NAPIER

University
School of Engineering

Electronic Systems
Module : SE32102
Analogue Filters Design
And Simulation.
4
th
order Butterworth response







By
Klaus Jrgensen.
Napier No. 04007824

Teacher.
Mrs Yalin Sarma.
-
+
Opamp A
R2 R1
C1
RA
RB
C2
In
-
+
Opamp B
R2 R1
C1
RA
RB
C2
Out
Circuit : A Circuit : B
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 2/13
Abstract.:
In this paper there is explained how to calculate a 4
th
order low-pass Butterworth
response by using a Sallen and key filter.
There are calculations on how to design the 4
th
order Butterworth response, there is also
simulations of the filter, using the program Tina.
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 3/13
Table of contents.
Introduction......................................................................................................................... 4
Specification for the assignment. ........................................................................................ 5
Theoretical design of the 4
th
order Butterworth filter using sallen and key. ...................... 6
Circuit A.......................................................................................................................... 6
Circuit B.......................................................................................................................... 7
Circuit schematic. ............................................................................................................... 7
Simulation of 4
th
order Butterworth filter in Tina............................................................... 8
Poles in the Butterworth filter using Sallen and key......................................................... 11
Conclusion. ....................................................................................................................... 12
Reference. ......................................................................................................................... 13

Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 4/13
Introduction.
Active filters are used many places, for example in the telecommunication, in the audio
frequency range (0 kHz to 20 kHz), and for modems to the internet connection, and for
many more things.
There are many types of active filter response, some of them are Butterworth, Bessel, and
Chebyshev, and the filter response can be used in Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass and
Band-stop filter setups.
Butterworth response is also named the maximally flat filter, because it is maximally flat
in the pass-band response, the Butterworth response is perhaps the mote used type of
filter response. The Chebyshev can has a ripple in the pass-band, this ripple can be from
0,01 dB and up to 3dB ripple, in return for the ripple in the pass-band the chebyshev
response has very good cutoff at the edge of the pass-band as it is showed in figure 2 [4].
Figure 1 shows the poles in a 2
nd
order Butterworth, Bessel, and Chebyshev filters, there
are no zeroes in this filter types.













The ideal Low-paas filter is showed in figure 3.







Figure 3 [3]
f
C
f
A
U
(f)
Pass-band
Stop-band
Figure 2 [4]
j
Butterworth

Chebyshev
Bessel
Figure 1
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 5/13
The polynomials for a 2
nd
and 4
th

order Butterworth filter [1].
( ) 1 414 , 1 2
2
+ + = s S
nd

( ) ( ) 1 848 , 1 * 1 765 , 0 4
2 2
+ + + + = s S s S
th

To make a 4
th
order Butterworth filter there can be used tow 2
nd
order sallen and key
filters in series, figure 4 shows a 2
nd
order sallen and key filter.
If the polynomials there are showed above, R1 and R2 shell have the same value and so
shall C1 and C2, RA and RB determining the gain in the circuit.











Specification for the assignment.
Fourth-order Butterworth response.
Low-pass filter.
Using modified Sallen-Key circuits.
Cut-off frequency of 8 KHz.
-
+
Opamp
R2 R1
C1
RA
RB
C2
In
Out
Figure 4
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 6/13
Theoretical design of the 4
th
order Butterworth filter using sallen and key.

Circuit A.
C1 = C2 and are chosen to 2,2nF
R f
C
C f
R
C R
f
C C
C
* * 2
1
* * 2
1
* * 2
1

= = =
12
2 , 9 04 , 9
2 , 2 * 8 * 2
1
* * 2
1
E
C
K K
n K C f
R = =


R1 = R2 = 9,2K
The gain in circuit A.:
765 , 0 3 2 2 3 = = = O A K K O A
V V

235 , 2 765 , 0 3 2 3 = = K O A
V

RA chosen to be 10K
( )
RB
O A
RA
RB
RA
O A
RB
RA
O A
V
V V
=

= + =
1
1 1
( )
12
2 , 8 097 , 8
1 235 , 2
10
1
E
V
K K
K
O A
RA
RB =

=
-
+
Opamp A
R2 R1
C1
RA
RB
C2
In
-
+
Opamp B
R2 R1
C1
RA
RB
C2
Out
Circuit : A Circuit : B
Figure 5
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 7/13
Circuit B.
R1, R2, C1 and C2 is the same as in circuit A, the only difference between circuit A and
B is the gain.
848 , 1 3 2 2 3 = = = O A K K O A
V V

152 , 1 848 , 1 3 2 3 = = K O A
V

RA chosen to be 10K again.
( ) ( )
12
68 789 , 65
1 152 , 1
10
1
E
V
K K
K
O A
RA
RB =

=
Total gain for the 4
th
order Butterworth filter circuit.
gg B gain A gain O A
V
575 . 2 152 , 1 * 235 , 2 _ * _ = =
( ) ( ) dB Log O A Log dB
V
21 , 8 575 , 2 * 20 * 20 = =
dB
K
K
K
K
Log
R
R
R
R
Log dB 2188 , 8
79 , 65
10
1 *
09 , 8
10
1 * 20
8
7
1 *
4
3
1 * 20 =

+ =
dB dB db 2188 , 5 3 2188 , 8 3 3 = =

Circuit schematic.



-
+
IOP1
-
+
IOP2
R1 9.04k R2 9.04k
R3 10k
R4 8.09k
R5 9.04k R6 9.04k
R7 10k
R8 65.79k
C1 2.2n
C2 2.2n
C3 2.2n
C4 2.2n
+
In
Out
Figure 6
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 8/13
Simulation of 4
th
order Butterworth filter in Tina.
















As is it showed in figure 7 the -3dB point is at 8KHz as it should, the max gain is at
8.22db and has a gain of 2.58 times.
58 . 2
22 , 8
20
10
20
=

=
X
Log
dB
anti Au












Figure 8 shows the phase of the 4
th
order Butterworth response an it is on -180 degrees,
because there is a -45 degrees for each pole in the Butterworth response.
T
-3dB / 8KHz
8,22dB / gain 2,58
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-170.00
-150.00
-130.00
-110.00
-90.00
-70.00
-50.00
-30.00
-10.00
10.00
-3dB / 8KHz
8,22dB / gain 2,58
a
Figure 7
T
8KHz / -180 degree
Frequency (Hz)
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
P
h
a
s
e

[
d
e
g
]
-358.80
-313.98
-269.15
-224.32
-179.49
-134.67
-89.84
-45.01
0.00
8KHz / -180 degree
a
Figure 8
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 9/13
Figure 9 shows the gain between the signal In and the signal Out, and the gain is 2,6.
Input signal : 1KHz / 2V
peek-peek
sine wave.

6 , 2
2
2 . 5
= =

peek peek
peek peek
Uin
Uout
Au












T
Signal In Signal Out
Time (s)
0.00 1.00m 2.00m 3.00m 4.00m 5.00m 6.00m 7.00m 8.00m 9.00m 10.00m
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
-3.00
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-500.00m
0.00
500.00m
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Signal Out Signal In
Figure 9
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 10/13
Signal In : 500Hz / 2V
peek-peek
Square wave.












Signal In : 8KHz / 2V
peek-peek
Square wave.
In figure 10 the output signal is similar to the input signal on 500Hz because the
frequency is much lower then the -3dB point at 8KHz and the harmonic frequency is
getting through the filter.
In figure 11 the input signal is a square wave on 8KHz and the harmonic frequency to
8KHz square wave signal is not getting through the filter, and therefore is the signal out
of the filter is a sine wave on 8KHz.
T
Signal In
Signal Out
Time (s)
0.00 1.00m 2.00m 3.00m 4.00m 5.00m 6.00m 7.00m 8.00m 9.00m 10.00m
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
-3.00
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-500.00m
0.00
500.00m
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Signal Out
Signal In
Figure 10
T
Signal In Signal Out
Time (s)
0.00 125.00u 250.00u 375.00u 500.00u 625.00u 750.00u 875.00u 1.00m
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
-3.00
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-500.00m
0.00
500.00m
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Signal Out Signal In
Figure 11
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 11/13
Poles in the Butterworth filter using Sallen and key.
In a 4
nd
order Butterworth filter is there no zeros only poles and there is as many poles as
the filter order.
2
nd
order filter = 2 poles
4
th
order filter = 4 poles
Then the transfer function has to be found, and it can be found by using Tina, and use it
in MathCAD to calculate the value of the imaginary and the real part.
The result from MathCAD is showed below
s
1.921 10
4
4.647i 10
4
+
1.921 10
4
4.647i 10
4

4.646 10
4
1.923i 10
4
+
4.646 10
4
1.923i 10
4

=


K K
K K
K K
K K
23 , 19 46 , 46 Im
23 , 19 46 , 46 Re
47 . 46 21 , 19 Im
47 , 46 21 . 19 Re
=
+ =
=
+ =

In Tina a visual plot of the zeros can be simulated by using an ideal opamp figure 12.
T
Real part
-60.00k -50.00k -40.00k -30.00k -20.00k -10.00k 0.00 10.00k
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t
-60.00k
-40.00k
-20.00k
0.00
20.00k
40.00k
60.00k
Figure 12
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 12/13
Conclusion.
The calculations of the resistors R1, R2 and the capacitors C1, C2 is the same in circuit A
and B, the only difference is the resistors RA and RB, they decide the gain, in the circuit.
To se if the calculations for the 4
th
order filter are right, the 8KHz have to be at -3dB
point, this is indicate by the frequency response in figure 7 on page 8.
The gain in the filter is shown in figure 9 on page 9, it show a gain on 2.6, the calculation
on page 7 show a gain of 2.57 this to calculations is almost the same, the calculation one
at page 9 is calculated from a value there is read from figure 9 and is not as precise as the
calculation on page 7.



__________________________________
Klaus Jrgensen 19 November 2004
Klaus Jrgensen
Analogue Filters Design And Simulation
4
th
order Butterworth response.
Page 13/13
Reference.
1. Hand out by Mrs Yalin Sarma
2. Passive and Active filters, theory and implementations
by Wai-kai Chen, University of Illinois at Chicago.
ISBN: 0471843180
3. Active Filter Design Handbook
by G. S. Moschytz and Petr Horn
ISBN: 0471278505
4. Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Techniques.
PDF document from Texas Instruments.
http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sloa088&fil
eType=pdf
5. The Electrical Engineering Handbook.
Chapter 29 Active Filters
http://www.kemt.fei.tuke.sk/predmety/KEMT350_EP/_materialy/ch029.pdf