In partial fulfillment Of the requirement Nursing 201-A
Submitted by: Jayson Y. Cataraja, R.N. Date of Submission: August 16, 2014
Graduate School
SUBJECT : NURSING 205 (Advanced Nursing Administration 1) TOPIC : Humanistic Theory GENERAL OBJECTIVES : After 1 hour of varied teaching-learning strategies, the MAN 1 students shall acquire advanced knowledge, skills, and positive attitude on Management
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENTS METHODOLOGY TIME ALLOTMENT RESOURCES EVALUATION
Specifically, the students will be able to:
1. Definition of terms
Opening Prayer
Preconditioning Activity
Humanism attempts to take a broader perspective of the individual's potential and tries to understand each individual from the context of their own personal experiences.
Existentialism is a philosophical approach to understanding life. It's the belief that thinking begins with the human - the feeling, acting, living individual. Existentialism emphasizes the individual's free-choice, self-determination and self-responsibility.
Nursing Dialogue is when a nurse and patient come together. The nurse presents themselves as a helper ready to assist the patient. The nurse is open to understanding how the patient feels with the intention of improvement. Openness is an essential quality for humanistic nursing dialogue.
Audio Visual Presentation
Group Activity
Lecture- Discussion
Material Resources: Projector Laptop Pen & paper Books and Internet source on management
After 1 hour of varied teaching- learning strategies, the students will be able to participate in:
Group Discussion Question & Answer Synthesis Formation
on Health and Economics.
2. Define Humanistic Theory
A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice. Theory refers to a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing. Concepts o Concepts are basically vehicles of thought that involve images. o Concepts are words that describe objects , properties, or events and are basic components of theory. o Types of Concepts: Empirical concepts Inferential concepts Abstract concepts. Models o Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. o Models allow the concepts in nursing theory to be successfully applied to nursing practice. o They provide an overview of the thinking behind the
theory and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice, for example, through specific methods of assessment. Propositions o Prepositions are statements that explain the relationship between the concepts. Process o Processes are series of actions, changes or functions intended to bring about a desired result . o During a process one takes systemic and continuous steps to meet a goal and uses both assessments and feedback to direct actions to the goal. o A particular theory or conceptual frame work directs how these actions are carried out . o The delivery of nursing care within the nursing process is directed by the way specific conceptual frameworks and theories define the person (patient), the environment, health and nursing
Josephine Paterson Loretta Zderad Josephine Paterson and Loretta Zderad are from the United States. They both earned first diplomas in nursing, then Bachelor's degrees in Nursing education before continuing to graduate programs. Their career as nursing academics got started in the 1950s, when they were both employed at Catholic University where they met. They continued to work together and remained friends for the next 40 years. They later continued onto their doctorate degrees in the 1960s. Humanistic Nursing Theory. By 1971, they had begun to define their theory and what it was that made it unique as an approach to nursing. They then began to research other nurse's experience, and used their theory as a perspective and method for nurses to examine their experiences. Through this, their goal was to develop it into theoretical propositions, which could serve as guides for nursing practitioners.
Humanistic nursing theories a foundation in the belief that patients can grow in a healthy and creative way. believed that nursing education should be founded in experience, and that a nurse's training should focus as much on the nurse's ability to relate to and interact with patients as a scientific and medical background.
Patient sends call for help person receiving and recognising is the nurse
Nurse bring their whole self when helping inpatient treatment, i.e. experience, educationetc, to create a type of mosaic to use withnursing interventions
Humanistic nursing theory accepts thelikeness in our differences, but attempts toidentify the sameness in each other or ourunifying links that make up the soul oressence of nursing.
Paterson and Zderad developed the five phases of the nursing process:
1) Preparation of the Nurse Knower For Coming to Know: In this stage the nurse acts as investigator who willingly takes risks and has an open-mind. The nurse must be a risk-taker and be willing to experience anything. "Accepting the decision to approach the unknown openly".
2) Nurse Knowing of the Other Intuitively: In this stage the nurse tries to understand the other, as in the "I- thou" relationship, where the nurse as the "I" does notsuperimpose themselves on the "thou" of the patient.
3) Nurse Knowing the Other Scientifically: The nurse as the observer must observe and analyze from the outside. At this stage, the nurse goes from intuition to analysis. Analysis is the sorting, comparing, contrasting, relating, interpreting and categorizing.
4) Nurse Complementarily Synthesizing Known Others: The ability of the nurse to develop or see themselves as a source of knowledge, to continually develop the nursing community through education, and increased understanding of their owned learned experiences.
5) Succession Within the Nurse From the Many to the Paradoxical One: In this stage the nurse takes the information gleaned and applies it in the practical clinical setting. Here the nurse takes brings the dilemma towards resolution. .
COMMON CONCE P T S I N NURS I NG T HE ORI E S Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are o The person( patient) o The environment o Health o Nursing (goals, roles, functions) Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist. Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing is the person. Person are viewed as open energy fields with special life experiences. As energy fields, they are greater than and different from the sum of their parts and cannot be predicted from knowledge of their parts. Human beings, are viewed as being holistic in nature, are special, dynamic, aware, and multidimensional, capable of abstract thought, creativity, capable of taking responsibility. Language, empathy, caring, and other abstract patterns of communication are aspects of an individually high level of complexity and diversity and enable one to increase knowledge of self and environment. Persons are to be valued, to be respected, nurtured and understood with the right to make informed choices regarding their health, may include families and communities.
Health Health: Well-Being and More-Being
According to humanistic Nursing theory there is a call from a person, a family, a community or from humanity for help with some health related issue. The nursing act is always related to the health-illness quality of the human condition, or fundamentally, to a man's personal survival. This is not to say that all instances of nursing are matters of life and death, but rather that every nursing act has to do with the quality of a person's living and dying. That nursing is related to health and illness is self-evident. How it is related is not so apparent.
"Health" is valued as necessary for survival and is often proposed as the goal of nursing. There are, in actuality, many instances of nursing that could be described as "health restoring," "health sustaining," or "health promoting." Nurses engage in "health teaching" and "health supervision."
On the other hand, there are instances in which health, taken in its narrowest meaning as freedom from disease, is not seen as an attainable goal, as evidenced, for example, in labels given to patients such as "terminal," "hopeless," and "chronic." Yet in actual practice these humans' conditions call forth some of the most complete, expert, total, beautiful nursing care. Nursing, then, as a human response, implies the valuing of some human potential beyond the narrow concept of health taken as absence of disease. Nursing's concern is not merely with a person's well- being but with his more-being, with helping him become more as humanly possible in his particular life situation. Environment According to Patterson and Zderad, the environment represents the place where the service is delivered, the community or the world.
The environment can be understood as the time and space in which the nursing experience takes place. From the existential perspective, it is the time and space as lived by the nurse and/or patient during the experience.
"For example, waiting, silence, chronicity, emergency, positioning a patient in bed, moving through space in a wheelchair, crutch- walking, pacing, could be considered from the standpoint of the patient's experienced space and time, or from the nurse's, or as a shared event. Explorations of this kind could provide valuable insights into important nursing phenomena, such as, presence, empathy, comfort, timing. "
To understand the nursing dialogue, one must put the experience in the context of time: the time lived as the patient and the nurse. The nurse and the patient may be interacting within the same actual time span, but the time may feel very different to the nurse and client. Their experiences of time are unique to their understanding of the situation.
Space is the lived perception of the world around the nurse and patient. Space could be the hospital room, the bed, the waiting room, the visiting area or any other space in which the interaction takes place. The physical environment can enhance or impede the nursing dialogue based on how comfortable the participants feel and how well the space encourages communication.
Place is another component of space, but it is more personalized; it belongs to the patient or nurse and is highly subjective. It relates to "where I feel I belong or am". A person may feel out of place or may feel at home or welcomed in the place. The nurse may feel comfortable in the place while the patient does not.
Space and time coincide within the nursing experience. For example, after a longer stay in a hospital, for example, a patient may begin to feel at home, when initially it was foreign. The nursing dialogue is reinforced when the nurse understands how the patient relates to their space.
Nursing Paterson and Zderad define nursing as a "lived experience between human beings". It is an evolving, affecting, and helping relationship in which the patient and nurse engage in a dialogue. They emphasize the importance of the nurse being aware of herself and of the client as unique human beings, and of understanding the individual perspective, identity, experiences, condition, and needs of each patient. The nurse must therefore modify her/his response in offering a genuine presence.
Paterson and Zderad refer to this as a "reciprocal call and response" that is achieved through an awareness of the nurse's own worldview, values, understanding, and responses, and responding to the others' responses and knowledge. Through understanding the self and the other, the nurse can engage in an authentic, therapeutic exchange of experience, understanding, and of being.
Nursing is unique from other shared, authentic exchanges in that the nurse's role is to help another who needs help. Nursing possesses a humaneness that is inseparable from the nursing role. Nursing is a "human transaction", and thus involves all of the human limitations, emotions, and potentials of each patient, as an exchange that affects the nurse, who in turn responds through her/his perspective and authentic being, which in turn affects the patient. Thus, while each participant might experience a situation uniquely, they will also have experience of the shared interaction, the "between" and its message and meaning. For example, the nurse might experience providing care, the patient of being cared for. They will both, however, have an experience of care-giving and care-receiving through their transaction with the other. As well, everything the nurse does physically is shaped by her "character of being in the situation". Thus, while a nurse might believe she has provided an insulin injection to a patient, she has done so through her own unique character and way of being in that moment. In doing so, the nurse is hereby communicating herself and responding to the client as a human being in much the same way as she is providing insulin in response to the client's blood sugar levels.
Nursing is an inter-human, transactional, interconnected dialogue of helping in a way that recognizes and expresses ones own genuine human-ness, and responds to the unique human-ness of the patient. Palliative Care to the Cancer Patient: Reflections According to Paterson and Zderad's View In Paterson and Zderad, nursing care emphasizes the nurse as giving care, and the nursing process as a shared and meaningful transaction between nurse and patient. As clients in palliative care are in such a vulnerable position, and in such a unique place, respecting the patient as uniquely human, and being aware of what emotions and senses are communicated is especially important. This approach helps to provide meaning to the client and ensure she/he is respected and responded to authentically on the client's terms, as well as allows him/her to experience his/her own death humanely and as envisioned by him/herself. Authentically and genuinely being with with the client will enable the client to connect with the nurse, express his/her perceptions and values, and to be comforted and cared for by the nurse as a human being. The spiritual aspects of dying at home. Holistic Nursing Practice Spirituality, in its broadest sense, is a part of the ontologic foundation of nursing; it is regarded as a basic characteristic of humanness important in human health and well-being.
Paterson and Zderad's humanistic nursing theory can be used to meet the spiritual needs of terminally ill persons in the home setting. The spiritual needs, as identified by Highfield and Cason, are applied to the hospice patient.
The comforts of the home environment and humanistic nursing practice are integrated in the "meetings" between dying persons, their families, and hospice nurses. These meetings contribute to fulfilling the spiritual needs of terminally ill persons. Hospice nurses practicing holistic nursing and using caring behaviors help dying persons develop a "more-being" in themselves as the triad of person, family, and nurse share the lived experiences. Hospice nurses use the caring behaviors, rather than the curing behaviors, to minister to the dying family. The nurse, the patient, and the family share the nursing situation in the framework of a "lived dialogue."' As Paterson and Zderad describe humanistic nursing practice, "a special kind of meeting of human persons.
Patient participation in nursing care: an interpretation by Swedish Registered Nurses
One of the main objectives of positive health care is patient participation. Registered nurses should encourage the participation of their patients by informing the patient and promoting patient choice and decision making.