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Environmental Perspective of Urban Agriculture in Debre
Markos Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

+aru ,-e-aw .erhanu
1/
and Juliet ,0ola
2

1.Institute of 1r-an 2evelo"ment Studies* Ethio"ian 3ivil Service 1niversit4* Ethio"ia 5raduate#
2.Institute of 1r-an 2evelo"ment Studies* Ethio"ian 3ivil Service 1niversit4* Ethio"ia Instructor#
/Email of corres"onding author6 marua-e-aw7gmail.com

Abstract
1r-an agriculture "la4s great role in environmental -enefits to ur-an farmers in "articular and ur-an dwellers at
large to gras" the significance of the sector towards ur-an environments. It also contri-utes challenges to the
environment unless ur-an farmers ta0e care of farming "ractices. So* the stud4 focused on identif4ing the ma8or
t4"es of 1, in 2e-re +ar0os 9own* identif4ing sta0eholders involved in ur-an agriculture* challenges of ur-an
agriculture to the environment and environmental -enefits of ur-an agriculture. .asicall4 the stud4 em"lo4ed a
descri"tive research t4"e. .oth :ualitative and :uantitative a""roaches were used. ,nd 1$2 sam"les were
s4stematicall4 selected from individual farmers* micro and small enter"rise under ur-an agriculture* and
investors. Eight officials were selected through "ur"osive sam"ling from relevant governmental organi;ations.
Em"irical data was collected through structured :uestionnaire* interview guiding :uestions* focus grou"
discussion* and on s"ot o-servation. 9he data gathered via the aforementioned techni:ues were anal4;ed and the
findings were "resented using ta-les* charts* and "lates. ,ccordingl4* the findings revealed that animal
hus-andr4 is the most common ur-an agricultural activit4 in 2e-re +ar0os 9own following green -iodiversit4
enrichment. In addition* though the multi-sta0eholders are "artici"ating in ur-an agriculture* their environmental
concern was ver4 low. It is evident that $$.&< of challenges of ur-an agriculture to the environment are waste
dum"ing* soil loss and loss of -iodiversit4 due to ignorance of environmental attention while farming in the town.
=rom the stud4* it is concluded that com"osting of -oth munici"al and household waste for ur-an agriculture is a
neglected activit4 which would have -een used for augmenting of soil fertilit4 instead of "olluting the ur-an
environment. It also recommends that awareness creation> s"ur on institutional su""ort with s"ecial attention to
the environment and rendering technical e?tension service as it has -een case for rural areas to solve negative
environmental outloo0s and "ractices of ur-an farmers should -e strengthened.
e! wor"s# ur-an agriculture* ur-an farmer* environmental challenge* environmental -enefit* Ethio"ia

$% &ntro"uction
1r-an agriculture is not a novel "henomenon> it is li0el4 as old as the earliest ur-an settlement. 9hroughout the
glo-e* agriculture toda4 is increasingl4* a "art of cit4 landsca"e. @i0e man4 ur-an trend* agriculture crosses
-orders north and south and is evidence in -oth rich and "oor countries. It is found in small towns and the ma8or
metro"olis* in tem"erate and tro"ical latitudes* and at sea level and high in the mountains .our:ue 2%%%#. In
1&&6* the 1nited Nations 2evelo"ment !rogramme 1N2!# estimates that a-out '%% million ur-an residents are
involved in commercial and su-sistence agriculture in or around cities 1N2! 1&&6 A Smite et al* 1&&6#.
1r-an agriculture in the develo"ed countries "la4 great role* for instance +e?ico cit4Bs New ur-an "roduction
s4stems* such as the 3hinam"a s4stem which is considered more diverse# and the terraced n+opal vegeta-le#
and tuna 9eotihuacan# "roduction s4stems are well ada"ted to the ur-an environment. 9he4 ma0e o"timal use
of local in"uts> the4 use local wastes as a source of nutrients and are interlin0ed. @i0e an4 "roduction s4stem*
these s4stems need "ro"er management es"eciall4 in the dair4 s4stems the odor "roduced and the "resence of
flies need to -e controlled#* -ut the4 "ose relativel4 little danger to the ur-an environment @osada et al* 2%1%#.
+ost ,frican cities face significant ur-ani;ation-related challenges* such as waste management and drin0ing
water su""l4> however* it is not sur"rising that ur-an agriculture in general does not get much "olitical attention.
,s re"orted from southern* eastern and western ,frica* it is usuall4 ignored or tolerated without an4 significant
restriction or su""ort. In munici"al "lanning* it is usuall4 missing from the agenda 2rechsel* 3ofie A Niang
2%%'#.
9he situation was not different in Ethio"ia. @ee 1&&C# and Eg;ia-her 1&&4# stated that the livelihoods of man4
ur-an citi;ens in Ethio"ia e.g. ,ddis ,-a-a6 economic ca"ital and which accounts for over thirt4 "ercent of the
total ur-an "o"ulation# is heavil4 de"endent on ur-an farming* -ut ur-an "olic4 ma0ers fail to give due attention
to ur-an agriculture during ur-an "lanning "olic4 reforms. .ut according to Edwards* 2%1%# as is the case in
Ethio"ia* ur-an agriculture can -e characteri;ed in to three farming s4stems on the -asis of location. 9hese are
the "eri-ur-an* household or homestead gardening* and vacant-s"ace cultivation. 9he "eri-ur-an cultivation ta0es
"lace on lands 8ust outside the -uilt u" areas of the cit4. )acant-s"ace cultivation is done in o"en s"aces usuall4
in residential areas* -eside water wa4s natural and man-made such as drainage channels#* and road sides.
Dasum-aEs stud4 2%%C#* anal4;ed ur-an agriculture from a Fsustaina-le develo"mentE "ers"ective and
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considered four ma8or as"ects6 food securit4* the contri-ution of ur-an agriculture to the cultivating household*
the environmental -enefits of the "ractice* and associated social and "s4chological -enefits.
1r-an agriculture toda4 is increasing all over the world including Ethio"ia. Its focus is on "overt4 alleviation.
1r-an agriculture from the sustaina-le develo"ment "ers"ective is considered in to four ma8or as"ects> food
securit4* the contri-ution of ur-an agriculture to the cultivating household* the environmental -enefits of the
"ractice and associated social and "s4chological -enefits. =urthermore* environmental -enefits were e?tremel4
modest i-id#. 9he attention given for environmental "ers"ective of ur-an agriculture in the stud4 area is ver4
minimal.
1r-an agriculture in Ethio"ia is traditional "ractice* and the ur-an--ased "o"ulation does 0ee" cattle* and
chic0en* shee"* or growing rain-fed cro"s and vegeta-les* on the "lots ad8acent to their houses 5ittleman* 2%%&#.
In addition to its -enefits for the "roduction of foods from vegeta-les* cro"s and rearing animals* ur-an
agriculture has socio-economic and environmental -enefits. =or instance* 1, in ,ddis ,-a-a create large
num-er of em"lo4ment and source of income for the cit4 residents.
!eo"le tend to thin0 that ur-an agriculture is mess4 -usiness and have little understanding of environmental
-enefits of the ur-an agriculture and "eo"le need food "roduction Go-eta* 2%11#. 1r-an agriculture in 2e-re
+ar0os town is "racticed -4 few individuals -efore a decade at the home garden. .ut when the ur-an dwellers
and unem"lo4ment is coming to increase from time to time 1, has -ecome 8o- o""ortunit4 for unem"lo4ed*
investors and enter"rises. 9echni:ue vocation and enter"rises develo"ment office esta-lished ur-an agriculture
as one "ac0age for organi;ed grou"s as a means of 8o- creating and income generating activities. Here* the ur-an
farmers arenBt given attention to environmental "ers"ectives. +ost ur-an farmers in the town are techni:ue
vocation and enter"rises* investors and individual farmers. 9heir engagement is onl4 to have economic -enefits
leaving aside environmental "ers"ectives. ,ccording to 2e-re +a0os 9own ur-an agriculture office and
techni:ue vocation and enter"rises develo"ment office mid-term re"ort 2%12#* the ur-an farmers currentl4
engaged in agriculture are 1$16 ur-an farmers. 9his has lead to generation of solid wastes and waste water which
in turn has -ecome costl4 to the cit4 administration* 4et the4 do not currentl4 have the ca"acit4 to service the
whole cit4 as a result of which solid wastes are dum"ed o"enl4 as the stud4 conducted in Ethio"ia towns such as
.ahirdar* +e0elle* Hawassa 1N2!> 2%%4#. 9herefore due to these there is environmental degradation and
"ollution which is caused from ur-an agriculture indicated -4 soil loss* -ad smell* and -iodiversit4 loss. So* it is
the concern of this stud4 to assess environmental "ers"ectives of ur-an agriculture at the legal 8urisdiction
-oundar4# of 2e-re +ar0os town in the ,mahara regional state.

' Materials an" Metho"s
'%$ Stu"! Area
(ocation# 2e-re +ar0os* the ca"ital of +isra0 5o88am ,dministrative Ione is located in the north west of the
ca"ital cit4 of the =2GE of Ethio"ia* ,ddis ,-a-a at a distance of 3%% Dms and 26$ Dms to the ca"ital of
,mhara Nation Gegional State* .ahir 2ar. S"ecificall4 it is located in the ,mhara regional state* East 5o88am
;one. 9he town served as the ca"ital cit4 of +isra0 5o88am ;one. 1ntil 1&&$* 2e-re +ar0os was the ca"ital cit4
of the "rovince of 5o88am. It has latitude and longitude of 1%
%
2%EN* 3C
%
43EE and altitude of 2*446 meters a-ove
sea level and it has moderate tem"erature 9he Enlightenment* 2%%&#. 9he town is named 2e-re +ar0os after its
"rinci"al church* which was constructed 1'6& and is devoted to Saint +ar0.
Area)si*e6 9he area of 2e-re +ar0os 9own is 6*16% ha and has oval sha"e> its ,verage ,nnual 9em"erature is
1'.$J3> +ean ,nnual Gainfall is 1*3'% mm and the e?isting wind direction is from north to south. 9he main
natural constraints for the "h4sical e?"ansion of the 2e-re +ar0os town are hills* swam"s* rivers and forests>
while the manmade constraints are illegal settlements and ur-an rural -oundar4 conflicts.
Population# ,ccording to 3S, 2%%C#* the "o"ulation of the town was 62*4&C. (ut of this 2&*&21 4C.'C<#
were males and 32*$C6 $2.1<# were females> 16*32$ 26.14<# were within the age grou" of %-1$ 4ears* 42*1'$
6C.4&<# 16-6% 4ears* and 3*&'C 6.3C<# 61 4ears and a-ove. 9he "o"ulation growth rate at low variant was
2.4<* while household si;e in the town is calculated to -e 3.2. 9he ma8orit4 of the ur-anites worshi"ed
Ethio"ian (rthodo? 9ewahido church. &C< of the inha-itants are s"ea0ers of ,mharic language. 9he remaining
3< of the inha-itants are s"ea0ers of 9igiregna* ,gew and ,fan (romo. ,ccording to 3S, 2%13#* the
"o"ulation "ro8ection figure of the town had -een estimated 3'2&1 male and 416'& female inha-itants which is a
total of C&&'% "o"ulations. ,rea of the town is e?"ected to -e 1214.& s:. Dm and 6$.'2 0mKs:uare densit4.

+% Research Design
9he stud4 em"lo4ed -oth "ro-a-ilit4 and non-"ro-a-ilit4 sam"ling techni:ue6 =or the assessment of
environmental "ers"ective of ur-an agriculture in 2e-re +ar0os 9own* a well-structured :uestionnaire with -oth
o"en and close-ended :uestions was "re"ared. 9he :uestionnaires were "re"ared in English and then translated
to ,mharic language to ensure good understanding of the res"ondents. 2e-re +aros 9own was "ur"osivel4
selected -ecause it holds ur-an farmers in the town and 0nowing that onl4 few researches are done so far in this
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issue. Interviewees were also selected "ur"osivel4 from relevant governmental organi;ations in order to o-tain
relia-le data and focus grou" discussion was selected -4 stratified techni:ue to get data from different grou" of
communit4.
=inall4 :uestionnaires were administered to the selected ur-an farmers from each three categories of ur-an
farmers. 9o "ic0 re"resentative ur-an farmers from the 3 categories s4stematic sam"ling -ased on the "re"ared
document list -4 the ur-an agriculture and environmental "rotection and land management and use office*
techni:ue vocation and enter"rise office and town munici"alit4 office. 9he list of ur-an farmers for each
categor4 was mar0ed in order of their serial num-er li0e %1* %2* %3 and so on. Hence* the said document list was
used for "ic0ing the re"resentative farmers. 9he total num-er of ur-an farmers in each categor4 was 4* ' and14%
sam"led from investment* micro and small enter"rise and individual farmers res"ectivel4. , total of 1$2 ur-an
farmers were s4stematicall4 selected for the distri-ution of the :uestionnaire. .esides to :uestionnaire*
interviews and focus grou" discussions were conducted with relevant institutions and grou"s in 2e-re +ar0os
9own since the4 were "artici"ated directl4 and indirectl4 in ur-an agriculture in their dail4 activities> and field
o-servation hel"s to gras" what was reall4 ha""ening on the field.

,% Results an" Discussions
9his cha"ter "resents the results of the stud4 conducted on the environmental "ers"ectives of ur-an agriculture in
2e-re +ar0os 9own. 9he result em"hasi;es on the information demogra"hic or socio-economic characteristics
of res"ondentsB* ma8or t4"es of ur-an agriculture in the stud4 area* sta0eholder involvement to the ur-an
agriculture* the challenges of ur-an agriculture to the environment in the stud4 area and the -enefits of ur-an
agriculture to the environment.
,%$ T!pes of Urban Agriculture
@ivestoc0 0ee"ing is widel4 "racticed in the town of 2e-re +ar0os. 9here are -oth small and medium scale
agricultural "ractices in the town. 9he small scale farming are done -4 small holder ur-an farmers for
su-sistence living. 9hese activities include livestoc0 0ee"ers in the town usuall4 let their animals roar freel4*
"articularl4 during the winter season eating grass* cro" residues in the field or whatever the4 can find. 3attle
fattening and mil0 "roduction were the most common livestoc0* though shee"* "ig* "oultr4 were fairl4 numerous
in the towns under stud4. 9here were also a small num-er of horses and mules used for cart traction "ur"ose in
the town. , small variet4 of vegeta-les were identified in 2e-re +ar0os 9own. 9hese vegeta-les are mainl4
found in the stream -an0 and -ac04ard* and other similar sites. 9here are also medium ca"ital intensive
agricultural "ractices in the town> li0e dair4 "roduction* cattle fattening* and "oultr4 farm and other agricultural
investments. Even though* there are legal agricultural investments there in the stud4 area no large scale
agricultural "ractices are "romoted in the town. 9he area is suita-le for agricultural investments.
9he stud4 result indicates that 2C.6 "ercent 42# of ur-an agriculture is conducted in the intra-ur-an and C2.4
"ercent 11%# in the "eri-ur-an area within the -oundar4 of town> similar stud4 was conducted -4 3ofie* 2%%&>
+ougeot* 2%%%#. In general t4"es of ur-an agricultural "ractices are animal hus-andr4* cro" "roduction* mi?ed
farming and forest develo"ment in the terrestrial land unli0e Smit* 1&&4# that he grou"ed in to ,:uatic*
horticulture * livestoc0* agro-forestr4 * and others snail raising* ornamental fish* sil0worm* worm larvae* horses*
"ets* and medicinal and culinar4 her-s#.
,%' Stakehol"ers &nvolvement in Urban Agriculture
1r-an agriculture is "racticed along with various sta0eholder involvements* that in 2e-re +ar0os town ur-an
agriculture -est integrates more with "rivate or limited com"anies and "u-lics. 9he stud4 result in 2e-re +ar0os
town shows that sta0eholders involved in ur-an agriculture are traders* local communities* ,3SI* coo"eratives*
com"anies li0e ,m-asel* and government organi;ations. Here* in contrasts to =,(* 2%12#* non-government
organi;ation involvement with ur-an agriculture in the town currentl4 is negligi-le. Even though* +ougeot*
2%%%# stated that man4 sta0eholders are involved in 1,> such as* the su""liers of resources* in"uts and services
and the "roducers* the "rocessors and the trans"orters* retailers and the consumers* the "romoters and the
managers. 9hese actors are relevant to the "u-lic and "rivate sectors. 9he stud4 result revealed that though
government is involved in ur-an agriculture* onl4 1'.42 < ur-an farmers get full su""ort of government. 1r-an
agriculture is -eing "racticed as an informal sector and has little su""ort from local councils .r4ceson* 2%%$
and .r4ld* 2%%3#.
,%+ -hallenges of Urban Agriculture to the Environment
, num-er of challenges were identified of which $$.& "ercent of res"ondents e?"lained that soil loss* waste* and
-iodiversit4 degradation as to -e ma8or environmental challenges that "ollute the local environment as a result of
1, in the area which hinders the develo"ment of environmental friendl4 1, in the town under stud4. Some of
the reasons are a-sence of land ownershi"* access to land* lac0 of training* shortage of farm land and lac0 of
institutional su""ort. 9he other constraint that is relativel4 as im"ortant as land issue was the lac0 of credit or
financing o""ortunities for farmers* lac0 of im"roved "lant and animal s"ecies* scarcit4 of water and waste
dis"osal were the significant "ro-lem of ur-an agricultural develo"ment in the town under stud4. 9he
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identification of those great "ro-lems might to generali;e and inter"ret as a general "erce"tion that farmers need
greater su""ort and assistance from town administration to halt the challenges and "la4 their own role in the
local environment as well as countr4 ecolog4 and econom4.
9he stud4 identified a num-er of challenges that were facing the ur-an farmers in the stud4 town. In general* the
constraints were classified in to three -road categories* namel4* institutional su""ort* financial and ca"acit4
related challenges.
.oth small scale and medium scale ur-an farming e?ists in the town under stud4* the micro-scale farming has
lesser environmental damaging effect com"ared to the medium one. 2uring the field o-servation ur-an farmers
"racticing micro-scale farming dum"ed agricultural wastes on the road side* cultivating stream -an0s that
accelerate soil erosion* high com"action of soil -4 large animals at the vicinit4 of livestoc0 rearing areas are the
ma8or disadvantages caused -4 this farming> similarl4 )eehui;en 2%%6# argued that "oor h4giene and a lot of
direct contact -etween animals and "eo"le can have the same high ris0s. De4 informant from health office e?"ert
has e?"lained there are res"irator4 diseases caused from -ad odor from ur-an agriculture. 9he ris0s that ma4 -e
associated with the im"ro"er dum"ing of wastes from ur-an agriculture "ractices must -e recogni;ed. If not
"ro"erl4 managed it ma4 also have negative environmental im"acts such as noise* dust* odors* "ollution of water
-odies. 3ultivated areas and livestoc0 in the towns ma4 attract or "rovide -reeding ground for rodents and flies
and thus can contri-ute to the s"reads of diseases the4 ma4 carr4 if "ro"er "recautions are not ta0en. 1, ma4
contaminate local water sources if high in"ut levels of fertili;ers and "esticides are used. Neigh-ors ma4
com"lain have the dust* smell and noise created -4 ur-an farms 5raham et al* 2%%2#.
9he use of agrochemical to our farm is minimal due to the reason that the occurrence of "est and disease is
relativel4 low in the stud4 area. Even if few diseases are -eing occurred the area we cultivate is small that
ever4one can control culturall4* in addition* the availa-ilit4 of "esticide and her-icide in little volume for smaller
area is not availa-le in the mar0et. (n the wa4 so far it -ecomes conducive for our environment* so that
a""lication of agrochemical in the farm area so as to -oost "roduction is ver4 negligi-le in the stud4 area.
,%+%$ Shortage of space
,s man4 scholars alread4 studied that ur-ani;ation is ra"idl4 increasing from 4ear to 4ear. ,s a result s"ace for
ur-an agriculture is -ecoming in shortage. So* it leads to farm on a limited land a-ove its carr4ing ca"acit4. In
case* it resulted in over gra;ing for free gra;ing animals* soil erosion due to storm water runoff* stream -an0
cultivation. =ree gra;ing devastates grasses* forage trees and micro organism under it. .irds dwelling on the tree
would also migrate. ,s a result -iodiversit4 also declines due to such degradations of the environment in town
under stud4. 9he stud4 showed that '4.& "ercent res"ondents have faced shortage of s"ace. Similar conce"ts are
also e?"lained -4 .r4ld* 2%%3 and ,rgentina* 2%%%#.
,%, Environmental .enefits of Urban Agriculture
9he stud4 found that un0nowingl4 ur-an farmers agreed on the -enefits that 1, could deliver to them that 42.1
"ercent of them revealed as it reduces ur-an heat* 2.6 "ercent of the res"ondent waste rec4cling or reuse* 12.2
"ercent as it reduce soil erosionKdegradation* 36.2 "ercent for green -iodiversit4 enrichment* %.C "ercent increase
water availa-ilit4 and 2 "ercent reduction of storm water runoff and the rest for other -enefits. 9he stud4 also
showed not onl4 the a-ove -enefits -ut also it delivers health -enefit that from all res"ondents &4.3 "ercent
revealed on health -enefits and the rest disagreed in com"arative "reference to challenges. In the same wa4
+agigi 2%13#* argued that ur-an agriculture contri-utes to nutrition and environmental -enefits -esides to
economic and social -enefits. 2e-re +ar0os 9own has favora-le climatic condition for ur-an agriculture such
as fertile soil* and o"timum rain fall> due to these the areas were green throughout the 4ear. 9he stud4 esta-lished
that* ur-an agriculture is "art of the ur-an green that im"roves the ur-an micro-climate* increase green-
-iodiversit4* green trees and vegeta-les clean the air -4 tra""ing air dust> reduce soil erosion* as well as the
aesthetics and recreational functions of ur-an areas. It also "reserves the via-ilit4 of ecos4stems and reduces the
loss of -iodiversit4. Some non- farmers added that ur-an agriculture had "rotected their areas from -eing used as
sites for the ha"ha;ard and unh4gienic dum"ing of wastes during grou" discussion with them. Similar stud4
result was concluded -4 Heather* 2%12# as6
1rban agriculture is a positive use of unused, vacant lots and impermeable urban roofs, which can provide a
number of benefits. In a city like Philadelphia, which is moderately densely populated, utilizing these spaces for
UA, in combination with the addition of other types of green spaces, offers the most potential for improvement of
the urban environment in terms of storm water, air uality improvement and reduction of the urban heat island
effect, increased biodiversity, waste reduction, and decreased carbon emissions resulting from the transition of a
portion of the food supply to locally grown food.
,%,%$ The Role of Urban agriculture in Soli" /aste Management
+unici"al waste is not "ro-lem rather it can -e used for agriculture as natural fertili;er and waste of food can
also -e used for swine feed. +unici"al waste in 2e-re +ar0os 9own is least im"ortant that 14 m
3
munici"al
wastes are o"enl4 dum"ed ever4 da4. 3$.66 "ercent of the total res"ondentsB farm needs com"ost as natural
fertili;er. .ut onl4 14.1 "ercent of them a""l4 com"ost for their farm. 1r-an dwellers e?"lained as 0waste is
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waste1 as to traditional "ers"ective. 9hen* the environmental "ers"ective of solid waste can -e challenging
assum"tion. ,t the current case solid waste in 2e-re +ar0os 9own causes environmental "ro-lem -oth at the
dum"ing site and at the area where it was generated. It contradicts with @osada et al* 2%1%#* @ocal food
"roduction in +e?ico 3it4 turns wastes into resources. 3om"osta-le organic wastes* which can -e used as a soil
amendment* account for 2$ to 4% "ercent of munici"al waste streams* and often end u" emitting methane from
landfills. .ut this stud4 agrees with the stud4 conducted in Ethio"ia -4 1N2! in 2%%4 showed that .ahirdar*
+e0ele* ,dama and Hawassa munici"al cit4 collected and dum"ed o"enl4 is 46* 4'* $4 and $% "ercent of the
solid waste res"ectivel4.
In ,ddis ,-a-a* C%-C$ "ercent of the organic decom"osa-le waste* that can -e used for ma0ing com"ost* -eing
ta0en to the land fillKdum" site according to Edwards* 2%1%#. 9he stud4 found that develo"ing countr4 town
environmental activit4 concerning waste management is still minimal. .esides to these* ur-an agriculture can
hel" to solve waste dis"osal. ,n estimated 1%< of the world "o"ulation eats food "roduced on waste water Smit
and Nasr 1&&2#. .ut the stud4 investigated that out of all farmers engaged in cultivation of cro"s 14.1< of the
utili;ed organic com"ost for their farms. 9he activities of ur-an farmers are vital to 0ee" the town clean and
-enefit the micro environment -4 rec4cling "lant nutrients. Gegarding com"ost ma0ing the ur-an farmers raised
lac0 s0ill and 0nowledge for "re"aration of com"ost and lac0 of a""ro"riate site of com"osting is a great
challenge to their activit4.
,%,%' .io"iversit! Enrichment
9he stud4 result on ta-le 4.11 showed that 36.2 "ercent of the res"ondents revealed that -iodiversit4 enrichment
es"eciall4 green -iodiversit4 is environmentall4 valua-le in case of ur-an heat reduction* reduction of soil
erosion* shade effect and food for human as well as animals. ,nd the home cam"us "lantation is a usual "ractice.
9he stud4 area cultivate tree "lanting for the "ur"ose of economic -enefit* "ar0ing raising seedlings and for
environmental -enefits li0e shading* -eautif4ing. Even non- farming dwellers would grow green "lant for the
same "ur"ose. 9he o-servation assured that ma8orit4 of each individual household "lanted "each tree in their
com"ound. It has -oth environmental and social significance in the town. It is a good culture develo"ing green
"lant in the home com"ound. 9his "lantation could have the chance to har-or -irds and microorganism under the
shade. ,s a result the town would have -iodiversit4 enrichment o""ortunit4. )eenhui;en 2%1%# on his stud4
found that 1, and forestr4 can have a "ositive im"act u" on greening the cit4 the im"rovement of the ur-an
micro-climate and maintenance of -iodiversit4 as well as the reduction of ecological foot "rint of the cit4. 9hen*
the tradition of "lanting tree and fruits at ever4 individual home com"ound in 2e-re +ar0os 9own contri-utes to
green -iodiversit4 enrichment.
,%2 Polic! &ssue -oncerning to Environment an" Urban Agriculture
,gricultural "olic4 of Ethio"ia is mostl4 rural -ased favoring rural farmers through e?tension service* credit*
in"ut su""l4 and distri-ution and land certification s4stem. 1, lac0s "olic4 ma0ersE su""ort and attention in
Ethio"ia -e4ond strategies designed for micro and small enter"rise and investment. Individual ur-an farmers
have no clear "olic4 issue. .ecause* it is the fact that ma8orit4 of the "o"ulation is living in rural area and their
livelihood is de"endent on agricultural activities. Lhereas* in ur-an area* ur-an agriculture is the source of food*
incomes generating and environmental -enefit* for a lot of 2e-re +ar0os 9own dwellers. 9herefore* 1, needs
im"lementation of 1, "lan in the town.
3hallenges of 1, can -e "revented and managed -4 a""ro"riate ur-an "olic4* including "rovision of ade:uate
e?tension service to ur-an farmers. Gegulations are needed to control which cro" and "ractices are grown and
"erformed where and which farming methods are em"lo4ed. @ocal administrations of the town tend to thin0 that
ur-an food "roduction is a mess4 -usiness and have little understanding of "eo"le need to food "roduction in
town. It indicates that e?tension service and follow u" of ur-an farmers is necessitating in ur-an area as that of
rural area.
9he constitution of the =ederal 2emocratic Ge"u-lic of Ethio"ia* !roclamation No. 1K1&&$* contains "rovisions*
which recogni;e the im"ortance of the environment "rotection and the need for its "ro"er management. 9hese
"rovisions are the ma8or s"ring-oard for su-se:uent legislations in the environmental management* as well as for
mainstreaming environmental sustaina-ilit4 in the "olitical* social and economic develo"ment sectors.
9wo declarations on ur-an agriculture> Muito* 2%%%#* ,ddis ,-a-a 2%%2# focused on environmental* social and
economical conditions of 1,. Ethio"ia has ratified the ,ddis ,-a-a declaration -4 affirming NLe the ministers*
ma4ors* cit4 managers* re"resentatives of the governments* "rovide an ena-ling environment for sustaina-le
livelihoods in our cities> review and revise laws* -4-laws and regulations to "romote effective food su""l4 and
distri-ution activities> monitor environmental and health ris0s related to food "roduction* mar0eting and
"rocessing and ta0e a""ro"riate action to reduce themO. However it is still not "ractical rather -eing a shelf tal0er.
,%3 Recommen"ations to &mprove 4egative Perspectives of Urban Agriculture to the Environment
.ased on findings valua-le recommendations can -e drawn from the stud4 results so that ur-an agriculture could
"la4 its o"timum role in -uilt environment* creating a more food secure* and green* attractive and -uild "ositive
attitude of ur-an agriculture towards environmental outloo0 in the town of 2e-re +ar0os. 9he following
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1'
suggestions are made to im"rove negative environmental "ers"ectives of ur-an agriculture6
9he ur-an agriculture and environmental office of the town should deliver e?tension services for ur-an
farmers in regard to environmental "rotection with s"ecial attention to the intra-ur-an and "eri-ur-an farming
activities.
9he office should integrate with relevant sta0eholders li0e environmental de"artment and town
munici"alit4. 9he town also should attract N5(s "artici"ating in ur-an agriculture.
1r-an environment seems to have -een one of the most neglected sectors in the town nowada4s in the
sense that there is no concerned autonomous governmental organ that has -een wor0ing towards the
develo"ment of the sector. 9he town administration should have to esta-lish environmental sector with e?"anded
res"onsi-ilities and duties so as to coordinate the efforts of su""ortive agencies* as well as to "rovide the
re:uisite training and e?tension services to the ur-an farmers and dwellers communit4 as a whole#
9he stud4 recommends that 2e-re +ar0os 9own is a la-or-rich -ut ca"ital-"oor town of the ,mhara
regional state> ur-an agriculture should -e encouraged* strengthened and given recognition in ur-an "lanning and
develo"ment.
2e-re +ar0os 9own local ,dministration should seriousl4 em-race ur-an agriculture as a via-le sector
that could contri-ute to sustaina-le* em"lo4ment creation* food securit4 and "overt4 alleviation of the ur-an
dwellers* "ristine environment. 9herefore* it is -etter to identif4 and esta-lish the s"eciali;ed intensive
agriculture "roduction ;ones such as ur-an dair4 ;ones* vegeta-le ;ones along streams* fattening ;ones* green
recreation ;ones and "oultr4 ;ones ma4 result in a more "roductive and environmentall4 friendl4 ur-an
agriculture in the town.
1r-an farmers have to ado"t modern technologies li0e stall feeding* dri" irrigation to save scare water*
inter cro""ing to get ma?imum return "er unit area and lessen ris0 of cro" failure and "lanting multi-"ur"ose tree
s"ecies to generate income and to enhance ur-an environment as agro forestr4 in their "lots.
!roviding effective ca"acit4 -uilding "rogram for the farmers on a continuous -asis* through training>
wor0 sho"* conference* field demonstration* and e?"erience sharing "articularl4 on -asic "rinci"les of animal
hus-andr4* agronomic management "ractices* com"ost ma0ing* soil conservation* safe and o"timum use of
agrochemicals* and mitigation measures of untreated waste water for irrigation.
2e-re +ar0os 9own administration should focus on environmental education "rogram so as to ma0e
ur-an farmers and ur-an dwellers aware of environment and related issues* to ena-le farming "artici"ants solve
environmental "ro-lems* to motivate farming "artici"ants and 1, sta0eholders in environmental conservation
and sustaina-le develo"ment in the sector.
Laste com"osting has to -e the integral com"onent of waste management of the town to reduce cost of
dis"osal and to -uild "ristine environment. 1r-an organic waste has to -e considered as useful resource rather
than e?"elling as useless gar-age. 9here is no dou-t that government su""ort for ur-an agriculture develo"ment
is crucial* in mar0eting infrastructures develo"ment for in"uts and out"uts* and credit "rovision are one of the
critical factors in the im"rovement of such "roductivit4 and in the successful develo"ment of agriculture.
9herefore* government has to develo" mar0et infrastructures and esta-lish a s"ecial credit -4 negotiating with
international organi;ations wor0ing in ur-an agriculture to lower the collateral re:uirements and low interest rate
of credit for ur-an farmers.
9hen all ur-an government structures should have to -uild environmental integration forum and
integrated im"lementation schemes -4 "romoting "ositive environmental "erformance and minimi;ing negative
"erformance and attitudes towards ur-an dwellers and other concerned -odies.
It is clear that ur-an agriculture e?hi-its -oth environmental challenges and -enefits. 9he countr4 has
no "olic4 concerning ur-an agriculture though it contri-utes social* economical and environmental advantages to
ur-anites. So* "olic4 ma0ers have to thin0 over this issue. ,nd the la? enforcement of "roclamation act which is
related to ur-an agriculture triggered challenges should -e ceased> and relevant regulations and "roclamations
such as "ollution act and environmental act should -e enforced -4 ur-an administration.

2% Summar! an" -onclusion
9he research results of the stud4 tell that ur-an agriculture could "la4 a great role in the overall develo"ment of
the town if the office managers* "ractitioners and the ur-anites at large are well aware of the role* "ractices and
"eculiarities of the sector. , num-er of ur-an agricultural activities were "ractices from micro scale to medium
scale enter"rises in the town. 9he micro-level are the cultivations of vegeta-les* "oultr4 hus-andr4* dair4 cow
0ee"ing* "ig "roduction* -ee 0ee"ing are the visi-le ones. 9ree seedling "roduction is also conducted -4 ver4
few individuals. 9he medium scale agricultural activities are mil0 "roduction and cattle fattening are "racticed in
the town under stud4.
9he stud4 clearl4 showed that the contri-ution of ur-an agriculture is multifarious* ur-an agriculture is one of
the im"ortant sectors in ur-an environment sta-ili;ation through the a-sor"tion of the "h4sical environment
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1&
nuisance* "articularl4 -4 rec4cling solid waste and used water* "overt4 alleviation and food securit4 attainment.
Similarl4* the stud4 showed that ur-an agriculture in the town of 2e-re +ar0os is found to have great
im"ortance in ur-an greening* fight against "overt4 through the su""l4 of food "roducts to the "oor "o"ulations*
food securit4 attainment and 8o- creation. 1r-an agriculture also hel"s to cur- social e?clusion through the
"rofessional reintegration of the under"rivileged categories6 women* 4ouths* unem"lo4ed* and few migrantBs
"o"ulation from rural area.
9he adverse effect caused -4 micro-scale ur-an agriculture in the town under stud4 is not as such magnified. 9he
"ro-lems that were caused -4 small scale once are dum"ing of waste near road side* soil erosion and little
a""lication of agro-chemicals. 9he use of agrochemicals in the town under the stud4 for ur-an farming does
e?ist -ut so far seems more limited than often alleged. .ut there are also health and environmental ris0s
associated with the medium scale farms. Some of them are res"irator4 disease li0e asthma and common cold that
caused health "ro-lem on wor0ers and neigh-orhoods.
1r-an farmers do not en8o4 the same su""ort from the governments as do their rural counter"arts and has not -e
given its rightful "lace in the econom4. It has -een constrained with lac0 of a""ro"riate technical su""orts*
training* modern farm in"uts* e?tension and veterinar4 services as well inade:uate awareness among the
e?ecutives and the "ractitioners themselves as to what the role and -asic "eculiarities of ur-an agriculture is.
,lso* credit facilities for ur-an farming* including other in"uts* are not 4et availa-le hence the investments in
ur-an agriculture remain low.
In recent 4ears 2e-re +ar0os 9own -ecomes one of new destinations of agricultural investment in the town. 9he
investment enter"rises have -een hailed in town as a creator of 8o-s* income and even satisf4ing needs of animal
-4-"roducts li0e mil0 and meat. ,dhering to the "recautionar4 "rinci"le of minimi;ing and where "ossi-le
ceasing over gra;ing* -iological materials or waste dum"ing from ur-an farming that could -e harmful* and to
disallow the discharge of li:uid waste when the4 are li0el4 to -e ha;ardous. ,nd also when a com"romise
-etween short-term economic growth and long-term environmental "rotection is necessar4* then develo"ment
activities shall minimi;e degrading and "olluting im"acts on ecological and life su""ort s4stems.
9he "ractice of farming in town faces -oth careless and deli-eratel4 im"osed constraints* s"eciall4 related to
land. In 2e-re +ar0os 9own ur-an farmers tend to -e o""ortunistic* and find wa4s to use the smallest "lots or
stri"s of land and water in creative wa4s. 9his leads to farming on land originall4 set aside for other "ur"oses
e.g.* o"en s"aces* road verges* green areas#* or lands that are ha;ardous and therefore undevelo"a-lee.g.*
stream -an0s* stee" slo"es* flood-"rone* erosion-"rone#* or lands that have -een a-andoned or contaminated -4
"ast uses -4 dum"ing waste* sometimes without the farmer -eing aware of the ha;ard. Such o""ortunistic use of
land can undermine communit4 "lanning and lead to conflicts -etween com"eting users* environmental
degradation* and unregulated "roduction and "rocessing that ma4 -e ha;ardous to consumers.
9he ma8orit4 of ur-anites have wide homestead cam"us there tend to garden is ver4 low. 2es"ite this the total
"roduction of ur-an agriculture reduces trans"ortation emission from rural to ur-an car-on emission#.

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