Project Name : Mapping and localization with RFID technology(employee

tracker)
Domain : Embedded System
Microcontroller : AVR
IEEE INSPEC Accessing Number :

In this project we analyze whether recent Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) technology can he used to improve the localization persons in their
environment. In particular we study the problem of localizing RFID tags with a
mobile platform that is equipped with a pair of RFID antennas. We present a
probabilistic measurement model for RFID readers that allow us to accurately
localize RFID tags in the environment. We also demonstrate how such maps can
be used to localize a person in their environment. Finally, we present experiments
illustrating that the computational requirements for global robot localization can be
reduced strongly by fusing RFID information with laser data.

The main objectives of the project are:
1. Monitor the each person working
2. No confusion about an employee





Outcome of the project:
1. Embedded system
2. Microcontroller Atmega32
3. Embedded C
4. Problem analysis
5. Circuit design
6. PCB layout design
7. RFID
8. Soldering
9. Integration
10. Testing
11. Trouble shooting














BLOCK DIAGRAM























POWER SUPPLY
OBSERVING
SECTION

CRYSTAL

RFID





AT MEGA 32

MAX232

SYSTEM
RESET LCD DRIVER
LCD


Block diagram description

1. Microcontroller
The major heart of this project is microcontroller;
a microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on
a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals etc. However, compare to others
microcontroller is fast and very ease to program in C language because of huge
support can gain from the manufacturer for programming
2. LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual
display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. They are common in consumer devices
such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and
telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most
applications.
3. Switch 4066
The analogue (or analog) switch, also called the bilateral switch, is an
electronic component that behaves in a similar way to a relay, but has no moving
parts. The switching element is normally a pair MOSFET transistors, one an N-
channel device, the other a P-channel device. The device can conduct analog or
digital signals in either direction when on and isolates the switched terminals when
off. Analogue switches are usually manufactured as integrated circuits in packages


containing multiple switches (typically two, four or eight). These include the 4016
and 4066 from the 4000 series.
4. MAX232 (Voltage Level Converter)
The MAX232 is an IC that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to
signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a
dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The
drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V
supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. The receivers reduce RS-
232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels.
5. RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of
radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of
automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The tags contain
electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by and read at short
ranges (a few meters) via magnetic fields (electromagnetic induction). Others use a
local power source such as a battery, or else have no battery but collect energy
from the interrogating EM field, and then act as a passive transponder to emit
microwaves or UHF radio waves (i.e., electromagnetic radiation at high
frequencies). Battery powered tags may operate at hundreds of meters. Unlike a
barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader,
and may be embedded in the tracked object. Radio frequency identification (RFID)
is part of the family of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC)
technologies that includes 1D and 2D bar codes. RFID uses an electronic chip,
usually applied to a substrate to form a label, that is affixed to a product, case,


pallet or other package. The information it contains may be read, recorded, or
rewritten. RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an
automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the
assembly line. Pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses. Livestock and
pets may have tags injected, allowing positive identification of the animal.
RFID is given to each employee.
6. USART
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, abbreviated UART is a piece
of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms.
UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with communication standards such as
EIA, RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485. The universal designation indicates that the data
format and transmission speeds are configurable. The electric signaling levels and
methods (such as differential signaling etc.) are handled by a driver circuit external
to the UART. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit
used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port.
UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART, or
DUART, combines two UARTs into a single chip. An octal UART or OCTART
combines eight UARTs into one package, an example being the NXP SCC2698.
Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also communicate
synchronously; these devices are called USARTs (universal synchronous
/asynchronous receiver /transmitter).





7. RESET
Reset is used for putting the microcontroller into a 'known' condition. That
practically means that microcontroller can behave rather inaccurately under
certain undesirable conditions. In order to continue its proper functioning it has to
be reset, meaning all registers would be placed in a starting position. Reset is not
only used when microcontroller doesn't behave the way we want it to, but can also
be used when trying out a device as an interrupt in program execution, or to get a
microcontroller ready when loading a program.

8. Crystal Oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the
mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used
to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock signal for microcontrollers. The
most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so
oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators.
9. Power Supply
A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one
form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that
convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy.
A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a


specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in
either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.
10. Step down Transformers
Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their
primary voltage is greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer
"steps down" the voltage applied to it. For instance, a step down transformer is
needed to use an 110v product in a country with a 220v supply. Step down
transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase configuration
usually down to a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation,
power distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. Step down
transformers typically rely on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to
convert voltage and/or current levels.
11. Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only
one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a
number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and
selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and
other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous
electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers,
called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of
galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC
power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems.


Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a
source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas
heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame.
12. Filters
Electronic filters are analog circuits which perform signal processing
functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal,
to enhance wanted ones, or both. The most common types of electronic filters are
linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design.

13. Regulator
A regulator is a device which has the function of maintaining a designated
characteristic. It performs the activity of managing or maintaining a range of
values in a machine. The measurable property of a device is managed closely by
specified conditions or an advance set value; or it can be a variable according to a
predetermined arrangement scheme. It can be used generally to connote any set of
various controls or devices for regulating or controlling items or objects.