
o
-
o
C. %0.0 -
2. Table below shows the s+ecific heat ca+acity
of four different metals.
,. (0.0
o
-
$. 8iagram below shows 2// g of water at /
o
- is
Which of the following is the most suitable
metal to be used in a rice coo6er for fast
heating ?
4. =
5. >
-. 7
8. S
+oured into a cu+ containing $// g of water at
?/
o
- . 4ssuming there is no heat loss to the
surroundings.
What is the final tem+erature of the mi<ture ?
F S+ecific heat ca+acity of water @ $2// 6g
01/
-
01
G
4. '"
o
-
5. (/
o
-
-. ((
o
-
8. ./
o
-
'. ,iagram below shows the
temperature-time graph of two
solids 2 and 3 of e4ual mass but of
di5erent substances are heated
simultaneousl$ b$ identical heaters.
Which of the following com+arison is correct?
4. -
<
H -
y
5. -
<
I -
y
-. -
<
@ -
y
4.%
4 UNDERSTANDING SPECIIC LATENT HEAT
8efinition of
3atent #eat
1. 3atent #eat is the total energy or released when a substance changes
its state com+letely at a tem+erature.
2. 3a t e n t # e a t o f f u s i on is heat absorbed when changes into or
heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant ,
". 3a t e n t # e a t o f & a+o ri ,a ti on is heat absorbed when changes into
or heat released when &a+our changes into liquid at constant ,
$. Jnit for latent heat is .
'. =rocess in which solid directly changes into &a+our is called .
8efinition of
S+ecific 3atent
#eat
1. S+ec if ic 3 a t e n t # e a t of f u s ion is heat absorbed when 1 6g changes into
or heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant ,
2. S+ec if ic 3 a t e n t # e a t of & a + o ri , a ti on is heat absorbed when 1 6 g
changes into or heat released when &a+our changes into liquid at
constant ,
". Jnit for latent heat is .
$. When tem+erature remain constant! energy of the molecules remain
constant. #owe&er energy absorbed is used to o&ercome of attraction
and atmos+heric +ressure.
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
#eating cur&e Cill the em+ty bo<es for the heating cur&e below with the following words
0olid- li4uid- gas- boiling point-
melting point- latent heat of fusion-
latent heat of *apori6ation
-alculation of
s+ecific latent
heat of fusion
Aass of water collected in Set 4 @ $2.2 g
Aass of water collected in Set 5 @ (.$ g
=ower of heater @ ?/ W
Time inter&al of switching on the heater @ " minutes
1. -alculate energy su++lied by the heater.
2. What is the mass of ice melted due to the heat absorbed from the
surroundings?
". 8etermine the s+ecific latent heat of fusion of ice.
Pt (?/)(" (/) 1$$//
L - - - -
m ($2.2 (.$) 1/
"
$2.? 1/
"
4-
11
4-
1"
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
-hec6 9ourself 1
1. 8iagram below shows the cooling cur&e of a
Kas. Tem+eratures T
1
and T
2
re+resents
T
1
T
2
4.
5.
-.
8.
Solidification
5oiling =oint
Aelting =oint
Aelting =oint
7oom tem+erature
Solidification +oint
Cree,ing =oint
7oom tem+erature
2. 8iagram below shows the heating cur&e of a
solid 9 of mass 2 6g which is heated by a
heater of ./ W +ower. Which statement
below is N.T true ?
4. S+ecific latent heat of 9 is 1/'// 6g
01
.
5. S+ecific heat ca+acity of solid 9 and
liquid 9 are the same
-. Total heat used is 112/
8. Aelting +oint of 9 is 1/
o
-
". 8iagram below shows the arrangement of
a++aratus used to determine the s+ecific latent
heat of &a+ori,ation of water. The water in the
bea6er is heated by an immersion heater with a
+ower of 1 6W. The bea6er and its content is
resting on an electronic balance which
measures the mass of the bea6er and its
content.
When the water is boiling! it is found that ?/ g
of water is boiled away in " minutes.
What is the s+ecific latent heat of &a+ori,ation
of water ?
4. 2.1/ < 1/
(
6g
01
5. 2.1' < 1/
(
6g
01
-. 2.2/ < 1/
(
6g
01
8. 2.2' < 1/
(
6g
01
$. 8iagram below shows the arrangement of
a++aratus used to determine the s+ecific latent
heat of fusion of ice. There are two identical
sets. 1ne of the sets is called a control set
which is without a +ower su++ly.
The aim of the control set is
4. To find the mass of ice melted due to the
heat absorbed from the surroundings
5. To find the mass of water formed by
condensation from the &a+our in the air
-. To detect any changes in the melting +oint
of the ice
8. To find the mass of water e&a+orated
'.
#eat +roduced in an engine bloc6 of car needs to be transferred out +rom+tly to +re&ent o&erheating. This is
done by circulating a suitable cooling liquid through the engine bloc6.
(a) What is meant by Ls+ecific heat ca+acity of water is $2// 6g
01o
-
01
?
(b) 5ased on the table abo&e!
(i) B<+lain the suitable characteristics of the cooling liquid to e<tract heat out of an engine bloc6.
#igh S+ecific #eat -a+acity
#igh s+ecific latent heat of
&a+ori,ation
#igh boiling +oint
3ow rusting rate
(ii) 8ecide which liquid is the most suitable and gi&e reasons for your choice.
(c) Total energy released by an engine in 1 hour @ 2./ < 1/
.

Bnergy brea6down M mechanical $/N and heat (/N

Aass of cooling liquid circulating in 1 hour @ 1'/ 6g
Tem+erature of water entering the engine @ "/
o
-
Tem+erature of water e<iting the engine @ (/
o
-
5ased on the information abo&e!
(i) -alculate the +ower of the engine
(ii) -alculate the amount of heat +roduced by the engine in one hour.
(iii) -alculate the s+ecific heat ca+acity of the cooling liquid.
(d) Suggest two ways to dissi+ate the heat from the cooling liquid.
1.
2.
4.4
4 UNDERSTANDING GAS LA/S
What is
6inetic theory
of gases ?
The 0%& e t %* t h e"r+ of gases describes a gas as a large number of small +articles (a t o m s or m o l ec u l e s ) !
all of which are in constant! . The ra+idly mo&ing +articles constantly collide with
each other and with the walls of the container. %inetic theory e<+lains +ro+erties of
gases! such as +ressure! tem+erature! or &olume! by considering their molecular com+osition and
motion.
The of an ideal is a measure of the a&erage of its
atoms.
8efine the
three gas
laws.
B " + l e ) 1 La$ C harl e ) 1 La$ P r e ) ) u re La$
"rmula
C"&'%t%"& T @ and
of gas are
constant
= @ and
of gas are constant
(tem+erature must be in
scale)
; @ and
of gas are constant
(tem+erature must be in
scale)
Graph)
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
E2per%me&t
al )et up
-alculation
in&ol&ing
5oyleOs 3aw.
8iagram on the right shows an arrangement to in&estigate the
relationshi+ between +ressure and &olume of a fi<ed mass of gas
at constant tem+erature. The +ressure of the air in the glass tube is
measured by a +ressure gauge and the +ressure can be
increased by using the bicycle +um+. The +um+ of the gas is 1.'
< 1/
'
=a when the &olume is ?/ cm
"
.
(a) B<+lain how a gas e<erts a +ressure on the walls of its container.
(b) State the 5oyleOs law.
(c) Cind the &olume of the gas when +ressure is 2.' < 1/
'
=a
(d) Cind the +ressure of the gas when the &olume of the gas is (/ cm
".
(e) 4 bubble of air rises from the bottom of a +ond to the surface. 4s the bubble reaches the
surface! its &olume is double its original &olume. 4ssume the tem+erature is constant! find
the de+th of the +ond. F4tmos+heric +ressure @ 1/ m of waterG
4-
1(
4-
1.
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2011
>uestion
in&ol&ing
-harlesO
3aw.
(a) State -harlesO law.
(b) 8iagrams below shows how (a) the +ressure of the gas change with tem+erature and (b) the
&olume of the gas change with tem+erature .
(a) (b)
(i) -om+are the characteristics dis+layed by the gra+hs.
1.
2.
".
(ii) 7elate the information you ha&e mentioned to form a +hysics conce+t.
(iii) :ame the conce+t.
(c) (i) 8efine +ressure.
(i&) Jsing 6inetic theory of gas! e<+lain why the +ressure of a gas in a fi<ed container
increases with an increase in its tem+erature.
1.
2.
".
>uestions
in&ol&ing
=ressure 3aw.
8iagram (a) shows the conditon of a snac6 +ac6 6e+t in a refrigerator at 1?
o
-! whereas 8iagram (b)
shows the condition of the same snac6 +ac6 in 5orneo #ighlands at the same tem+erature at 1?
o
-.
(a) (b)
5ased on the abo&e information and obser&ation!
(a) State one suitable inference.
(b) State one suitable hy+othesis.
(c) With the use of a++ro+riate a++aratus! describe an e<+eriment framewor6 to test your
hy+othesis. In your descri+tion! state clearly the followingM
(i) 4im of the e<+eriment
(ii) ;ariables used in the e<+eriment
(iii) 3ist of a++aratus and materials
+ r e s s u r e g au g e! a wi t h & o l u m e s c a l e! r ub b er t ube and r e to rt
s t an d .
(i&) 4rrangement of the a++aratus
3"lume, 3 (*m
4
) Pre))ure, P (Pa)
566,6
76,6
86,6
96,6
:6,6
(&) The +rocedure of the e<+eriment which include the method of controlling the
mani+ulated &ariable and the method of measuring the res+onding &ariable
1. T he a+ + a r a t us f or t h e e< + e ri m ent i s s e t u+ a s s ho w n i n t he d i a g r am
2. T he of t he s y ri n g e is + r e s s ed do w n s l o w l y un ti l t h e & o l u m e of a i r i n s i de
t he s yr i n g e i s 1 // c m
"
". T he o f t h e a i r i n t he s yr i n g e i s r e a d fr om t he 5ourd o n g au g e
$. T he e< + e ri m ent i s r e+ e a ted w it h of a i r f i <ed a t ?/ c m
"
!
'. A a 6 e s u re t h at t h e r e i s no and no inc rea s e i n .
(.
(&i) The way you would tabulate the data
(&ii) The way you would analy,e the data
-hec6 9ourself 1
1. 8iagram below shows a &al&e = connecting
two cylinders! 4 dan 5. When = is o+ened!
gas from cylinder 4 mo&es to cylinder 5.
/
Which +hysical quantities does not change ?
4. =ressure
5. ;olume
-. Aass
8. 8ensity
2. The gra+h in the diagram
below shows the
relationshi+ between
+ressure! = and &olume! ;
of a fi<ed mass of gas at
constant tem+erature.
What is the &alue of ;
2
?
4. 2./ < 1/
0$
m
"
5. $./ < 1/
0$
m
"
-. './ < 1/
0$
m
"
D, ?./ < 1/
0$
m
"
". 8iagram below shows ca+illary tubes (a) and
(b) which are identical. If the atmos+heric
+ressure is .' cm#g! determine the length of
gas column x and the +ressure p.
Length Pressure
x (cm) p (cmHg)
Physics Module
Form 4
Chapter 4 -
Heat
GCKL
2010
4. 2$./ ./
5. 21./ .'
-. 22.$ ?/
8. 21./ ./
Temperature Pressure
4.
5.
-.
8.
Increases
:o change
8ecreases
Increases
no change
increases
increases
Increases
$. 8iagram below shows a fan is allowed to blow
in a closed room for an hour. What are the
+ossible changes to the +ressure and
tem+erature of the air in the room ?
'. 4ir at a tem+erature of 2.
o
- is 6e+t in a
container at a +ressure of 1 atmos+here. What
is the +ressure of the air! in atmos+here! if it is
heated to a tem+erature of ..
o
- ?
4. /."'
5. /.?(
-. 1.1.
8. 2.?'
(. Table below shows the &olume and
tem+erature of a fi<ed mass of gas 6e+t at
constant +ressure.
; (cm
"
) '/ 1//
T(
o
-) 2. <
What is the &alue of < ?
4. '$
o
-
o
5. "// -
-. "2.
o
-
8. (//
o
-