1.

0
1.0
101
Sy/s
Sy = stirrup force
Sy=qs ton oJ..
q(sheor flow, K/in )
1.0 2.0
(a) Transverse reinforcement
1.0 2.0
q (sheor flow K/in)
N =qz cot 0<
\
(b) Longitudinal reinforcement
Fig. 4.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement requirements
as a function of the chosen angle of inclination a
102
construction. However, in every case the truss model must be consistent
with the requirements of equilibrium and have proper detailing (43).
A basic assumption that must be followed, and which is common to
any simple truss system, is that the load can only be transmitted at the
joints of the truss. This implies that the diagonal compression members
must be anchored at the joints formed between the longitudinal chords
and the vertical tension ties of the truss system.
The selected truss system has to be compatible with the applied
loads and support conditions. As can be seen in Fig. 4.1b, compression
fans will form under the applied concentrated loads and the support
reactions. This phenomenon was analyzed in Sec. 2.2.2 of Report 248-3,
and, as indicated, the effect of these fans vanishes as soon as the
inclination of the diagonal members of the truss reaches the inclination
of the chosen angle 0'.
In that section it was shown that the force in the vertical
numbers of the truss remains the same in the fans as in the regular
truss. However, the presence of fans influences the design of the
longitudinal chords of the truss.
It was also shown how the presence of fans in the support
regions of members subjected to bending and shear (where the support
reaction induces compression) eliminates the need for longitudinal
tension reinforcement due to effects of shear at the top compression
face of the member wi thin a distance [zcotO'] from the centerl ine of the
support. The presence of a compression fan requires that the
longitudinal tension reinforcement in the noncontinuous end regions of
103
simply supported members where the reaction induces compression be
provided with an anchorage length such that a force equal to [VucotCY]/2
is adequately developed.
Similar to the case of the compression fan at the support, in
the zone of the compression fan under an appl ied concentrated load, the
forces in the vertical members of the truss are the same in the fan
region as in the regular truss.
Directly under the applied load the angle of inclination of the
crack is equal to 90 degrees. Hence, shear will not cause any increase
in the tensile force of the longitudinal chord. As a consequence, the
area of longitudinal tension steel in this region need not exceed the
area required for maximum flexure. However, because of the presence of
the compression fan under the applied load, when dimensioning the
tension chord rein forcement using the truss model approach, the
calculations should be made at a distance zcotCY/2 from the concentrated
load.
As required by the corresponding moment diagram shown in Fig.
4.1a, the top chord of the truss model is in compression near support A
and changes to tension as it approaches the support ~ , when it crosses
the point of inflection "E". The lower chord does just the opposi teo
This implies that the top of the diagonal compression struts will have
to switch from bearing on a compression chord to a tension chord. This
transition must be considered when detailing the longitudinal
reinforcement in these regions. As indicated in Sec. 2.4.2 of Report
248-3, in order to allow this transition, the longitudinal tension
104
reinforcement has to be continued an additional distance Is beyond the
theoretical cut-off point.
Once the truss model has been selected the design procedure
becomes very simple and straight forward.
1. Determine the internal forces in the members of the truss.
2. Check compression stresses in the diagonal members of the truss
to prevent web crushing failures.
3. Using these internal forces dimension the truss members.
4. From the chosen truss model draw the necessary conclusions for
the adequate detailing of the reinforcement.
Distributed Loading. In the case of members where the shear force is
not constant as in the case of members subjected to uniformly
distributed loads, the angle of inclination of the compression diagonals
of the truss may remain constant throughout the span of the member.
In Chapter 3 of Report 248-2, it was shown from the equilibrium
condition of the truss model LFV = 0, that the yield force in the
stirrups (Avfy = Sy> and the shear flow "q" were related as Sy =
q*s*tan
a

For the case of a member subj ected to bend ing and shear "q" is
equal to Viz where V is the applied shear force and z is the effective
depth of the truss model. Thus, V = AvfyzcotO'/s.
If the angle of incl ination O'remains constant, the change of
the applied shear force within the design region zcotaimplies that
at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: