161

4.3.6 Dimensioning of the Longitudinal Reinforcement Required

for Shear and Torsjon. As previously explained in Sec. 2.4.4, the
presence of the diagonal compression field induced by the applied shear
force and torsional moment requires that an area of longitudinal steel
in addition to the area required for flexure be provided. Figure 4.24
illustrates how to evaluate this additional area of longitudinal steel.
Since a uniform compression field and a constant stirrup spacing are
assumed throughout the design reg}on zLcota, the horizontal component of
the compression diagonals can be taken as concentrated at the midheight
of each compression field element (zL/2). Thus, it is reasonable to
assume that the horizontal forces due to the diagonal compression fields
are equally resisted by the two corner chords of each wall element.
The additional longitudinal reinforcement required for each side
web is then determined from the horizontal components of the shear flows
due to shear and torsion, NT = L:Ni = L:qizicotai (see Fig. 4.24). The
value will be computed for the case where the plates have the highest
combined shear flow at joint 2, which is identical to joint 1.
Using the equilibrium condition L:Fn = 0 in the truss model
yields for the side wall (L) the relation
(4.23)
Substituting the values of the shear flows qL and qB (see Fig.
4.16) gives the amount of additional longitudinal steel required due to
shear and torsion in the truss chord (2) AL2
(4.24)
162
ZL
NL
-
2
(L)
NL
2
NS
""2
N = q' z cot at
I I I
qL z2
NL
Fig. 4.24 Determination of the additional longitudinal
reinforcement due to shear and torsion
ZL
2
z
8
163
where "Tn" is the nominal torsional moment Tu/with = 0.85, "u" is
the perimeter connecting the of the longitudinal chords of the
truss model (in this case u = 2z
L
+ 2z8)' Ao is the area enclosed by the
of the longitudinal chords of the space truss model resisting
the applied ultimate torsional moment and shear force, Vn is the nominal
shear force Vu/, = 0.85, and fy is the yield stress of the
longitudinal reinforcement resisting the horizontal component of the
diagonal compression field produced by the shear and torsional shearing
flows.
In this design example
u = 2zL + 2z8 = 51.64 in.
Ao = zL * zB = 166.7 in.
2
cota' = 1.0
fy = 60,000 psi
Similar procedures could be followed to compute the areas of
longitudinal steel required due to shear and torsion in the longitudinal
chords 1, 3, and 4. However, it is recommended to simply take the area
required in the other truss chords as equal to the area computed using
Eq. 4.24. Since Eq. 4.24 represents the highest possible combination of
shear and torsion, this practice would be a simple and conservative
assumption. Furthermore, the applied bending moment will produce
tension at the lower chords 2 and 3. This tension force due to flexure
combines with the tension force due to shear and torsion to make the
situation in chord 2 the most critical one for design.
164
Therefore, the design of the longitudinal reinforcement required
for shear and torsion will be conducted for each design zone zLcota for
the tens ion cho rd of the tr uss wher e the effects 0 f the shear tor sion
and flexure are additive. The additional area required in the other
truss chords will simply be taken equal to the additional area required
in the truss chord where the effects of shear, torsion and bending are
add iti vee Shown in column (4) of Table 4.10 are the amounts of
additional longitudinal reinforcement evaluated at each design zone,
zLcota = 13 in. = 1.08 ft., using Eq. 4.24. The areas of steel required
for flexure in the corner where the applied bending moment produces
tension are shown in column (5). The values shown in columns (4) and
(5) are used to evaluate whether the amount of longitudinal
reinforcement provided at the corners of the cross section satisfies the
requirements of combined torsion, shear and bending.
The area required for flexure for each of the design zones of
the truss, shown in column (5) of Table 4.10, is evaluated using the
relationship
(4.25)
where Mn is the nominal moment Mn/at the section where the design zone
starts, zL is the vertical dimension of the truss model (12.94 in.), and
fy is the yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement. Eq.4.25
was previously derived in Sec. 3.5.1 of Report 248-2 and represents the
flexural capacity of the truss model.