Data Analysis and Data Presentation

Data are generally the numerical magnitude of observations

Data are known and admitted facts related to the characteristics or attributes of the
variables included in the feld of inquiry.
Types of Data
a. On the basis of source
Primary Data: Observation, Face to Face nterview, !uestionnaire survey etc
"econdary Data: Document "urvey, #ooks, $ournals, Periodicals, %ews&a&er, etc
b. Generally data are two types:
Quantitative : Measurable : Production , 'esults, Prices, (eight, etc
Qualitative : Descriptive ; )istorical data, Feelings ,words* images, im&ressions,
gestures , culture , belief ,
#eauty etc
Discrete : Po&ulation, animal etc
ontinuous : age, height etc
!ndependent : 'ainfall, Demand
Dependent :'ice , "u&&ly
Processed data is called !nfor"ation
Data Processin# is an inter"ediate sta#e between the data collection and their
analysis.
Data processin# includes data collection, editing, coding, classifcation and tabulation.
Data ollection $ays:
+.#y Observation , ,.Face to Face nterview, -. .hecklist, /.Document survey, 0.
!uestionnaire "urvey
1.Focal 2rou& Discussion
Data Processin# or analy%in#:
&.Data .ollection, ,. Data 3diting, -. Data .oding , /.Data .lassifcation, 0. Data
4abulation, 1.Data &resentation
!uantitative 5easures : 5ean, 5edian, 5ode , Percentage, 'ange, 5ean Deviation
,"tandard Deviation
Data 'ditin#: ollected data need to scrutiny( add and subtract so"e of the"
is called Data 'ditin#
Ai" : +.6ccuracy and reliability, ,..onsistence with other facts, -. Data uniformity,
/..om&lete the data
0.Facilitate the coding and tabulating
Data odin#: 'aw data are transformed into symbols may be tabulated or counted.
odin# is an o&eration by which data are organi7ed into classes and number or symbols
is given to each items8 2oode and )alt
Data lassi)cation:
4he &rocess of arranging data in grou&s or classes according to resemblance and
similarities is technically called classifcation* Prof. D +. 'nhance
Types : Data lassi)cation
Two types: a9 6ttributed Data .lassifcation, b9 .lass8interval
i9 !ualitative:

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b. lassi)cation accordin# to class*interval
Ma/or ob/ective of data classi)cation : a. &resent the facts in a sim&le way, b. clearly
&oints of similarity
.. facilitate com&arison, d,. #ring out relationshi&, e. &resent a mental
&icture
f. a basis for tabulation
Principles of Data lassi)cation:
&.4he number of classes should &referably be between 0 and +0
,. 6void odd values of class intervals. Preferably one should have class intervals of either
0 or multi&le of 0
-. "tarting &oint of the lower limit is &referably be : or 0
/. 3=clusive method is commonly used
0. (henever &ossible all classes should be of same si7e.
Tabulation:
Orderly and systematic &resentation of numerical data in a form designed @ <.'. .onnor
Ai"s: &. Pur&ose of inquiry clear, ,. Process of com&arison,-. Data in least
&ossible s&ace
/. #asis of various statistical com&utations, 0. Detection of error and omission
Di0erent Parts 1 2ules of a 3tandard Table
/. 4able %ame ,,. 4able 4itle -.'ow 4itle A "tab, /. .olum 4itle A .a&tion,0."ub8
ca&tion,1.5ain #ody
;."ource, ? B. Foot %ote
Data Presentation Process:
Types of presentation
&. 4e=t based
,. 4abular
-.2ra&hical : a. #ar Diagram, b. )istogram, c. Frequency Polygon, d. Frequency .urve,
e. Pie Diagram, f. .ircle Diagram, g. <ine gra&h ? h. Ogive .urve
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