EEEB113

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
1
Materials from Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Alexander & Sadiku 4e, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Basic Concepts - Chapter 1
2
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Systems of Units
1.3 Charge & Current
1.4 Voltage
1.5 Energy & Power
1.6 Circuit Elements
1.1 Introduction
3
What is electric circuit?
Interconnection of electrical elements.

1.2 System of Units (1)
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
1 Length meter m
2 Mass kilogram kg
3 Time second s
4 Electric current ampere A
5 Thermodynamic
temperature
kelvin K
6 Luminous intensity candela cd
4
Six basic units
International System of Units (SI), 1960
1.2 System of Units (2)
5
Common circuit theory SI prefixes
Used to signify powers of 10

e.g.

1,000,000 ohms = 1 x 10
6

ohms
= 1 mega-ohm (M)

100,000 meters = 100 x 10
3
meters
= 100 kilometers (km)

0.001 second = 1 x 10
-3
seconds
= 1 millisecond (ms)

0.0000001 farad = 0.1 x 10
-6
farad
= 0.1 microfarad (F)
1.2 System of Units (3)
6
Example
Convert:
i) 0.01 ms to s

ii) 60 kilometers per hour to meters per second

Solution
i) 0.01 ms = 1x10
-2
x10
-3
s
= 1x10
-5
s
= 1x10x10
-6
s
= 10 s

ii) 60 km/hour = (60x10
3
m)/(60x60 s)
= 16.67 m/s
1.2 Electric Charges (1)
7

Charge, q
an electrical property,
measured in coulombs (C)

Charge is bipolar
(+ve and ve charge)

Charge e on 1electron
= -1.602 10
-19
C

1 coulomb of charge, 1C
= 1/(1.602 10
-19
C)
= 6.24x10
18
electrons



Electric current is due to flow of electronic
charge in a conductor.
Electrical effects:
Charges separate = create electric force
Charges move = create electric flow
i.e. current
1.2 Electric Charges (2)
8
Example
Given nC, find current i at t = 0.5 s


Solution





At t = 0.5 s,


= 152.44 nA
1.3 Current (1)
9

Electric current = time rate of change of charge,
measured in ampere, A.

Charge transferred between time t
0
and t is obtained
by integrating both sides of above equation.

A
dt
dq
i
1 A = 1C/s
t
t
idt q
0
Integrate both sides
1.3 Current (2)
10

direct current (dc)
= current remains constant with time.



alternating current (ac)
= current varies sinusoidally with time.


1.3 Current (3)
Direction of current flow
Conventionally taken as positive charge movement





A current can be represented positively or negative

11
Positive ions Negative ions
(a) Positive current flow
(b) Negative current flow
11
1.3 Current (4)

Example
Calculate the amount of charge represented by four million protons.


Solution
12
1.3 Current (5)
Example
The total charge entering a terminal is given by
.
Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.


Solution






13
1.3 Current (6)
Example
The current flowing through an element is




Calculate the charge entering the element from t=0 to t=2s.


Solution
14
1.4 Voltage (1)
Voltage (or potential difference) = energy required to move a
unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).



w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

Electric voltage, v
ab,
is always across the circuit element or
between two points in a circuit.
v
ab
> 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b.
v
ab
< 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.

15
dq
dw
v
ab
15
1.4 Voltage (2)
16
16
Point a is at higher potential than point b.

If v
ab
= 3 V, then v
ba
= -3 V because point b is
lower than point a.
1.5 Energy & Power (1)
17
Energy, w is the capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J);

Power, p is the rate of change of energy, measured in Watts
(W)



From the definitions of voltage and current, and
dt
dw
p dt vi dt p w
t
t
t
t
0 0
vi
dt
dq
dq
dw
dt
dw
p
1.5 Energy & Power (2)
Passive sign convention is satisfied:

1. When the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element, the
power is delivered to or absorbed by
the element, p=+vi.




2. When the current enters through the
negative terminal, the power is
delivered from or supplied by the
element, p=-vi.



18
i
+

v
p = +Vi
absorb power
i
+

v p = -Vi
supply power
1.5 Energy & Power (3)

In a circuit,

+ power absorbed = - power supplied

Law of conservation of energy

Algebraic SUM of POWER in a circuit at any instant of time is
ZERO



0 p
19
1.5 Energy & Power (4)
20
20
Example
Find the power delivered to the element at t = 5ms if the current remains the
same but the voltage is:




Solution


1.5 Energy & Power (5)
21
21
Solution cont.









1.5 Energy & Power (6)
22
22
Example
A stove draws 15 A when connected to a 240-V line. How long
does it take to consume 60kJ?


Solution


1.6 Circuit Element (1)
23

2 types of electrical/ circuit elements

Passive elements

1. Resistor

2. Capacitor

3. Inductor

Passive
Active
able to generate
energy
e.g. sources,
batteries,
generators
cannot generate
energy
1.6 Circuit Element (2)
24
Active elements

Sources



1. Independent voltage source

2. Independent current source

3. Dependent sources

Voltage
Current
active element that provides
voltage or current that is
independent of other circuit elements.
active element that depends on
voltage or current of other element.
+
-
+
-
Independent: Dependent:






Voltage Current Voltage Current
1.6 Circuit Element (3)
25
Independent sources:







voltage sources current source
1.6 Circuit Element (4)
26
4 types of Dependent Sources

1. Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)

2. Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)

3. Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)

4. Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
2V
0

+
-
2I
0

+
-
2I
2V
0

1.6 Circuit Elements (5)
27
Active Elements Passive Elements
Independent
sources
Dependant
sources
A dependent source is an active
element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

They have four different types: VCVS,
CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
signs of dependent sources.

1.6 Circuit Elements (6)
28
Example
Find the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the circuit