2 Application Notes for KCGG High Impedance Protection Introduction The application of the KCGG numerical overcurrent relay as differential protection for machines, power transformers and busbar installations is based on the high impedance differential principle, offering stability for any type of fault occurring outside the protected zone and satisfactory operation for faults within the zone. A high impedance relay is defined as a relay or relay circuit whose voltage setting is not less than the calculated maximum voltage which can appear across its terminals under the assigned maximum through fault current condition. It can be seen from Figure 1 that during an external fault the through fault current should circulate between the current transformer secondaries. The only current that can flow through the relay circuit is that due to any difference in the current transformer outputs for the same primary current. Magnetic saturation will reduce the output of a current transformer and the most extreme case for stability will be if one current transformer is completely saturated and the other unaffected. This condition can be approached in busbar installations due to the multiplicity of infeeds and extremely high fault level. It is less likely with machines or power transformers due to the limitation of through fault level by the protected units impedance, and the fact that the comparison is made between a limited number of current transformers. Differences in current transformer remanent flux can, however, result in asymmetric current transformer saturation with all applications. Calculations based on the above extreme case for stability have become accepted in lieu of conjunctive scheme testing as being a satisfactory basis for application. At one end the current transformer can be considered fully saturated, with its magnetising impedance ZMB short circuited while the current transformer at the other end, being unaffected, delivers its full current output. This current will then divide between the relay and the saturated current transformer. This division will be in the inverse ratio of R RELAY CIRCUIT to (R CTB + 2R L ) and, if R RELAY CIRCUIT is high compared with R CTB + 2R L , the relay will be prevented from undesirable operation, as most of the current will pass through the saturated current transformer. To achieve stability for external faults, the stability voltage for the protection (V s ) must be determined in accordance with formula 1. The setting will be dependent upon the maximum current transformer secondary current for an external fault (I f ) and also on the highest loop resistance value from the relaying point (R CT + 2 RL ). The stability of the scheme is also affected by the characteristics of the differential relay and the value of K in the expression takes account of this. One particular characteristic that affects the stability of the scheme is the operating time of the differential relay. The slower the relay operates the longer the spill current can exceed its setting before operation occurs and the higher the spill current that can be tolerated. For the KCGG relay I> element the value of K is 0.5 as shown in formula 2. CTA Z MA R CTA R L R L CTB Z MB R CTB R L R L Protected unit R RELAY CIRCUIT Figure 1: Principle of high impedance protection 3 V s > KI f (R CT + 2R L ) (1) V s > 0.5I f (R CT + 2R L ) (2) where R CT = current transformer secondary winding resistance R L = maximum lead resistance from the current transformer to the relaying point I f = maximum secondary external fault current K = a constant affected by the dynamic response of the relay Note: When high impedance differential protection is applied to motors or reactors, there is no external fault current. Therefore, the locked rotor current or starting current of the motor, or reactor inrush current, should be used in place of the external fault current. To obtain high speed operation for internal faults, the knee point voltage, V K , of the CTs must be significantly higher than the stability voltage, V s . This is essential so that the operating current through the relay is a sufficient multiple of the applied current setting. Ideally a ratio of V K 5V s would be appropriate, but where this is not possible refer to the Advanced Application Requirements for Through Fault Stability. This describes an alternative method whereby lower values of Vs may be obtained. Typical operating times for different V K /V s ratios are shown in the following table: V K /V s 12 6 3 2 Typical operating 30 40 50 60 time (ms) These times are representative of a system X/R ratio of 40 and a fault level of 5I s to 10I s . Lower values of X/R and higher fault currents will tend to reduce the operating time. The kneepoint voltage of a current transformer marks the upper limit of the roughly linear portion of the secondary winding excitation characteristic. This is defined exactly in British practice as that point on the excitation curve where a 10% increase in exciting voltage produces a 50% increase in exciting current. The current transformers should be of equal ratio, of similar magnetising characteristics and of low reactance construction. In cases where low reactance current transformers are not available and high reactance ones must be used, it is essential to use the reactance of the current transformer in the calculations for the voltage setting. Thus, the current transformer impedance is expressed as a complex number in the form R CT + jX CT . It is also necessary to ensure that the exciting impedance of the current transformer is large in comparison with its secondary ohmic impedance at the relay setting voltage. In the case of the high impedance relay, the operating current is adjustable in discrete steps. The primary operating current (I op ) will be a function of the current transformer ratio, the relay operating current (I r ), the number of current transformers in parallel with a relay element (n) and the magnetising current of each current transformer (I e ) at the stability voltage (V s ). This relationship can be expressed as follows: I op = (CT ratio) x (I r + nI e ) (3) In order to achieve the required primary operating current with the current transformers that are used, a current setting (I r ) must be selected for the high impedance relay, as detailed above. The setting of the stabilising resistor (R ST ) must be calculated in the following manner, where the setting is a function of the relay ohmic impedance at setting (R r ), the required stability voltage setting (V s ) and the relay current setting (I r ). R ST = V s I r R r (4) Note: The auxiliary powered KCGG ohmic impedance over the whole setting range is small, 0.06 (1A) and 0.006 (5A) and so can be ignored. Therefore: R ST = V s I r (5) Use of Metrosil Non-linear Resistors When the maximum through fault current is limited by the protected circuit impedance, such as in the case of generator differential and power transformer restricted earth fault protection, it is generally found unnecessary to use non-linear voltage limiting resistors (Metrosils). However, when the maximum through fault current is high, such as in busbar protection, it is more common to use a non-linear resistor (Metrosil) across the relay circuit (relay and stabilising resistor). Metrosils are used to limit the peak voltage developed by the current transformers, under internal fault conditions, to a value below the insulation level of the current transformers, relay and interconnecting leads, which are able to withstand 3000V peak. The following formulae should be used to estimate the peak transient voltage that could be produced for an internal fault. This voltage is a function of the current transformer kneepoint voltage and the prospective voltage that would be produced for an internal fault if current transformer saturation did not occur. Note, the internal fault level, I' f , can be significantly higher than the external fault level, I f , on generators where current can be fed from the supply system and the generator. V p = 2 2V K (V f V K ) (6) V f = I' f (R CT + 2R L + R ST + R r ) (7) where V p = peak voltage developed by the CT under internal fault conditions. V k = current transformer knee-point voltage. 4 V f = maximum voltage that would be produced if CT saturation did not occur. I' f = maximum internal secondary fault current. R CT = current transformer secondary winding resistance. R L = maximum lead burden from current transformer to relay. R ST = relay stabilising resistor. R r = Relay ohmic impedance at setting. When the value of V p is greater than 3000V peak, non-linear resistors (Metrosils) should be applied. These Metrosils are effectively connected across the relay circuit, or phase to neutral of the ac buswires, and serve the purpose of shunting the secondary current output of the current transformer from the relay circuit in order to prevent very high secondary voltages. These Metrosils are externally mounted and take the form of annular discs, of 152mm diameter and approximately 10mm thickness. Their operating characteristics follow the expression: V = CI 0.25 (8) where V = Instantaneous voltage applied to the non-linear resistor (Metrosil) C = constant of the non- linear resistor (Metrosil) I = instantaneous current through the non-linear resistor (Metrosil) With a sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil, the RMS current would be approximately 0.52x the peak current. This current value can be calculated as follows: I(rms) = 0.52 V s (rms) x 2 4 C (9) where V s (rms) = rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil. This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the Metrosil is not sinusoidal but appreciably distorted. For satisfactory application of a non-linear resistor (Metrosil), its characteristic should be such that it complies with the following requirements: At the relay voltage setting, the non- linear resistor (Metrosil) current should be as low as possible, but no greater than approximately 30mA rms for 1A current transformers and approximately 100mA rms for 5A current transformers. The metrosil units normally recommended for use with 1A CTs are as follows: Stability voltage Recommended metrosil type Vs (V) rms Single pole Triple pole Up to 125V 600A/S1/S256 600A/S3/I/S802 C = 450 C = 450 125-300V 600A/S1/S1088 600A/S3/I/S1195 C = 900 C = 900 The metrosil units normally recommended for use with 5A CTs and single pole relays are as follows: Secondary Recommended metrosil type internal fault Relay stability voltage, Vs (V) rms Current (A) rms Up to 200V 250V 275V 300V 50A 600A/S1/S1213 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1223 C = 540/640 C = 670/800 C = 670/800 C = 740/870 100A 600A/S2/P/S1217 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1196 C = 470/540 C = 570/670 C = 570/670 C = 620/740 150A 600A/S3/P/S1219 600A/S3/P/S1220 600A/S3/P/S1221 600A/S3/P/S1222 C = 430/500 C = 520/620 C = 570/670 C = 620/740 The single pole Metrosil units recommended for use with 5A CTs can also be used with triple pole relays and consist of three single pole units mounted on the same central stud but electrically insulated from each other. A triple pole Metrosil type and the reference should be specified when ordering. Metrosil units for higher stability voltage settings and fault currents can be supplied if required. 5 The KCGG The KCGG142 is a numerical 3 phase overcurrent and earth fault relay with 3 stages of phase and earth fault protection, I>/Io>, I>>/ Io>> and I>>>/Io>>> which can be used for 3 phase differential protection or restricted earth fault (REF) protection. The KCGG122 is a numerical single phase overcurrent and earth fault relay with the same 3 stages of phase and earth fault protection, which can be used for REF protection only. It is recommended that the I> element is used as the main protection element for 3 phase differential protection and the Io> element for restricted earth fault applications. This is because the I>/Io> elements have increased through fault stability compared to the I>>/Io>> and I>>>/Io>>> elements. The I>/Io> elements operate when the Fourier value exceeds the threshold setting and the positive and negative peak values exceed 90% of the threshold setting. The I>>/Io>> and I>>>/ Io>>> elements operate when the Fourier derived values exceeds the threshold setting or where the peak of any half cycle exceeds twice the set threshold. Since the differential spill current is likely to contain a dc offset level, the positive and negative peaks will have different amplitudes and so the I>/Io> element is more stable. The time delay characteristic should be selected to be definite time and with a setting of zero seconds. The output relay that is to trip the circuit breakers must be allocated in the relay masks for t>A, t>B and t>C. Any relay allocated in these relay masks will dwell in the closed state for a minimum of 100 milliseconds, even if fleeting operation of the protection should occur, ensuring positive operation of the circuit breaker, or trip relay. It is not advised that the start outputs from I> are used because they do not have this in-built minimum contact dwell. Separate output relays may be allocated to each phase trip if it is required to have phase segregated outputs. However, the three relay masks, t>A, t>B and t>C must also be assigned to relay RLY3, for fault records to be generated. Phase information will be included in the fault flags. The Io>>/Io>>>/I>>/I>>> elements not being used should be disabled by setting the phase and earth fault function links PF1, PF2, EF1 and EF2 to 0. Setting ranges of I>/Io> elements are: I> 0.08 3.2In Io> 0.005 0.8In The ohmic impedance (Rr) of the auxiliary powered KCGG over the whole setting range is 0.06 for 1A relays and 0.006 for 5A relays ie. independent of current. To comply with the definition for a high impedance relay, it is necessary, in most applications, to utilise an externally mounted stabilising resistor in series with the relay. The standard values of the stabilising resistors normally supplied with the relay, on request, are 220 and 47 for 1A and 5A relay ratings respectively. In applications such as busbar protection, where higher values of stabilising resistor are often required to obtain the desired relay voltage setting, non-standard resistor values can be supplied. The standard resistors are wire wound, continuously adjustable and have a continuous rating of 145W. Applying the KCGG The recommended relay current setting for restricted earth fault protection is usually determined by the minimum fault current available for operation of the relay and whenever possible it should not be greater than 30% of the minimum fault level. For busbar protection, it is considered good practice by some utilities to set the minimum primary operating current in excess of the rated load. Thus, if one of the current transformers becomes open circuit the high impedance relay does not maloperate. The Io> earth fault element in the KCGG142 with its low current settings can be used for busbar supervision. When a CT or the buswires become open circuited the 3 phase currents will become unbalanced and residual current will flow. Hence, the Io> earth fault element should give an alarm for open circuit conditions but will not stop a maloperation of the differential element if the relay is set below rated load. Whenever possible the supervision primary operating current should not be more than 25 amps or 10% of the smallest circuit rating, whichever is the greater. The earth fault element (Io>) should be connected at the star point of the stabilising resistors, as shown in Figure 9. The time delay setting for the supervision elements (to>) should be at least 3 seconds to ensure that spurious operation does not occur during any through fault. This earth fault element will operate for an open circuit CT on any one phase, or two phases, but not necessarily for a fault on all three when the currents may sumate to zero. The supervision may be supplemented with a spare phase protection stage (I>>>) set to the same setting as the Io> element or its lowest setting, 0.08In, if the Io> supervision setting is less than 0.08In. Note that the Io current should be checked when the busbar is under load. This can be viewed in the Measurements 1 menu in the relay. It is important that the Io> threshold is set above any standing Io unbalance current. The supervision element should be used to energise an auxiliary relay with hand reset contacts connected to short circuit the buswires. This renders the busbar zone protection inoperative and prevents thermal damage to the Metrosil. Contacts may also be required for busbar supervision alarm purposes. It is recommended that the dual powered KCEG242 relay is not used for differential protection because of the start-up time delay when powered from the CTs alone, approximately 200ms. Also, the minimum setting of the phase overcurrent elements, 0.4In, would limit its application for differential protection. 6 Figures 3 to 9 show how high impedance relays can be applied in a number of different situations. Advanced application requirements for through fault stability When V s from formula 2 becomes too restrictive for the application, the following notes should be considered. The information is based on the transient and steady state stability limits derived from conjunctive testing of the relay. Using this information will allow a lower stability voltage to be applied to the relay, but the calculations become a little more involved. There are two factors to be considered that affect the stability of the scheme. The first is saturation of the current transformers caused by the dc transient component of the fault current and the second is steady state saturation caused by the symmetrical ac component of fault current only. Transient stability limit To ensure through fault stability with a transient offset in the fault current the required voltage setting is given by: V s = 40 + 0.05R ST + 0.04I f (R CT + 2R L ) (10) If this value is lower than that given by formula 2 then it should be used instead. V s and R ST are unknowns in equation (10). However, for a relay current setting I r , the value of R ST can be calculated by substituting for V s using equation (5), V s = I r R ST . R ST I r = 40 + 0.05R ST + 0.04I f (R CT + 2R L ) (11) Steady state stability limit To ensure through fault stability with non offset currents: (R CT + 2R L ) must not exceed (V K + V s )/I f . (12) Typical Setting Examples Restricted earth fault protection The correct application of the KCGG as a high impedance relay can best be illustrated by taking the case of the 11000/415V, 1000kVA, X = 5%, power transformer shown in Figure 10, for which restricted earth fault protection is required on the LV winding. CT ratio is 100/5A. Stability voltage The power transformer full load current = 1000 x 10 3 3 x 415 = 1391A Maximum through fault level (ignoring source impedance) = 100 5 x 1391 = 27820A Required relay stability voltage (assuming one CT saturated) = 0.5I f (R CT + 2R L ) = 0.5 x 27820 x 5 1500 (0.3 + 0.08) = 17.6V Stabilising resistor Assuming that the relay effective setting for a solidly earthed power transformer is approximately 30% of full load current, we can choose a relay current setting, Io> = 20% of 5A ie. 1A. On this basis the required value of stabilising resistor is: V s I r R ST = 17.6 1 = = 17.6 ohms 5A rated KCGG relays can be supplied, on request, with stabilising resistors that are continuously adjustable between 0 and 47. Thus, a stabilising resistance of 17.6 can be set using the standard supplied resistor. Current transformer requirements To ensure that internal faults are cleared in the shortest possible time the knee point voltage of the current transformers should be at least 5 times the stability voltage, V s . V K = 5V s = 5 x 17.6 = 88V The exciting current to be drawn by the current transformers at the relay stability voltage, Vs, will be: I e < I s I r n where I s = relay effective setting = 30 100 x 1391 x 5 1500 = 1.4A I r (Io>) = relay setting = 1A n = number of current transformers in parallel with the relay = 4 I e @ 17.6V < 1.4 1 4 < 0.1A The time delay setting of the to> element should be set to 0s. The Io>>/Io>>>/I>>/I>>> elements not used should be disabled by setting the phase and earth fault function links PF1, PF2, EF1 and EF2 to 0. Note, the phase overcurrent elements not used for restricted earth fault protection could be used to provide normal overcurrent protection. Metrosil non-linear resistor requirements If the peak voltage appearing across the relay circuit under maximum internal fault conditions exceeds 3000V peak then a suitable non-linear resistor (Metrosil), externally mounted, should be connected across the relay and stabilising resistor, in order to protect the insulation of the current transformers, relay and interconnecting leads. In the present 7 case the peak voltage can be estimated by the formula: V p = 2 2V K (V f V K ) where V K = 88V (In practice this should be the actual current transformer kneepoint voltage, obtained from the current transformer magnetisation curve). V f = I f (R CT + 2R L R ST + R r ) = 27820 x 5 1500 x (0.3 + 0.08 + 17.6) = 92.7 x 17.98 = 1667V Therefore substituting these values for V K and V f into the main formula, it can be seen that the peak voltage developed by the current transformer is: V p = 2 2V K (V f V K ) = 2 2 x 88 x (1667 88) = 1054V This value is well below the maximum of 3000V peak and therefore no Metrosils are required with the relay. If, on the other hand, the peak voltage V P given by the formula had been greater than 3000V peak, a non-linear resistor (Metrosil) would have to be connected across the relay and the stabilising resistor. The recommended non-linear resistor type would have to be chosen in accordance with the maximum secondary internal fault current and the voltage setting. Busbar Protection A typical 132kV double bus generating station is made up of two 100MVA generators and associated step-up transformers, providing power to the high voltage system, by means of four overhead transmission lines, shown in Figure 2. The main and reserve busbars are sectionalised with bus section circuit breakers. The application for a high impedance circulating current scheme having 4 zones and an overall check feature, is as follows: The switchgear rating is 3500MVA, the system voltage is 132kV solidly earthed and the maximum loop lead resistance is 4 ohms. The current transformers are of ratio 500/1 amp and have a secondary resistance of 0.7 ohms. Stability voltage The stability level of the busbar protection is governed by the maximum through fault level which is assumed to be the switchgear rating. Using the switchgear rating allows for any future system expansion. = 3500 x 10 6 3 x 132 x 10 3 = 15300A Required relay stability voltage (assuming one CT is saturated) = 0.5 I f (R CT + 2R L ) = 0.5 x 15300 500 (0.7 + 4) = 72V Current setting The primary operating current of busbar protection is normally set to less than 30% of the minimum fault level. It is also considered good practice by some utilities to set the minimum primary operating current in excess of the rated load. Thus, if one of the CTs becomes open circuit the high impedance relay does not maloperate. The primary operating current should be made less than 30% of the minimum fault current and more than the full load current of one of the incomers. Thus, if one of the incomer CTs becomes open circuit the differential protection will not maloperate. It is assumed that 30% of the minimum fault current is more than the full load current of the largest circuit. Full load current = 100 x 10 3 3 x 132 = 438A Discriminating zone Magnetising current taken by each CT at 72V = 0.072A Maximum number of CTs per zone = 5 Relay current setting, I r (I>) = 400A = 0.8In Relay primary operating current, I op = CT ratio x (I r + nIe) = 500 x (0.8 + (5 x 0.072)) = 500 x 1.16 = 580A (132% full load current) Check zone Magnetising current taken by each CT at 72V = 0.072A Maximum number of circuits = 6 Relay current setting, I r (I>) = 0.8A Relay primary operating current, I op = 500 x (0.8 + (6 x 0.072)) = 500 x 1.232 = 616A (141% full load current) Therefore, by setting I r (I>) = 0.8A, the primary operating current of the busbar protection meets the requirements stated earlier. Stabilising resistor The required value of the stabilising resistor is: R ST = V s I r = 72 0.8 = 90 Therefore the standard 220 variable resistor can be used. 8 Current transformer requirements To ensure that internal faults are cleared in the shortest possible time the knee point voltage of the current transformers should be at least 5 times the stability voltage, Vs. V k /V s = 5 V k = 360V Metrosil non-linear resistor requirements If the peak voltage appearing across the relay circuit under maximum internal fault conditions exceeds 3000V peak then a suitable non-linear resistor (Metrosil), externally mounted, should be connected across the relay and stabilising resistor, in order to protect the insulation of the current transformers, relay and interconnecting leads. In the present case the peak voltage can be estimated by the formula: V p = 2 2V K (V f V K ) where V K = 360V (In practice this should be the actual current transformer kneepoint voltage, obtained from the current transformer magnetisation curve). V r = I' f (R CT + 2R L + R ST + R r ) = 15300 x 1 500 x (0.7 + 4 + 90) = 30.6 x 94.7 = 2898V Therefore substituting these values for V K and V f into the main formula, it can be seen that the peak voltage developed by the current transformer is: V p = 2 2V K (V f V K ) = 2 2 x 360 x (2898 360) = 2704V This value is below the maximum of 3000V peak and therefore no Metrosils are required with the relay. If, on the other hand, the peak voltage V P given by the formula had been greater than 3000V peak, a non-linear resistor (Metrosil) would have to be connected across the relay and the stabilising resistor. The recommended non-linear resistor type would have to be chosen in accordance with the maximum internal fault current and the voltage setting. Busbar supervision Whenever possible the supervision primary operating current should not be more than 25 amps or 10% of the smallest circuit, whichever is the greater. The Io> earth fault element in the KCGG142 with its low current settings can be used for busbar supervision. Assuming that 25A is greater than 10% of the smallest circuit current. Io> = 25/500 = 0.05In Using the I>>> element for 3 phase busbar supervision I>>> = 0.08In (minimum setting) The time delay setting of the to> and t>>> elements, used for busbar supervision, is 3s. The Io>>/Io>>>/I>> elements not used should be disabled by setting the phase and earth fault function links PF1, EF1 and EF2 to 0. Advanced application requirements for through fault stability The previous busbar protection example is used here to demonstrate the use of the advanced application requirements for through stability. To ensure through fault stability with a transient offset in the fault current the required voltage setting is given by: V s = 40 + 0.05R ST + 0.04I F (R CT + 2R L ) If this value is lower than that given by formula 2 then it should be used instead. To ensure through fault stability with non offset currents: (R CT + 2R L ) must not exceed (V K + V s )/I f . Transient stability limit V s = 40 + 0.05 R ST + 0.04 x 15300/500 (0.7 + 4) V s = 45.753 + 0.05 R ST V s = I r R ST The relay current setting, I r = 0.8In 0.8 R ST = 45.753 + 0.05 R ST R ST = 61 V s = 0.8 x 61 = 48.8V Steady state stability limit (R CT + 2R L ) < (V K + V s )/I F . Assuming V K = 5 V s (0.7 + 4) < (6 x 48.8) (15300/500) 4.7 < 9.57 Thus, the steady state stability requirement is met. V K = 5 V s = 244V Using the advanced application method the knee point voltage requirement has been reduced to 244V compared to the conventional method where the knee point voltage was calculated to be 360V. 9 Figure 2: Double busbar generating station. 21 R A R ST 22 v 23 R B R ST 24 v 25 R C R ST 26 v Protective relays Protected plant A B C A B C P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 100MVA 15kV 100MVA 132/15kV Main reserve 132kV A B C P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 27 R R ST 28 v P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 Figure 3: Phase and earth fault differential protection for generators, motors or reactors. Figure 4: Restricted earth fault protection for 3 phase, 3 wire system-applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings. 10 A B C P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 27 R R ST 28 v A B C P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 27 R R ST 28 v P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 N A B C P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 27 R R ST 28 v P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 N Figure 5: Balanced or restricted earth fault protection for delta winding of a power transformer with supply system earthed. Figure 6: Restricted earth fault protection for 3 phase, 4 wire system-applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at switchgear. Figure 7: Restricted earth fault protection for 3 phase, 4 wire system-applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings earthed directly at the star point. 11 21 R A R ST 22 v 23 R B R ST 24 v 25 R C R ST 26 v Protective relays A B C A B C P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 21 R A R ST 22 v 23 R B R ST 24 v 25 R C R ST 26 v Protective relays A B C A B C P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 P 2 P 1 S 2 S 1 P 1 P 2 S 1 S 2 R N 27 28 Buswire supervision Contacts from buswire supervision auxiliary relay A B C R L R L R CT R L R CT Restricted earth fault protection Data Protection: R L = 0.04 R LC = 0.3 Transformer: X = 5% R L 11kV 415V 1500/5A Figure 8: Phase and earth fault differential protection for an auto-transformer with CTs at the neutral star point. Figure 9: Busbar protection simple single zone phase and earth fault scheme. Figure 10: Restricted earth fault protection on a power transformer LV winding. St Leonards Works, Stafford, ST17 4LX England Tel: 44 (0) 1785 223251 Fax: 44 (0) 1785 212232 Email: pcs.enquiries@tde.alstom.com Internet: www.alstom.com 2000 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd Our policy is one of continuous development. Accordingly the design of our products may change at any time. Whilst every effort is made to produce up to date literature, this brochure should only be regarded as a guide and is intended for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute an offer for sale or advice on the application of any product referred to in it. ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd cannot be held responsible for any reliance on any decisions taken on its contents without specific advice. Publication R6142B Printed in England. ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd