13
00:00:58 --> 00:01:03
So what we did primarily was
looked at this discipline that
14
00:01:03 --> 00:01:07
we call the lump matter
discipline, which was very
15
00:01:07 --> 00:01:13
similar, very reminiscent of the
point mass simplification in
16
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15
physics.
And this discipline,
17
00:01:15 --> 00:01:20
this set of constraints we
imposed on ourselves,
18
00:01:20 --> 00:01:25
allowed us to move from
Maxwell's equations to a very,
19
00:01:25 --> 00:01:30
very simple form of algebraic
equations.
20
00:01:30 --> 00:01:35
And specifically,
the discipline took two forms.
21
00:01:35 --> 00:01:42
One is, we said that we will
deal with elements for whom the
22
00:01:42 --> 00:01:50
rate of change of magnetic flux
is zero outside of the elements,
23
00:01:50 --> 00:01:57
and for whom the rate of change
of charge I want to charge
24
00:01:57 --> 00:02:03
inside the element was zero.
So, if I took any element,
25
00:02:03 --> 00:02:07
any element that I called a
lump circuit element,
26
00:02:07 --> 00:02:11
like a resistor or a voltage
source, and I put a black box
27
00:02:11 --> 00:02:15
around it, then what I'm saying
is that the net charge inside
28
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18
that is going to be zero.
And this is not true in
29
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20
general.
We will see examples where,
30
00:02:20 --> 00:02:24
if you choose some piece of an
element for example,
31
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27
there might be charge buildup,
but net inside the,
32
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30
if I put a box around the
entire element,
33
00:02:30 --> 00:02:34
I am going to assume that the
rate of change of charge is
34
00:02:34 --> 00:02:39
going to be zero.
So, what this did was it
35
00:02:39 --> 00:02:44
enabled us to create the lump
circuit abstraction,
36
00:02:44 --> 00:02:49
where I could take elements,
some element of the sort,
37
00:02:49 --> 00:02:54
this could be a resistor,
a voltage source,
38
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57
or whatever,
and I could now ascribe a
39
00:02:57 --> 00:03:04
voltage, some voltage across an
element, and also some current,
40
00:03:04 --> 00:03:09
"i," that was going into the
element.
41
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12
And as I go forward,
when I label the voltages and
42
00:03:12 --> 00:03:16
currents across and through
elements, I'm going to be
43
00:03:16 --> 00:03:21
following a convention.
OK, the convention is that I'm
44
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24
going to label,
if I label V in the following
45
00:03:24 --> 00:03:28
manner, then I'm going to label
"i" for that element as a
46
00:03:28 --> 00:03:33
current flowing into the
positive terminal.
47
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36
It's just a convention.
By doing this,
48
00:03:36 --> 00:03:40
it turns out that the power
consumed by the element is "vi"
49
00:03:40 --> 00:03:44
is positive.
OK, so by choosing I going in
50
00:03:44 --> 00:03:48
this way into the positive
terminal, the power consumed by
51
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51
the element is going to be
positive.
52
00:03:51 --> 00:03:55
OK, so in general of even
simply following this
53
00:03:55 --> 00:03:59
convention, when I label
voltages and currents,
54
00:03:59 --> 00:04:03
I'll be labeling the current
into an element entering in
55
00:04:03 --> 00:04:08
through the plus terminal.
Remember, of course,
56
00:04:08 --> 00:04:12
if the current is going this
way, let's have one amp of
57
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15
current flowing this way,
then when I compute the
58
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18
current, "i" will come out to be
negative.
59
00:04:18 --> 00:04:22
OK, so by making these
assumptions, the assumptions of
60
00:04:22 --> 00:04:26
the lumped matter discipline,
I said I was able to simplify
61
00:04:26 --> 00:04:31
my life tremendously.
And, in particular what it did
62
00:04:31 --> 00:04:36
was it allowed me to take
Maxwell's equations,
63
00:04:36 --> 00:04:41
OK, and simplify them into a
very simple algebraic form,
64
00:04:41 --> 00:04:46
which has both a voltage law
and a current law that I call
65
00:04:46 --> 00:04:51
Kirchhoff's voltage law,
and Kirchhoff's current law.
66
00:04:51 --> 00:04:55
KVL simply states that if I
have some circuit,
67
00:04:55 --> 00:05:01
and if I measured the voltages
in any loop in the circuit,
68
00:05:01 --> 00:05:07
so if I look at the voltages in
any loop, then the voltages in
69
00:05:07 --> 00:05:13
the loop would sum to zero.
OK, so I measure voltages in
70
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16
the loop, and they will sum to
zero.
71
00:05:16 --> 00:05:21
Similarly, for the current,
if I take a node of a circuit,
72
00:05:21 --> 00:05:25
if I build the circuit,
a node is a point in the
73
00:05:25 --> 00:05:29
circuit where multiple edges
connect.
74
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32
If I take a node,
then the current coming into
75
00:05:32 --> 00:05:37
that node, the net current
coming into a node is going to
76
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40
be zero.
OK, so if I take any node of
77
00:05:40 --> 00:05:45
the circuit and sum up all the
currents going into that node,
78
00:05:45 --> 00:05:51
they will all net sum to zero.
So, notice what I've done is by
79
00:05:51 --> 00:05:55
this discipline,
by this constraint I imposed on
80
00:05:55 --> 00:06:00
myself, I was able to make this
incredible leap from Maxwell's
81
00:06:00 --> 00:06:04
equations to these really,
really simple algebraic
82
00:06:04 --> 00:06:09
equations, KVL and KCL.
And I promise you,
83
00:06:09 --> 00:06:13
going forward to the rest of
6.002, if this is all you know,
84
00:06:13 --> 00:06:18
you can pretty much solve any
circuit using these two very
85
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20
simple relations.
It's actually really,
86
00:06:20 --> 00:06:24
really simple.
It's all very simple algebra,
87
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26
OK?
So, just to show you an
88
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29
example, let me do a little
demonstration.
89
00:06:29 --> 00:06:33
Let me build let me build a
small circuit and measure some
90
00:06:33 --> 00:06:37
voltages for you,
and show you that the voltages,
91
00:06:37 --> 00:06:42
indeed, add up to zero.
So, here's my little circuit.
92
00:06:42 --> 00:07:25
93
00:07:25 --> 00:07:29
So, I'm going to show you a
simple circuit that looks like
94
00:07:29 --> 00:07:33
this, and let's go ahead and
measure some voltages and
95
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35
currents.
In terms of terminology to
96
00:07:35 --> 00:07:40
remember, this is called a loop.
So if I start from the point C
97
122
00:10:08 --> 00:10:14
I guess, have been this way.
So, what's written is V_AC.
123
00:10:14 --> 00:10:18
But it's OK for now.
Don't worry about it.
124
00:10:18 --> 00:10:23
So, well, thank you.
I appreciate your help here.
125
00:10:23 --> 00:10:27
OK, so within the bonds of
experimental error,
126
00:10:27 --> 00:10:32
noticed that if I add up these
three voltages,
127
00:10:32 --> 00:10:38
they nicely sum up to zero.
OK, next let me focus on this
128
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41
node here.
And at this node,
129
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44
let me go ahead and measure
some currents.
130
00:10:44 --> 00:10:50
What I'll do now is change to
an AC voltage so that I can go
131
00:10:50 --> 00:10:55
ahead and measure the current
without breaking my circuit.
132
00:10:55 --> 00:10:59
OK, this time around,
you'll get to see the
133
00:10:59 --> 00:11:04
measurements that I'm taking as
well.
134
00:11:04 --> 00:11:09
So, what I have here,
I guess you can see it this
135
00:11:09 --> 00:11:14
way.
What I have here is three wires
136
00:11:14 --> 00:11:20
that I have pulled out from D.
And this is the node D,
137
00:11:20 --> 00:11:24
OK?
So, I have three wires coming
138
00:11:24 --> 00:11:32
into the node D just to make it
a little bit easier for me to
139
00:11:32 --> 00:11:37
measure stuff.
OK, so everybody keep your
140
00:11:37 --> 00:11:42
fingers crossed so I don't look
like a fool here.
141
00:11:42 --> 00:11:46
I hope this works out.
So, you roughly get,
142
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48
what's that,
10 mV.
143
00:11:48 --> 00:11:53
OK, so it's about 10 mV peak to
peak out there,
144
00:11:53 --> 00:11:59
and let's say that if the
waveform raises on the left-hand
145
00:11:59 --> 00:12:05
side, it's positive.
So, it's positive 10 mV.
146
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08
And another positive 10 mV,
so that's 20 mV.
147
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11
And this time,
it's a negative,
148
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13
roughly 20, I guess,
-20.
149
00:12:13 --> 00:12:17
So, I'm getting,
in terms of currents,
150
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19
I have a -10,
-10, I'm sorry,
151
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22
positive 10,
positive 10,
152
00:12:22 --> 00:12:27
and a -20 that adds up to zero.
But more interestingly,
153
00:12:27 --> 00:12:31
I can show you the same thing
by holding this current
154
00:12:31 --> 00:12:37
measuring probe directly across
the node.
155
00:12:37 --> 00:12:43
And, notice that the net
current that is entering into
156
00:12:43 --> 00:12:49
this node here is zero.
OK, so that should just show
157
00:12:49 --> 00:12:56
you that KCL does indeed hold in
practice, and it is not just a
158
00:12:56 --> 00:13:02
figment of our imaginations.
So, before I go on,
159
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05
I wanted to point one other
thing out.
160
00:13:05 --> 00:13:09
Notice that I've written down
two assumptions of the lumped
161
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11
matter discipline,
OK?
162
00:13:11 --> 00:13:16
There is a total assumption of
the lump matter discipline,
163
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19
and that assumption is,
in spirit, at least,
164
00:13:19 --> 00:13:23
shared by the point mass
simplification in physics as
165
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26
well.
Can someone tell me what that
166
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28
assumption is?
A total assumption,
167
00:13:28 --> 00:13:32
which I did not mention,
which you can read in your
168
00:13:32 --> 00:13:36
notes in section 8.2 in the
appendix, what's a total
169
00:13:36 --> 00:13:41
assumption that is shared in
spirit with the point mass
170
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44
simplification?
Anybody?
171
00:13:44 --> 00:13:49
A total assumption to be made
here is that in all the signals
172
00:13:49 --> 00:13:53
that we will study in this
course, we've made the
173
00:13:53 --> 00:13:57
assumption that the signal
speeds of interest,
174
00:13:57 --> 00:14:01
transition speeds,
and so on, are much slower than
175
00:14:01 --> 00:14:05
the speed of light.
OK, that my signal transition
176
00:14:05 --> 00:14:11
speeds of interest are much
slower than the speed of light.
177
00:14:11 --> 00:14:14
Remember, the laws of motion,
the discrete laws of motion
178
00:14:14 --> 00:14:18
break down if your objects begin
moving at the speed of light.
179
00:14:18 --> 00:14:22
OK, the same token here,
our lump circuit abstraction
180
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24
breaks down if we approach the
speed of light.
181
00:14:24 --> 00:14:28
And there are follow on courses
that talk about waveguides and
182
00:14:28 --> 00:14:32
other distributed analysis
techniques that deal with
183
00:14:32 --> 00:14:36
signals that travel close to
speeds of light.
184
00:14:36 --> 00:14:41
OK, so with that,
let me go on to talking about
185
00:14:41 --> 00:14:48
method one of circuit analysis.
This is called the basic KVL
186
00:14:48 --> 00:14:53
KCL method.
So just based on those two
187
00:14:53 --> 00:15:00
simple algebraic relations,
I can analyze very interesting
188
00:15:00 --> 00:15:05
and complicated circuits.
The method goes as follows.
189
00:15:05 --> 00:15:09
So, let's say our goal is,
given a circuit like this,
190
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12
our goal is to solve it.
OK, in this course,
191
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15
we will do two kinds of things:
analysis and synthesis.
192
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17
Analysis says,
given a circuit,
193
00:15:17 --> 00:15:20
OK, what can you tell me about
the circuit?
194
00:15:20 --> 00:15:24
OK, so we'll solve existing
circuits for all the voltages
195
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26
and currents,
voltages across elements,
196
00:15:26 --> 00:15:30
and currents through those
elements.
197
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32
Synthesis says,
given a function,
198
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35
I may ask you to go and build
circuits.
199
00:15:35 --> 00:15:40
OK, so for analysis here,
we can apply this method that I
200
00:15:40 --> 00:15:44
want to show you.
And the idea here is that,
201
00:15:44 --> 00:15:48
given a circuit like this,
let us figure out all the
202
00:15:48 --> 00:15:53
voltages and currents that are a
function of the way these
203
00:15:53 --> 00:15:57
elements are connected.
So, the basic KVL and KCL
204
00:15:57 --> 00:16:02
method has the following steps.
The first step is to write down
205
00:16:02 --> 00:16:08
the element VI relationships.
OK, right down the element VI
206
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10
relationships for all the
elements.
207
00:16:10 --> 00:16:14
The second step is write KCL
for all the nodes,
208
00:16:14 --> 00:16:19
and the third step is to write
KVL for all the loops in the
209
00:16:19 --> 00:16:20
circuit.
That's it.
210
00:16:20 --> 00:16:23
Just go ahead and write down
element rules,
211
00:16:23 --> 00:16:27
KVL, and KCL,
and then go ahead and solve the
212
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29
circuit.
So, what we'll do,
213
00:16:29 --> 00:16:33
we'll do an example,
of course.
214
00:16:33 --> 00:16:39
But, just as a refresher,
we've looked at a bunch of
215
00:16:39 --> 00:16:43
elements so far,
and for the resistor,
216
00:16:43 --> 00:16:50
the element relation says that
V is pi R, where R is the
217
00:16:50 --> 00:16:56
resistance of the element here.
For a voltage source,
218
00:16:56 --> 00:17:01
V is equal to V nought.
That's the element
219
00:17:01 --> 00:17:06
relationship.
And for a current source,
220
00:17:06 --> 00:17:12
the element is the relation is,
"i" is simply the current
221
00:17:12 --> 00:17:19
flowing through the element.
OK, so these are some of the
222
00:17:19 --> 00:17:25
simple element rules for the
devices that the current source,
223
00:17:25 --> 00:17:30
voltage source,
and the resistor.
224
00:17:30 --> 00:17:34
So let's go ahead and solve
this simple circuit.
225
00:17:34 --> 00:17:40
And what I'll do is go ahead
and solve the circuit for you.
226
00:17:40 --> 00:17:46
OK, if you turn to page five of
your notes, I'm going to go
227
00:17:46 --> 00:17:53
ahead and edit the circuit here.
You can scribble the values on
228
00:17:53 --> 00:17:58
your notes on page five.
OK, so as a first step of my
229
00:17:58 --> 00:18:03
KVL KCL method,
I need to write down all my
230
00:18:03 --> 00:18:08
element VI relationships.
So, before I do that,
231
00:18:08 --> 00:18:13
let me go ahead and label all
the voltages and currents that
232
00:18:13 --> 00:18:17
are unknowns in the circuit.
So, let me label the voltages
233
00:18:17 --> 00:18:22
and currents associated with the
voltage source as here.
234
00:18:22 --> 00:18:26
Notice, I continue to follow
this convention where whenever I
235
00:18:26 --> 00:18:31
label voltages and currents for
an element, I will show the
236
00:18:31 --> 00:18:35
current going into the positive
terminal of the element
237
00:18:35 --> 00:18:40
variable, OK,
after element variable voltage.
238
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42
So here, I have V nought and I
nought.
239
00:18:42 --> 00:18:47
Let me pause here for five
seconds and show you a point of
240
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49
confusion that happens
sometimes.
241
00:18:49 --> 00:18:53
Often times,
people confuse between what is
242
00:18:53 --> 00:18:57
called the variable that is
associated with the element
243
00:18:57 --> 00:19:01
versus the element value.
OK, notice that here,
244
00:19:01 --> 00:19:07
capital V nought is the voltage
that this voltage source
245
00:19:07 --> 00:19:12
provides, while this name here,
v nought, is simply a variable
246
00:19:12 --> 00:19:17
that we've used to label the
voltage across that element.
247
00:19:17 --> 00:19:21
So, similarly,
I can label v1 as the voltage
248
00:19:21 --> 00:19:26
across the resistor,
and i1 is the current flowing
249
00:19:26 --> 00:19:30
through the resistor.
So this method of labeling,
250
00:19:30 --> 00:19:36
where I follow the convention,
that the current flows into the
251
00:19:36 --> 00:19:44
positive terminal is called the
associated variables discipline.
252
00:19:44 --> 00:19:48
I was trying to use the word
discipline in situations where
253
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50
you have a choice,
OK, and of a variety of
254
00:19:50 --> 00:19:54
possible choices,
you pick one as the convention.
255
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56
OK, so here,
as a convention,
256
00:19:56 --> 00:20:00
we use the associated variables
discipline, and use that method
257
00:20:00 --> 00:20:04
to consistently label the
unknown voltages and currents in
258
00:20:04 --> 00:20:09
our circuits.
OK, so let me continue the
259
00:20:09 --> 00:20:13
labeling here,
v4, i4, i3, v3 here,
260
00:20:13 --> 00:20:16
and v2 and i2,
v5, and i5.
261
00:20:16 --> 00:20:22
I think that's it.
So, I've gone ahead and labeled
262
00:20:22 --> 00:20:27
all my unknowns.
So each of these voltages and
263
00:20:27 --> 00:20:35
currents are the voltages and
currents associated with each of
264
00:20:35 --> 00:20:40
the elements.
And my goal is to solve for
265
00:20:40 --> 00:20:44
these.
OK, so in terms of our solution
266
00:20:44 --> 00:20:49
here, let's follow the method
that I outlined for you.
267
00:20:49 --> 00:20:54
So, as the first step I am
simply going to go ahead and
268
00:20:54 --> 00:21:00
write down all the element VI
relationships.
269
00:21:00 --> 00:21:05
OK, so as a first step,
I'm going to go ahead and write
270
00:21:05 --> 00:21:12
down all the VI relationships.
So, can someone yell out for me
271
00:21:12 --> 00:21:16
the VI relationship for the
voltage source?
272
00:21:16 --> 00:21:20
OK, good.
So, v0 is capital V nought,
273
00:21:20 --> 00:21:25
that is that the variable V
nought is simply equal to the
274
00:21:25 --> 00:21:29
voltage, v0.
Similarly, I can write the
275
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32
others.
v1 is i1, R1.
276
00:21:32 --> 00:21:36
v2 is i2, R2,
and so on.
277
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39
OK, and I have one,
two, three, four,
278
00:21:39 --> 00:21:44
five, six elements.
So, I will get six such
279
00:21:44 --> 00:21:48
equations.
Step two, I'm going to go ahead
280
00:21:48 --> 00:21:52
and write KCL for the nodes in
my system.
281
00:21:52 --> 00:21:57
So, let me start with node A.
So, for node A,
282
00:21:57 --> 00:22:05
let me take as positive the
currents going out of the node.
283
00:22:05 --> 00:22:10
So, I get i nought flowing out,
plus i1 flowing out,
284
00:22:10 --> 00:22:16
plus i4 flowing out,
and they must sum to zero for
285
00:22:16 --> 00:22:20
node A.
Then, I can go ahead and do the
286
00:22:20 --> 00:22:24
other nodes, let's say,
for example,
287
00:22:24 --> 00:22:28
I do node B.
For node B, I have i2 going
288
00:22:28 --> 00:22:31
out.
That's positive,
289
00:22:31 --> 00:22:36
i3, and i1 is coming in,
so I get -i1 equals zero.
290
00:22:36 --> 00:22:39
OK, so I have one,
two, three, four,
291
00:22:39 --> 00:22:44
I have four nodes.
OK, so I would get four
292
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47
equations.
It turns out that the fourth
293
00:22:47 --> 00:22:53
equation is not independent.
You can derive it from the
294
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56
others.
So, I get three independent
295
00:22:56 --> 00:23:01
equations out of this.
I can then write KVL.
296
00:23:01 --> 00:23:05
And for KVL,
I just go down my loops here.
297
00:23:05 --> 00:23:10
And let me go through this
first loop here in this manner.
298
00:23:10 --> 00:23:15
OK, and a simple trick that I
use, you have to be incredibly
299
00:23:15 --> 00:23:20
careful when you go through this
in keeping your minuses and
300
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23
pluses correct.
Otherwise you can get
301
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26
hopelessly muddled.
Once you label it,
302
00:23:26 --> 00:23:32
you need to be sure that you
get all your minuses and pluses
303
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34
correct.
So, for KVL,
304
00:23:34 --> 00:23:38
what I'd like to do is,
let's say I start at C,
305
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40
and from C I'm going to go to
A.
306
00:23:40 --> 00:23:44
For A I go to B,
and from B I'm going to come
307
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46
back to C.
OK, that's how I traverse my
308
00:23:46 --> 00:23:49
loop.
And, the trick that I'm going
309
00:23:49 --> 00:23:52
to follow is,
as my finger walks through that
310
00:23:52 --> 00:23:57
loop, I'm going to label the
voltage as the first sign that I
311
00:23:57 --> 00:24:02
see for that voltage.
OK, so I'm going to start with
312
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05
C, and I go up.
I start by punching into the
313
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08
voltage source element,
and then punch into it,
314
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10
I hit the minus sign for the V
nought.
315
00:24:10 --> 00:24:14
OK, so I'm just going to write
down minus V nought,
316
00:24:14 --> 00:24:18
plus then I go through and as I
come up to A and go down to B,
317
00:24:18 --> 00:24:21
I punch to the plus sign of the
V1.
318
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24
So, that's plus V1.
And then I punch into the plus
319
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26
sign of the V2,
and so I get plus V2,
320
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30
and that is zero.
OK, good.
321
00:24:30 --> 00:24:33
So, that matches what you have
in your notes as well.
322
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36
So, this is the first equation.
Similarly, I can go through my
323
00:24:36 --> 00:24:40
other loops and write down
equations for each of the loops.
324
00:24:40 --> 00:24:43
OK, and the convention that I
like to follow is as I go
325
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45
through the loop,
I write down as a sign for the
326
00:24:45 --> 00:24:49
voltage the first sign that I
counter for that element.
327
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51
OK, you can do the exact
opposite, if you want,
328
00:24:51 --> 00:24:54
just to be different.
But, as long as you stay
329
00:24:54 --> 00:24:57
consistent, you'll be OK.
All right, so in the same
330
00:24:57 --> 00:25:00
manner here, there are four
loops that I can have,
331
00:25:00 --> 00:25:03
so four equations.
Again, one of them turns out to
332
00:25:03 --> 00:25:08
be dependent on the others.
So I end up getting three
333
00:25:08 --> 00:25:12
independent equations.
So, I get a total of 12
334
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15
equations.
I get 12 equations.
335
00:25:15 --> 00:25:20
There are six elements,
OK, voltage source,
336
00:25:20 --> 00:25:24
and five resistors.
So, there are six unknown
337
00:25:24 --> 00:25:27
voltages, and six unknown
currents.
338
00:25:27 --> 00:25:33
So, I have 12 equations,
and 12 unknowns.
339
00:25:33 --> 00:25:38
OK, I can take all of the
equations and put them through a
340
00:25:38 --> 00:25:42
big crank, and sit there and
grind.
341
00:25:42 --> 00:25:47
And if I was really cruel,
I'd give this as a homework
342
00:25:47 --> 00:25:53
problem, and have you grind,
and grind, and grind until you
343
00:25:53 --> 00:25:57
get your six voltages and six
currents.
344
00:25:57 --> 00:26:01
OK, it works.
OK, so you get 12 equations,
345
00:26:01 --> 00:26:07
and this method just works.
However, notice that this is
346
00:26:07 --> 00:26:10
quite a grubby method.
It's quite grungy.
347
00:26:10 --> 00:26:14
I get 12 equations,
and it's quite a pain even for
348
00:26:14 --> 00:26:18
a simple circuit like this.
However, suffice it to say that
349
00:26:18 --> 00:26:22
this fundamental method is one
step away from Maxwell's
350
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25
equations, simply works.
OK?
351
00:26:25 --> 00:26:28
So what you'll do is the rest
of this lecture,
352
00:26:28 --> 00:26:33
I'll introduce you to a couple
more methods.
353
00:26:33 --> 00:26:40
One is an intuitive method,
and another one called the node
354
00:26:40 --> 00:26:46
method is a little bit more
formal, but is much more,
355
00:26:46 --> 00:26:51
I guess, terse Than the KVL KCL
method.
356
00:26:51 --> 00:26:56
Method 2.
So the relevant section to read
357
00:26:56 --> 2.4.
in the course notes is section
358
2.4. --> 00:27:02
359
00:27:02 --> 00:27:06
One of the things that I will
be stressing this semester is
360
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08
intuition.
What you'll find is that as you
361
00:27:08 --> 00:27:11
become EECS majors,
and so on, and go on,
362
node currents.
So, the example that make it
555
00:41:51 --> 00:41:55
clear, so I take node E1 and,
again, for currents going out
556
00:41:55 --> 00:42:00
I'm going to assume to have,
to be positive.
557
00:42:00 --> 00:42:05
So, the current going up is E1
minus V nought,
558
00:42:05 --> 00:42:09
divide by R1,
so I multiplied by the G1.
559
00:42:09 --> 00:42:16
That's the current going up.
Plus, the current going down is
560
00:42:16 --> 00:42:22
E1 minus zero where the ground
node potential is zero,
561
00:42:22 --> 00:42:28
G2, OK, plus the current that
is going to resistor R3,
562
00:42:28 --> 00:42:35
which is simply E1 minus E2,
divide by R3.
563
00:42:35 --> 00:42:37
So, E1 minus E2,
divide by R3,
564
00:42:37 --> 00:42:40
or multiplied by G3 is equal to
zero.
565
00:42:40 --> 00:42:44
OK, see how I got this?
This is simply KCL,
566
00:42:44 --> 00:42:49
quite boring.
I'm going to pause here,
615
00:46:46 --> 00:46:52
and talk about something else.
So, you can take this and you
616
00:46:52 --> 00:46:56
can put it in matrix form,
so I've done that for you on
617
00:46:56 --> 00:47:00
page ten.
It's all matrix form.
618
00:47:00 --> 00:47:03
Yeah, I know that.
You can use any technique to
619
00:47:03 --> 00:47:07
solve it, use algebraic
techniques, use linear algebraic
620
00:47:07 --> 00:47:09
methods to solve it,
use a computer,
621
00:47:09 --> 00:47:11
whatever you want.
And, computers,
622
00:47:11 --> 00:47:15
when computers analyze
circuits, they write down these
623
00:47:15 --> 00:47:18
equations, and deal with solving
matrices.
624
00:47:18 --> 00:47:21
So, when you take the linear
algebra across,
625
00:47:21 --> 00:47:25
how many people here have taken
a linear algebra class?
626
00:47:25 --> 00:47:30