1 - by-pass ratio.

2 - 1 nm = ?
3 - longitude - east to west
4 - latitude - north south
5 - cabin pressure is set to - 8000 ft above msl
6 - wt 98 kg and a=10m/s2 and what is Force ?
7 - Equator is a G/C. It is also a _________.
8 - max thrust is at Propeller.
9 - effect of PNR if ff is reduced to 3%.
10 - effect of 90 deg crosswind in CP movement.
11 - Ram air turbine question
12 - Horizontally polarised em wave, e travels horizontally
13 - earth is heated by insolation,longwave radiation
14 - A/C descends from a higher altitude at constant IAS then MNo
15 - atmosphere is unstable when ELR is < > = SALR ?
16 - 2 questions on flight spoiler
17 - A/C generator are rated as KW KVA or VA
18 - Speed of Sound is 660.7 661.7 662.7 663.7
19 - 737 NG series - 600 700 800 900
20 - with permission of whome u can throw flowers from air
21 - V1 speed means
22.Function of hydraulic accumulator....ans..to absorb pulsations within the system and to act as an
emergency source of hydraulic power.
23)Emergency source of power in the braking system...ans...hydraulic accumulator.
24. in emergency situation,breaking axn is initiated by: A) as accumulator acts as a reserve for
emergencies besides maintain in constant presure withn the system. in case of failure of primary
brake system ( i.e. pump failure) a secondary system will be selected in case that fails too,
accumulator will provide hydraulic fluid under pressure but braking action will have to initiated and
maintained by pilot.
25.Effect on time & distance to PNR if FF is reduced by 3%?if u mean flight fuel by FF,then the dPNR
wd dec.by same %age as FF,3% in this case and if u mean fuel flow then its opposite.

PROPERTY OF CP "IF HEADWIND CHANGES TO TAILWIND OR VICE-VERSA, DIST. TO CP WILL CHANGE
FROM HALF WAY POSITION BY SAME DISTANCE...."

26.definition of EMF.
27.power rating of generator.
28. - an 150Ah battery will provide 450amps for how long????answer was 20min
29. Temperature at 39000ft is -56.5*C the deviation from ISA is?
A) ISA+6 B) ISA C) ISA +7.5 D) ISA +5.54
30.What is the theoretical maximum range that an aircraft at FL420 will obtain from a VOR beacon
situated at 400' amsl? ans - 276nm
31. What is the approximate maximum range that an aircraft flying at 25000' would expect to obtain
from a VOR beacon situated 900' amsl? ans - 198nm
the theoretical range does not take into account various factors such as signal attenuation,
transmitter power, propagation conditions.
32. The reference wave is 240 and variable is 90. What is the phase difference?ans-210
33. Q. An a/c is on airway boundry range 100nm from a VOR marking the airway centre
line.Assuming each dot rep 2 deg.how many dots deviation will be shown on the deviation
indiacator??
width is 10 nms,5nms either side of centreline. so if it is at the boundary range,it is 5nms frm
centreline. usin 1/60 rule, 5*60/100=3 degrees. since each dot=2 degrees,therefore it has to be 1.5
dots.
34. PNR is 720Nm with 10,000lbs as FOB, calculate PSR if FOB is 10,500lbs ?
PNR Is directly related to Endurance i.e (FOB-RESERVE)/FUEL FLOW. IF FOB is increased PNR will
increase. IF Reserve required decreases PNR increases. IF FUEL FLOW reduces PNR increases. I guess
you are trying to say that any H/W or T/W will reduce the dist to PNR which is correct. Since an
aircraft suffers the h/w for a longer time .. but enjoy the tail wind for a shorter time..



35.If scale = c.l / e.l. What is 1inch on chart on earth if scale= 1:1000,000?
1 inch equals 2.54 cm, so 1000,000 inches=2540000 cms =25400m=25.4km=25.4/1.852Nms=13.71
Nms
or
since 12 inches=1 feet 1000,000 inches = 1000,000/12=83333.33ft 1 nm = 6080 ft therefore
83333.33/6080=13.7Nms
36.Speed of Sound is -661.7
37. Oxygen diluted operates : a) only when breathing in air(which is the correct answer) b)above
36000ft c) above 10000ft d) below 10000ft.
38. Aircraft pressurisation system includes -bleed air valve,positive relief valve,negative relief valve
.outflow valve
39.non relief valves are also called as a) check valves(correct) b) one way valves and one question on
rapid decompression
40. An a/c has a tendency to fly right wing low with hands off. it is trimmed with a tab on the left
aileron, the trim tab will : ans. move down causing the left aileron to move up, right aileron to move
down
A.40-tip: think tab down, wing down. And vice versa. Here,u wanna raise right wing, hence u got
lower left wing. Therefore, tab dn. 4 wing dn
41 An a/c takes off with the elevator control locks still in position. it is found to be nose heavy : ans.
backward movement of the trim wheel would increase nose heaviness.
42. -effect of 90 deg crosswind in CP movement..?
43. In India, how often are the following issued? what is the duration of validity? what area is
covered?? METAR, TAF, Sigmets.
Ans -Metar Issued Every Hour By Met Watch Office
Taf Covers An Area Of 5 Nm.
A METAR is not valid for any time period. It is an actual observation at a specific time. They are
normally made at hourly or half hourly intervals. If the weather changes by a significant degree a
special observation,SPECI, will be made and issued.
TAF- it is issued by CLASS I met offices,TAF valid for 9hrs issued every 3hrs and taf valid for 12-24hrs
issued every 6hrs.
SIGMET- it is issued for each FIR every 3hrs commencing from 0100UTC. AND if sigmet is issued for
volcanic ash or cyclone it is issued for 12hrs before the validity period and reviewed every 3hrs. it is
issued bye MWO
44.The time for which the winds are sampled for a Metar??
Metar Winds Are Sampled For 10 Mts.
45. In an aircraft with 100 seats but 49 passengers only, how many cabin crew should be present?
Ans-10-49....1 attendant and thereafter for every 50pax 1 attendant.the no of attendants depends
on seating capacity and not the no of pax present.
10-49-1 ,50-99-2 ,100-150-3
46.. In a flight from Europe to North America in Summer will you have a headwind or a tailwind?
Ans-Headwind (flying west in summers ).
47. Dihedral is the angle btwn wing and lateral axis? It is the upward inclination of the wing from the
wing root to the wing tip
48. In hydraulic system, under what pressure nitrogen or helium is kept in acumulator..? and whats
the total pressure in the system??
49. Maximum Flying time in a 24-hour period: 8 hours or 6 landings (whichever comes first)
Maximum Duty time in a 24-hour period: 11 hours
50. tell me if isothermal condition is stable or neutral w.r.t atmosphere?
Isothermal and inversion both are absolute stable conditions. In an isothermal,temp is same with
height.
whenever ELR(environment lapse rate) is less than SALR, stablity exists. Incase of isothermal and
inversion, lapse rate is less than 1.5'C/1000feet...means less than SALR...so atmosphere will be
absolute stable.. neutral stablity exists if ELR=SALR or ELR=DALR
51. will an aircraft descend faster in headwind or tailwind?
Ans-Winds don't have any effect on the rate of descent, however in a headwind the angle of descent
will be much steeper than in a tailwind.
52. Vmp : Speed for Minimum Power (Best Endurance).
53. If a light/ medium a/c Taking off behind heavy a/c whats the separation minima?? 2 mins
54. If a light/ medium a/c Landing behind heavy a/c whats the separation minima?? 3 mins
55.Incubation period of yellow fever? 6 days
CO - Cholera - 5 days
PY- Plague and yellow fever - 6 days
RE- Relapsing fever - 8 days
ST - Small pox and Typhus - 14 days
56.Communication Failure procedure in both IFR an VFR..
in IFR, land as soon as practical if vmc conditions exists otherwise fly flight plan, maintain last
assigned altitude, or MEA or filed altitude whichever is greater, commence ur approach at ETA.
57. What is Aerodynamic Centre (AC) ?
Aerodynamic center is the point on an airfoil where aerodynamic moment remains constant with
AOA center of pressure is the point through which lift acts. AC for an airfoil is a fix point for any AOA
CP changes with AOA
58. At 0* angle of attack, what will be the pressure differential around the wings i.e. will it be no
pressure diff OR will it be lower pressure above the wings?
For a symmetrical airfoil-yes there will be no pressure diffrence and zero lift produced.
=>for a asymmetrical aerofoil-ther will be lower pressur above the upper wing surface and higher
below .
=>for a asymmetrical aerofoil lift is zero at -4 deg AOA.
59.Minimum no. of satellites for GPS position and RAIM ??
To obtain a 3D position solution, at least 4 measurements are required. To detect a fault, at least 5
measurements are required, and to isolate and exclude a fault, at least 6.
60. an aircraft on hdg 124(T) measures qdr of VOR to be 303.If deviation on this hdg is 2 degree E
and Variation is 1 degree W.What is QUJ? Ans- 122
61.A radio station on ground bears 312(relative) at aircraft flying on heading 058 (M).If var is 1 deg E
and dev is 2 deg W, calculate QDM and QTE?Ans-011
62. 1. the pressure valve incharge of the opening of the under carriage and the sequential
movement of the landing gear . a. sequence valve b. shuttle valve
63.. Anybody that rotates about its own axis is called a
a. microscope b.telescope c.gyroscope d.none of the above
64.. what is longitudinal dihedral ?= longitudinal dihedral gives stability longitudinal stability.
dihedral is mainly used to increase lateral stability. Longitudinal Dihedral is the acute angle made
between Chord of the 'main plane' and chord of the 'tail plane'
65.. what is the significance of CLmax?=Airplane can fly slow
66. Ceiling fan is wat kind of gyro?? Vertical gyro
67. Variation at the equator is .?? a)180E/W b)45E/W c)0degrees d)Less than 90degrees
68. a/c lights mandatory-20 mins aftr sunrise n 20 mins prior sunset.
69.When approaching IDL from the east-
a) be prepared to increase your date by 1
b) be prepared to decrease your date by 1
Travelling west - You're going back in time - So you're Gaining a DAY or subtract a date
Travelling East- You're going ahead in time- So you're loosing a DAY
70. What is the difference between a Jet Engine and a Piston Engine?
A piston engine utilizes the linear motion of cylinders/pistons to combust the gasoline that .A jet
engine, however, uses a fluid (air) intake to assist in the compression of fuel. A piston engine works
on the principle of 'Constant Volume' while a jet engine works on the principle of 'Constant
Pressure'. Turbo prop produces thrust by propelling large amount of air with less acceleration
whereas jet engine or turbo jet propells less amount of air by huge amouunt of acceleration.
71.OCA/H* - Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height The lowest altitude/height above the elevation of
the runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation as applicable used in establishing
compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria.
V3 - flap retraction speed
V4 - steady initial climb speed
72. f an a/c has got the left static port blocked ..
a.alimeter will over read in case of a right side slip
b.altimeter wil overread in case of a side slip to left.
Since the left static port is non-functional, it doesn't matter how much the pressure it is
experiencing. However the right static port is functional and being shielded from the airflow, it
experiences less ambient pressure and hence the capsule inside the case will be subjected to lesser
compression and thus it will over-read i.e. will show higher than actual altitude.
73. Q1) Assuming the maximum likely error in vor to be 5.5 degree, what is the maximum distance
apart that beacons can be situated on the centreline of the u.k airwayin order that an aircraft can
guarantee remaining within the airway boundary? a) 54.5 Nm b) 109 NM c) 66 Nm d) 132 Nm
Ans-Apply 1 in 60 rule. 5.5=[(5x60)/d] where 5.5 = error in vor 5=airway width in uk d=half the max.
distance of the 2 beacons. Solving which we get d=54.5nm. Therefore max. spacing=2d=109nm.
74. Q1) An a/c is descending at a contant mach number. If the a/c is descending through an inversion
layer, the RAS will: a)remain constant b)increase c)decrease d)decrease
M = TAS/LSS in this case the LSS is wholly dependent on temperature, so if the aircraft
climbs in isa conditions it will reduce. For a constant TAS the Mach will therefore
increase. Climbing through an inversion the LSS will alternatively increase and Mach will
decrease. If climbing through an isotherm the temp will remain constant, so for a
constant TAS the Mach will remain constant.
- ECTM+ in a climb and +ECTM- in a descent.
{+ETMC -} FOR CLIMB IN INVERSION and vice versa signs for DESCENT.

E = EAS, C = CAS, T = TAS and M = Mach No.

For example in a climb at a constant CAS, E is on the negative side and therefore
decreases whereas T and M are on the positive side and will therefore increase. During
an inversion swap over the T and M and during an isotherm T and M are the same.

75. Q2)A perfectly frictionless DI, is corrected to give zero drift on the ground at 30 degree north.
The DI is set to read 100 degree in an a/c stationary on the ground in latitude 45 degree north. The
reading after 45 mins will be: a) 92.33 degree b)102.50 degree c)97.78 degree d) 103.75 degree.
@ 30 N -> No Drift i.e. ER Drift + Real Drift = 0
15Sin30 (Dec(Northern Hemi)) + RD =0
7.5(Dec) + RD = 0 RD = 7.5 Deg/Hr (Inc)
@ 45 N Total Drift = 15Sin45(Dec) + 7.5 (Inc) =
10.606(Dec) + 7.5 (Inc) = 3.1066 Deg/Hr (Dec)
Reading after 45 mins 3.1066 * (45/60) = 2.32995 Deg/45 Mins (Dec)
At 100 degs = 100 - 2.32995 = 97.67005 Degs
76. An INS equipped a/c flies from 56 N 20 W (waypoint 3) to 56 N 30 W (waypoint 4).With constant
drift during flight, the a/c heading will: a)increase by more than 10 degree b)decrease by less than
10 degree c)increase by less than 10 degree d)remain constant.
77.Mode 7 is for windshear alert below 1500 feet and gives windshear warning both during
approach and takeoff.
Mode 6 - MINIMUMS/ALTITUDE ALERTS/BANK ANGLE in any phase of flight.
78. The approximate range of a 10KW ndb over the sea is:
79. An a/c is over flying a VOR at 30,000feet at a grd speed of 300kt.The maximum time during
which no usable signal will be received{in mins and sec} is: a.0.50 b.4.40 c.2.25 d.1.40
80. using a 5 dot CDI, how many dots would show for an a/c on the edge at 100nm for VOR beacon
ans- 1.5
81.one degree at 200 nm represents a width of: ans-3.5 nm.
82. you intend to overfly a mountain ridge at an altitude of 15000ft AMsL.The average air temp i s
15degree lover than IsA.the sealevel pressure 1003Hpa.which altimeter indication is needed? Ans--
16170ft
True altitude
= Indicated altitude + 4% of Indicated every 10 deg above ISA if ISA deviation is positive.
= Indicated altitude - 4% of Indicated every 10 deg below ISA if ISA deviation is negative.
Here 15000 is the true altitude. Temp is 15 deg lower so Indicated altitude will be higher. 4% for 10
deg so 6% for 15 deg. 6 % of 15000 is 900. So Indicated altitude is 15900. The altimeter setting is
1003 so you will need to set 27 x10(1013-1003) = 270 feet higher.
83*. Q2.An OAT of -55degree at the 200Hpa pressure level:
A)+/-5degree IsA. B) is low