13

values for the concrete contribution in this transition zone are

presented in Fig. 2.2.
In Fig. 2.2 the values of Qrd include a material safety factor
of 1.5 as recommended by the CEB Code for the case of concrete.
Therefore, the nom inal concrete contribution in shear in the uncracked
low shear stress range is 1.5 2.5 Qrd or 3.75 Qrd. In terms of
k.ff'c for the values of Qrd given in Fig. 2.2, this lower range 3.75
Qrd yields values of k ranging from 2.4 to 3.2. These values are
between the values of ~ and 3.5..!fb which are currently
recommended in the ACI Building Code (2) and AASHTO Standard
Specifications (1) as the simplified and maximum values respectively of
the nominal concrete contribution in shear depending on the moment to
shear ratio on a section. These values then decrease for members with
higher values of shear. Such a provision gives substantial relief in
shear design of lightly loaded members.
For the case of prestressed concrete members, the same type of
linear concrete contribution in the transition zone is suggested.
However, the values of Vc of 2.5 Qrd are increased by a factor K = 1
+ [Mo/M
sdu
] ~ 2, where Msdu is the maximum design moment in the shear
region under consideration, and Mo denotes the decompression moment at
transfer related to the extreme tensile fiber, for the section where
Msdu is acting. This moment is equal to that which produces a tensile
stress that cancels the compression stresses due to the applied
prestress force and other design ax ial forces.
14
Vc= concrete contribution Vc
bwd
uncracked I
~ ~
Transition I
~
FLlIl Trus. action
Vc=2.5Qrd
2.50Qrd
Ultimate Shear Stress
where:
f' (psi)
c
1740
2320
2900
3625
4350
5075
5800
6525
7250
Qrd (psi)
26.1
31.9
37.7
43.5
49.3
55.1
60.9
66.7
72.5
7.5Qrd
Fig. 2.2 Concrete contribution in the transition range
CEB-Refined Method
15
In order to avoid failures due to crushing of the web, an upper
limit on the shear resistance of
(2.6)
is required. f cd represents the design concrete compression stress,
i.e. characteristic value of the concrete compression strength divided
by a resistance safety factor. In terms of ~ the maximum shear stress
Vmax/[bwd), with a resistance safety factor of 1.5 as suggested in the
CEB Code, would become equal to 0.2 ~ sin 20'. A comparison between the
CEB upper limit and AASHTO and ACI upper limit of 1 0 ~ is shown in
Fig. 2.3 for a of 45 and 30 degrees.
The design procedure for torsion in the CEB-Refined method is
also based on the Truss model with variable angle of inclination of the
2000
1000
Vmax. Maximum shear stress (psi)
ACI, AASHTO
~ : : : : : : : = __ ----- (IO.jfc)
2 4 6
X 10
3
(psi),
8 10 f'
C
Fig. 2.3 Upper Innit of the shear stress in the section
16
diagonal compression strut. A very important differentiation is made
between the cases of equilibrium and compatibility torsion. The CEB-
refined procedure in the case of torsion neglects compatibility torsion.
In this design procedure it is assumed that since compatibility torsion
is caused by deformations of adjacent members in statically
indeterminate structures it will produce secondary effects which should
be considered in evaluating servicability, but can be neglected in the
ul timate strength design of the section. Therefore, in the ul timate
strength design of the section only the cases of equilibrium torsion are
considered.
For the same reasons given in the case of shear the limits for
the angle of inclination of the diagonal compression strut remain
controlled by the values proposed in Eq. 2.1.
In the case of torsion, the ultimate torsional moment Tu must be
equal or less than the resistance value. The resistance value Tn is
made up of the resistance Ts carried by the truss and the additional
resistance of the concrete Tc in the transition range between the
uncracked state and full truss action.
The torsion carried by the truss action is evaluated using
Eq. 2.7.
A
Ts = 2 AO fwd o t ~ (2.7)
Equation 2.7 follows directly from Eq. 3.31 derived in Sec. 3.4
of Report 248-2 from the equilibrium conditions in the truss model. Ao
is the area enclosed by the perimeter conecting the centers of the