NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 1

Module 5
LOCAL SITE EFFECTS AND DESIGN GROUND
MOTIONS
(Lectures 23 to 26)

Lecture 25

Topics
5.4.6 Dynamic Approach
5.4.7 Other Code Provisions
5.4.8 NEHRP Provisions
5.4.9 Ground Motions Parameters
5.4.10 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

5.4.6 Dynamic Approach
The dynamic approach of the UBC allows the response of the structure to be
determined by response spectrum analysis or by time-history analysis. Hence design
ground motions can be specified in terms of design response spectra or design
ground motion time histories. In both cases, the UBC requires that the design ground
motion correspond to a 10% probability of exceedance in a 50-years period (475-
year return period).

Design response spectra can be determined in one of two ways: from site-specific
ground response analyses of the type or from smooth, normalized spectral shapes
(figure 5.20). The normalized spectral shapes follow from the results of Seed et al.,
(1976) and Newmark and Hall (1982) and account for the frequency-dependent
amplification of ground motion by different local site conditions. These normalized
spectra are presented for three subsurface profiles; as would be expected, greater
long-period spectral acceleration are associated with softer and deeper soil profiles.


NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 2
Figure 5.20 site-dependent normalized response spectra. (from the 1994 edition of
the Uniform Building code)
Table 5.4 Values of UBC reduction factor,

,
Basic Structural
System
Lateral Load Resisting System

Bearing Wall
System
Light-framed walls with shear panels
a. Wood structural panel walls for structures
three stories or less
b. All other light-framed walls
Shear walls
a. Concrete
b. Masonry
Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension-only
bracing Braced frame where bracing caries gravity
loads
a. Steel
b. Concrete
c. Heavy timber


8
6

6
6
4

6
4
4
Building Frame
System
Steel eccentrically braced frame
Light-framed walls with shear panels
a. Wood structural panel walls for structures
three stories or less
b. All other light-framed walls
Shear walls
a. Concrete
b. Masonry
Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel
b. Concrete
c. Heavy timber
Special concentrically braced frames
a. Steel




9
7


8
8

8
8
8

9


Moment-
Resisting Frame
System
Special moment-resting frames (SMRF)
a. Steel
b. Concrete
Concrete intermediate moment-resting frames
(IMRF)
Ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF)
a. Steel
b. Concrete
Masonry moment-resting wall frame

12
12
8


6
5
9
Dual System Shear walls
a. Concrete with SMRF
b. Concrete with concrete OMRF
c. Concrete with concrete IMRF
d. Masonry with SMRF
e. Masonry with OMRF
f. Masonry with concrete IMRF

12
6
9
8
6
7
NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 3
Steel eccentrically braced frame
a. With steel SMRF
b. With steel OMRF
Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF
b. Steel with steel OMRF
c. Concrete with concrete SMRF
d. Concrete with concrete IMRF
Special concentrically braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF
b. Steel with steel OMRF

12
6

10
6
9
6

11
6

Table 5.5 UBC Soil coefficient, S,
Type Description
S1 A soil profile with either
(a) A rock-like material
characterized by a
shear wave velocity
greater than 2,500
feet per second or by
other suitable means
of classifications, or
(b) Medium-dense or
medium-stiff to stiff
sol conditions where
the soil depth is less
than 200 feet

1.0
S2 A soil profile with
predominantly medium
dense to dense or medium-
stiff to stiff soil conditions,
where the soil depth exceeds
200 feet or more.
1.2
S3 A soil profile containing
more than 20 feet of soft to
medium stiff clay but not
more than 40 feet of soft
clay.
1.5
S4 A soil profile containing
more than 40 feet of soft
clay characterized by a shear
wave velocity less than 500
feet per second.
2.0

The design response spectrum is obtained by multiplying the ordinates of the
normalized spectrum by the effective peak ground acceleration, which can be taken
as the value of the seismic zone factor, , expressed as a fraction of gravity. Note
that the shape of the design spectrum is constant-the spectral ordinates are linearly
scaled by the peak acceleration along. Since important ground motion characteristics
NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 4
such as frequency content and duration are influenced by earthquake magnitude and
distance, the probabilities of exceedance of a constant-shape design spectrum may be
produce structural design with different probabilities of failure. Uniform risk spectra
minimize this possibility.

The UBC requires that design ground motion time histories be developed on a site
specific basis. The use of several time histories is recommended. Response spectra
computed from the time histories must, either individually or in combination,
approximate the site-specific design response spectrum. Site-specific analyses are
required for flexible structures (fundamental periods greater than 0.7 seconds)
located on soil profile S4.

5.4.7 Other Code Provisions
The UBC also sets forth requirements dealing with site grading, foundation, and
retaining structures. In seismic zones 3 and 4 building officials may require that the
potential for sol liquefaction and sol strength loss during earthquakes shall be
evaluated during the geotechnical investigation. The geotechnical report shall assess
potential consequences of an liquefaction and soil strength loss, including
estimations of differential settlement, lateral movement of reduction in foundation
soil-bearing capacity, and discuss mitigating measures.

5.4.8 NEHRP Provisions
The NEHRP Provisions is not a building code; rather it is a source documents
intended to aid in the development of building codes in areas of seismic exposure.
Their purpose is to present criteria for the design and construction of buildings and
nonbuiliding structures subject to earthquake ground motions. Their purposes are to
minimize the hazard to life for all buildings and nonbuilding structures, to increase
the expected performance of higher occupancy structures as compared to ordinary
structures, and to improve the capability of essential facilities to function during and
after an earthquake (They provide) the minimum criteria considered to be prudent
and economically justified for the protection of life safety in buildings subjected to
earthquakes at any location in the United States. The design earthquake ground
motion level specified may result in both structural and non-structural damage.
For most structures designed and constructed according to these provisions, it is
expected that structural damage from a major earthquake may be repairable but it
may not be economical for motions larger than the design levels, the intent of
these provisions is that there be a low likelihood of building collapse. (BSSC,
1991c).

5.4.9 Ground Motions Parameters
The NEHRP Provisions use the effective peak accelerations, EPA, and effective
peak velocity, EPV to describe ground motions. These parameters can be thought of
as normalizing factors for the development of smooth response spectra; the EPA is
proportional to the average spectral acceleration at low periods (0.1 to 0.5 sec) and
the EPV is proportional to the spectral velocity at longer periods (about 1 sec). The
EPA is usually somewhat lower than the peak acceleration of a specific ground
motion and can be substantially lower for ground motion with very high frequencies.
The EPV is usually greater than the peak velocity, particularly at large distance from
strong earthquake. To compute various design coefficients, the EPA and EPV are
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Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 5
replaced by the dimensionless acceleration coefficients,

. The effective
peak acceleration coefficient,

, is numerically equal to the EPA when expressed

as a decimal fraction of gravity (i.e.,

. the effective
peak velocity related acceleration coefficient,

, is numerically equal to EPV/30

when the EPV is expressed in in/sec (i.e.,

). note
that

s an acceleration coefficient even though it is obtained from the spectral

velocity; it provides a useful measure of the longer-period (lower frequency)
component of a ground motion. At any particular location, the design of a building
may be governed by

. The NEHRP provisions contain maps, based on

probabilities seismic hazard analysis with a 10% probability of exceedance in a 50-
year periods that divide the United States into seven seismic loading zones (figure
5.21). The coefficient

can be determined from these maps and table 6.

Table 5.6 NEHRP Coefficients

Map Area from Map 1 (for

or Map
2 (for

Values of

7 0.40
6 0.30
5 0.20
4 0.15
3 0.10
2 0.05
1

For equilibrium or expression incorporating the terms

a value of 0.05 shall

be used



Figure 5.21 Maps of NEHRP seismic loading zones; (a) map 1 for

; and map 2
NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 6
for

(After BSSC, 1994)

Figure 5.21 continued


5.4.10 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
Like the UBC the NEHRP Provisions account for local soil conditions in the
determination of design loading. The NEHRP Provisions however, address the
effects of local soil conditions in greater detail than the UBC. The remainder of this
section focuses on the differences between this aspect of the UBC and NEHRP
Provisions, as illustrate by their static (or equivalent lateral force) approaches to
seismic design.

The equivalent lateral force procedure of the NEHRP Provisions requires that the
seismic base shear that is proportional to the weight of the structure

(5.4)

Where W includes the total dead load and applicable portions of other loads (e.g.,
permanent equipment, partitions, live loads) and the seismic response coefficients,

, is the smaller of

(5.5.a)

(5.5.b)

In (equation 5.5), R is a response modification factor (analogous but not identical to
the

factor in the UBC) and T is the fundamental period of the structure. The long-
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period seismic coefficient,

, and the short-period seismic coefficient,

, reflect
both local soil conditions and site seismicity. These coefficients are defined as

(5.6.a)

(5.6.b)

Where

depend on soil type and

depend on site seismicity. The

effective peak acceleration,

and effective peak velocity related acceleration,

,
are obtained from (table 5.6) and (figure 5.22). The site coefficients,

, are
shown in table 7.


Figure 5.22 (a) Original accelerogram from actual earthquake; (b) rescaled
version of original accelerogram in which acceleration were scaled upward by a
factor of 1.5 to match target peak acceleration


Table 5.7 Values of

for different site conditions and shaking

intensities.
Values of

Shaking Intensity
Soil Profile
Type

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9

F SS SS SS SS SS


Values of

Shaking Intensity
Soil Profile
Type

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
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E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4

F SS SS SS SS SS
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be
performed.

Soil Profile
Type
Description
A Hard rock with measured shear wave velocity,

(1500 m/sec)
B Rock with 2500 ft/sec

(760 m/sec

)
C Very dense soil and soft rock with 1200 ft/sec

(360 m/sec

or with either

D Stiff soil with 600 ft/sec

(180 m/sec

or with either

E A soil profile with

or any profile
with more than 10 ft (3 m) of soft clay defined as soil with

F Soil requiring site-specific evaluations:
1. Soil vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic
loading such as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive
clays, collapsible weakly cemented soils.
2. Peats and/or highly organic clays ( of peat
and/or highly organic clay where
3. Very high plasticity clays
4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays
Exception: Why the soil properties are not shown in sufficient detail
to determine the Soil Profile Type, Type D shall be used. Soil
Profile Types E or F need not be assumed unless the regulatory
agency determines that Types E or F may be present at the site or in
the event that Types E or F are established by the geotechnical data.