Section: TAPPI PRESS Title: Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking BOOK Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking, Second Edition by Christopher J. Biermann 1996, 732 pages, 7" x 10 1/4" hard cover Order Number: 08APESS ISBN: 0-12-097362-6 This second edition replaces the book...Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking. This textbook will be useful to students and papermakers alike as it emphasizes the principles of pulp and paper processes. In addition, it is also valuable as a comprehensive guide to current pulp and paper literature. The text includes information on key areas of paper chemistry and optical properties, wood and fiber anatomy, paper use, and processing equipment, including a useful pump troubleshooting guide. The first eleven chapters provide an introduction to the entire mill, while the rest of the book provides details on topics relating to the production and use of paper. This book is not to be confused with the "Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists" ( "The Smook Book"). TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition x Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xiii List of Color Plates xv 1 Introduction and the Literature 1.1 Introduction to Papermaking 1 1.2 Introduction to the Literature 3 1.3 Abstract Indices 6 1.4 Technical and Trade Journals 6 1.5 Reference Books 8 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 2 of 14 1.6 Textbooks 8 1.7 Chemistry References 10 1.8 Other References 10 1.9 Annotated Bibliography 10 Exercises 11 2 Wood and Fiber Fundamentals 2.1 Wood and Bark 13 2.2 Wood Chips and Sawdust 21 2.3 Wood Chip Preparation and Handling at the Pulp Mill 22 2.4 Solid Wood Measurement 30 2.5 Wood Chip Measurement 31 2.6 Wood Chemistry 32 2.7 Wood and Fiber Physics 40 2.8 Properties of Selected Wood Species 42 2.9 Nonwood and Recycled Fiber Considerations 42 2.10 Annotated Bibliography 50 Exercises 53 3 Pulping Fundamentals 3.1 Introduction to Pulping 55 3.2 Mechanical Pulping 62 3.3 Chemi-mechanical Pulping 69 3.4 Related Pulping Methods 70 3.5 Semi-Chemical Pulping 71 3.6 General Chemical Pulping 72 3.7 Soda Pulping 86 3.8 Kraft Pulping 86 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 3 of 14 3.9 Sulfite Pulping 91 3.10 Other Pulping Methods 96 3.11 Market Pulp 97 3.12 Annotated Bibliography 97 Exercises 100 4 Kraft Spent Liquor Recovery 4.1 Chemical Recovery 101 4.2 Pulp Washing 101 4.3 Liquor Evaporation 103 4.4 Recovery Boiler 107 4.5 Cooking Liquor Regeneration - The Causticizing Process 112 4.6 Annotated Bibliography 118 Exercises 121 5 Pulp Bleaching 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Bleaching Mechanical Pulps 123 5.3 Measurement of Lignin Content 124 5.4 Bleaching Chemical Pulps 127 5.5 Annotated Bibliography 134 Exercises 136 6 Refining and Pulp Characterization 6.1 Introduction to Refining 137 6.2 Refining 142 6.3 Pulp Characterization 149 6.4 Pulp Properties versus Performance 153 6.5 Annotated Bibliography 154 Exercises 157 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 4 of 14 7 Paper and its Properties 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 General Grades of Paper 158 7.3 Specific Types of Paper 160 7.4 Basic Paper Properties 163 7.5 Physical Properties of Paper 165 7.6 Mechanical Properties of Paper 174 7.7 Chemical Analysis of Paper 182 7.8 Basic Optical Tests of Paper 185 7.9 Sheet Splitting of Paper 187 7.10 Annotated Bibliography 188 Exercises 189 8 Stock Preparation and Additives for Papermaking 8.1 Introduction 190 8.2 Fiber Preparation and Approach 191 8.3 Raw Materials 193 8.4 Functional Additives 194 8.5 Control Additives 201 8.6 Wet End Chemistry 205 8.7 Annotated Bibliography 206 Exercises 208 9 Paper Manufacture 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 The Paper Machine 209 9.3 The Headbox 211 9.4 The Foundrinier Wet End 214 9.5 Twin Wire Formers 230 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 5 of 14 9.6 The Cylinder Machine 234 9.7 The Press Section 235 9.8 The Dryer Section 235 9.9 Post Drying Operations 245 9.10 Paper Machine Broke System 251 9.11 Conversion 252 9.12 Coating 254 9.13 Annotated Bibliography 258 Exercises 262 10 Fiber from Recycled Paper 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Recycled Fiber Preparation 263 10.3 Recycled Fiber Recovery 266 10.4 Annotated Bibliography 279 Exercises 282 11 Environmental Impact 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Water Pollution 284 11.3 Water Quality Tests 285 11.4 Aqueous Effluent Treatments 287 11.5 Air Pollution 290 11.6 Air Quality Tests and Control 290 11.7 Solid Waste Disposal 293 11.8 U.S. Regulations 294 11.9 Annotated Bibliography 295 Exercises 296 12 Metric and English Units and Unit Analysis Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 6 of 14 12.1 Metric Units 297 12.2 English and Metric Units 297 12.3 Unit Analysis 308 Exercises 311 13 Introductory Chemistry Review 13.1 The Elements 312 13.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonds 314 13.3 Hydrogen Bonding 315 13.4 The Mole and Mass Percentage 316 13.5 Equivalency, Molarity, and Normality 317 13.6 Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale 318 13.7 The Law of Mass Action 323 13.8 Solubility Products 324 13.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 326 13.10 Electrochemistry 327 13.11 Practical Aspects of Electrochemistry 330 13.12 Properties of Gases 331 13.13 Annotated Bibliography 333 Exercises 333 14 Analytical and Coordinate Chemistry 14.1 Strong Acid - Strong Base Titrations 335 14.2 pH Properties of Weak Acid - Conjugate Base Pairs 336 14.3 pH Indicators 337 14.4 Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base or Weak Base with a Strong Acid 338 14.5 Reduction-Oxidation Titrations 339 14.6 Colorimetric Analysis 342 14.7 Coordinate Chemistry 343 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 7 of 14 14.8 Miscellaneous Considerations 346 14.9 Annotated Bibliography 346 Exercises 347 15 Calculations of Wood, Paper, and Other Materials 15.1 Wood Moisture Content and Density 348 15.2 Pulpwood Measurement 351 15.3 Tensile Strength and Breaking Length of Materials 352 15.4 Paper Properties 354 Exercises 357 16 Pulping Calculations 16.1 General Chemical Pulping Definitions 359 16.2 Kraft Liquor - Chemical Calculations 359 16.3 Kraft Liquor - Chemical Analysis 363 16.4 Specific Gravity and Viscosity of Kraft Liquors 367 16.5 Importance of Black Liquor pH 368 16.6 Kraft H-Factor and Other Process Control Equations 368 16.7 Sulfite Liquor Calculations 372 16.8 Sulfite Liquor Analysis 375 16.9 The Chemistry of Sulfur 376 16.10 Calcining Equations 377 16.11 Annotated Bibliography 377 Exercises 378 17 Bleaching and Pulp Properties Calculations 17.1 Dilution Water Calculations 379 17.2 Chlorine Bleaching 379 17.3 Chlorine Dioxide 381 17.4 Chemical Analysis of Bleaching Liquors and Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 8 of 14 Chlorine Equivalency 381 17.5 CSF Correction Equations 385 17.6 Computer Simulation of Fiber Cleaning Systems 385 17.7 Paper Machine Calculations 386 17.8 Properties of Dilute Pulp Slurries, Flocculation 390 17.9 Strength of Wet Fiber Mats 390 17.10 Fiber Physics 392 17.11 Annotated Bibliography 392 Exercises 393 18 Polymer Chemistry 18.1 Introduction and Types of Polymers 395 18.2 Addition Polymers 396 18.3 Condensation Polymers 398 18.4 Molecular Weights of Polymers 399 Exercises 410 19 Carbohydrate Chemistry 19.1 Introduction 403 19.2 Nomenclature 403 19.3 Forms of Monosaccharides 403 19.4 Selected Reactions of Carbohydrates 406 Exercises 410 20 Total Quality Management 20.1 Introduction to TQM and SPC 411 20.2 Statistical Process (Quality) Control, SPC, SQC 413 20.3 Statistical Process Control Tools 415 20.4 Implementing TQC and SPC 417 20.5 Miscellaneous Topics 418 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 9 of 14 20.6 Equations 419 20.7 Annotated Bibliography 419 Exercises 419 Appendix - Generating Random Data with a Normal Distribution 420 21 Colloid and Surface Chemistry 21.1 Introduction 421 21.2 Colloid Chemistry 421 21.3 Polyelectrolytes 429 21.4 Surface Tension and Sizing 429 21.5 Surfactants 431 21.6 Foam 434 21.7 Emulsions 435 21.8 Light Scattering by Colloids 435 21.9 Annotated Bibliography 436 Exercises 437 Appendix 437 22 Papermaking Chemistry 22.1 Introduction 438 22.2 Polymeric Additives 440 22.3 Colloid Chemistry 442 22.4 Retention, Formation, and Drainage 443 22.5 Internal Sizing 449 22.6 Wet and Dry Strength 451 22.7 Monitoring Wet End Chemistry 453 22.8 Papermaking Chemistry Control 457 22.9 Other Considerations 458 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 10 of 14 22.10 Annotated Bibliography 459 Exercises 462 23 Printing and the Graphic Arts 23.1 Introduction 463 23.2 Letterpress 464 23.3 Lithography 464 23.4 Gravure 467 23.5 Screen Printing 468 23.6 Other Printing Methods 468 23.7 Halftone Printing 469 23.8 Color Printing 470 23.9 Common Aspects of Printing 473 23.10 Ink and Ink Application 473 23.11 Paper Properties and Printing 475 23.12 Specific Products 477 23.13 Computers and Printing 478 23.14 Bindery Operations 480 23.15 Annotated Bibliography 483 Exercises 486 Appendix 486 24 Optical Properties of paper 24.1 Introduction 487 24.2 Behavior of Light Rays 488 24.3 Color 489 24.4 Tristimulus Systems 494 24.5 Blackbody Radiation and Other Light Sources 500 24.6 Kubelka - Munk Theory 502 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 11 of 14 24.7 Annotated Bibliography 508 Exercises 512 Appendix 513 25 Wood and Fiber - Growth and Anatomy 25.1 Introduction 516 25.2 Sample Preparation for Identification or Microscopy 529 25.3 Wood Variation 532 25.4 Silviculture and Wood Quality 534 25.5 Annotated Bibliography 537 Exercises 540 26 Softwood Anatomy 26.1 Gross Anatomy of Softwoods 541 26.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Softwoods 543 26.3 Anatomy of Softwood Species 549 26.4 Non-AMerican Species 581 27 Hardwood Anatomy 27.1 Gross Anatomy of Hardwoods 583 27.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Hardwoods 586 27.3 Anatomy of Hardwood Species 589 28 Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification 28.1 Fiber Analysis 628 28.2 Softwood Fiber 629 28.3 Hardwood Fiber 631 29 Nonwood Fiber Use in Pulp and Paper 29.1 Introduction 633 29.2 Pulping Methods for Nonwood Fibers 635 29.3 Considerations for Nonwood Fiber Use 637 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 12 of 14 29.4 Other Fiber Types 639 29.5 Annotated Bibliography 639 30 Hydraulics 30.1 Flow of Liquids 641 30.2 Pump Basics 641 30.3 Positive Displacement Pumps 642 30.4 Centrifugal (Dynamic) Pumps 644 30.5 Valves 648 30.6 Hydraulic Power Systems 655 30.7 Troubleshooting Hydraulic Power Systems 659 30.8 Annotated Bibliography 660 31 Process Control 31.1 Introduction 663 31.2 Sensors 663 31.3 Temperature Sensors 664 31.4 Mechanical Sensors 665 31.5 Controllers 668 31.6 Actuators 670 31.7 Annotated Bibliography 670 32 Corrugated Containers 32.1 Introduction 671 32.2 Manufacture 672 32.3 Test Methods 674 32.4 Annotated Bibliography 676 33 Miscellaneous Topics 33.1 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Water from 0 to 100 Degrees Celcius 678 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 13 of 14 33.2 Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 280 degrees Celcius 679 33.3 Properties of Air and Water 680 33.4 Water Conditioning 680 33.5 Boiler Feedwater Treatment 683 33.6 Corrosion 685 33.7 Safety Practices for Hazardous Chemicals 686 33.8 Transportation Safety 687 33.9 Operations Management 690 33.10 Process Simulation 690 33.11 Superabsorbency 692 33.12 Bearings 692 33.13 Electric Circuit Symbols 694 33.14 Annotated Bibliography 694 Appendix 697 34 Updates and Bibliography 34.1 General Pulp and Paper 698 34.2 Wood 699 34.3 Roundwood Properties 700 34.4 Wood Chemistry 701 34.5 Recycling and Secondary Fiber 702 34.6 Properties of Pulps 705 34.7 Mechanical Pulping 705 34.8 Chemical Pulping 706 34.9 Kraft Recovery 707 34.10 Bleaching 709 34.11 Fiber Physics and Preparation 710 34.12 Papermaking 712 Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Page 14 of 14 34.13 Paper 713 34.14 Coating and Converting 713 34.15 Flexible Packaging 716 34.16 Environmental 716 34.17 Miscellaneous Topics 717 34.18 Testing Methods 718 Answers to Selected Problems 721 Author Index 733 Subject Index 741