MEDICAL

ENGINEERING
Medical
Engineering
encompasses a
broad range of
activities, and is
alternatively
called
Bioengineering
and Biomedical
Engineering.the
application of
engineering
principles and
design concepts
to medicine and
biology
for healthcare
purposes.has only
recently emerged
as its own
discipline,
compared to many
other engineering
fields.
Medical
Laboratory
Instrumentation
part of
Clinical
Engineering
a specialty within
medical
engineering
responsible
primarily for
applying and
implementing
medical
technology
tooptimize
healthcare
delivery.deals
with the actual
implementation of
medical
equipment and
technologies in
hospitals or
other clinical
settings.Importan
ce:
Accuracy and
precision
, because many
critical patient-
care decisions are
based on test
results supplied
by the
clinicallaboratory.
Excellent
equipment design
and effective
quality control
programs are
essential.
Fast response
, because in many
critical clinical
situations, the
therapy
selected by the
physician depends
on the
testresults. The
application of
electronics in the
clinical laboratory
has greatly
reduced the time
required to
perform a
widevariety of
crucial tests.A
major application
of electronics in
the clinical
laboratory is the
use of computer
systems for
information
management.The
current design
trend in
laboratory
instrumentation is
to include
data-processing
capability
in essentially
everyinstrument.
Most applications
of electronic
instrumentation in
the clinical
laboratory take
place in the
chemistry
section.Spectrop
hotometer
- an instrument
that measures
the amount of
light absorbed by
a sample.-
spectrophotomet
er techniques are
used to measure
the concentration
of substances in
solution by
measuringthe
amount of light
that is absorbed
by the solution in
a cuvette placed
in the device.
Source
-
supplies the radi
ant energy used t
o analyze the sam
ple.
Wavelength
selector
-
allows energy in a
limited wavelengt
h band to pass th
rough.
Cuvette
-
holds the sample
to be analyzed in
the path of the e
nergy.
Detector -
produces an elect
ric output that is
proportional to th
e amount of energ
y it receives
Readout
- indicates the
received
energyTypes:
Single beam
-
measures the rel
ative light intensi
ty of the beam be
fore and after a t
est sample is inse
rted.- test sample
and reference
sample are
measured
separately
Double beam
-
compares the lig
ht intensity betw
een two light path
s simultaneously,
one path containin
g areference
sample and the
other, the test
sample.- uses a
chopper
to transmit and r
eflect the light b
eam so it travels
down the referen
ce sample and the
testsample along
the same optical
paths to a
single
detector.
Split beam

similar to the do
uble beam spectr
ophotometer, but
uses a
beam splitter
to send light
along
thereference
sample and test
sample paths
simultaneously to
two
separate but
identical
detectors.

Spectrophotomet
er
Automated
Chemical Analyzer
- a medical
laboratory
instrument
designed to
measure differen
t chemicals and
other
characteristics in
anumber of
biological samples
quickly, with
minimal human
assistance.-
automation of
laboratory testing
does not remove
the need for
human expertise,
but it does ease
concernsabout
error reduction,
staffing
concerns, and
safety.Examples:
Hematology
analyzer

-
used to perform
complete blood
counts,
erythrocyte sedi
mentation rates
(ESRs), or
coagulation tests.
Immuno-based
analyzer

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