CADM Manual

Exe.
No: 1 Date:
STUDY OF CAD
Introduction
Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) is a powerful technique to create the drawings.
Traditionally, the components and assemblies are represented in drawings with the help of elevation,
plan, and end views and cross sectional views. In early stages of development of CADD, several
software packages were developed to create such drawings using computers. Since any entity in this
type of representation only two co-ordinates, such software packages were called 2-D drafting
packages. With the evolution of CADD, most of these packages have been upgraded to enable 3-D
representation. However, 2-D representation is still a standard way of representing components.
Hardware for Drafting Packages
Drafting packages are generally PC based though some of them can run on workstations in
Windows environment. PIV PC with 512MB RAM; 20GB hard disc and CD ROM, mouse and a
suitable plotter are the minimum requirements of a drafting environment. Either VGA or SVGA
monitors are recommended. Nowadays, many users prefer to work in windows environment. It is
convenient and productive to work in a networked system if a number of designers and draftsmen use
a CAD package for design and drafting.
Command Driven and Menu Driven Softwares
Commands are the instructions to be input into the package to create a drawing. These
commands can be typed on the keyboard. The commands can be selected from a menu which is
displayed on a screen or which can be from a tablet. Commands can selected either from a pull down
menu which is displayed on top of screen or from the screen menu which is displayed on the right side
of the screen.
Drafting software works in an interactive mode. If you issue a command, say to draw a line, the
software gives a prompt: “from point “. If you input the coordinate data to specify the starting point of
the line, the software returns another prompt: “to point” to indicate that the software is looking for the
coordinates of the end points. Similarly, other commands are also designed to be executed
interactively.
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Common types of menu are:
 Screen menu: This menu is usually displayed on the right side of the graphic screen. Instead of the
mouse, the arrow keys of the keyboard can also be used as a pointing device.
 Tablet menu: The screen menu can also be placed in graphic tablet and tablet can be configured
suitably. A command can be entered into the computer by pointing to it with the digitizer puck.
 Button menu: The tablet puck may have a number of extra buttons which can be used to enter
often used commands. An auxiliary function box can also be used for the purpose.
 Pull-down menu: Commands can be selected using menu items which can be “pulled down” from a
menu bar usually located at the top of the screen.
 ICON-menu: An icon menu displays menu in a pictorial form.
Menu is generally organized in a hierarchical manner. For example, the selection process to draw a
circle starts with a root menu. From the root menu one selects the “DRAW” menu. The next menu
displays various options available in the DRAW menu.
Features of a Drafting Package
Typical features that one expects in a drafting package are listed below:
1. Drawing utilities: This includes selection of units, screen limits, scale, snap etc.
2. Entity drawing: Several standard entities like line, circle, arc, polyline, polygon etc are available to
create the model required.
3. Edit commands: A number of commands are available to modify or copy or replicate the entities or
groups of entities in a model.
4. Standard parts: Facilities are available to create symbols, shapes and other standard parts.
Frequently used parts can be stored as blocks which can be inserted into a drawing as and when
required.
5. Display: The model can be enlarged, reduced in size, or moved across the screen, using display or
view commands.
6. Cross hatching: Sectional plans can be indicated through cross hatching.
7. Dimensioning: Parts can be dimensioned using a number of standard dimensioning systems.
8. Plotting: Facilities to get hard copies of drawings using a pen or electrostatic plotter.
9. Configuration: Software has to be configured to given hardware environment.
10. Customization: Drafting productivity can be enhanced through customizing software packages.
11. Drawing interchange: It may be necessary to import or export drawing files created in one software
package to another.
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Drawing Utilities
Drawing utilities include several functions to help the creation and storage of drawings. These
are discussed below:
 Screen size: Generally the screen is given a default size but the size can be re-fixed as per the
requirements. This facility is available in all software because various sizes of drawings and figures
will have to be created. Assembly drawings may require larger sizes where as part drawings
require only smaller sizes. When the command for fixing the drawing limit is invoked the values of
the co-ordinates of the bottom left corner and the top right corner are specified as the answer to
the queries. Alternatively, the size of the drawing sheet can be specified. Automatically the
software re-fixes the size of the screen.
 Scaling: It may be necessary to fit a large size drawing within a smaller drawing sheet size. The
dimensions can be automatically scaled for this purpose.
 Grid: A grid facility is provided by the software to help the draftsman to estimate the distances on
the screen. A gird is a matrix of points on the screen whose intervals can be chosen on the screen
as required.
 Snap: The drawing is created with the help of a cursor. The smallest movement of the cursor is
one pixel. The cursor can be moved through a distance using SNAP feature. The snap mode can
be switched ON or OFF as desired.
 Units: Different types of units are used for different applications. For example metric units and inch
units. The dimension format can be scientific, decimal, engineering, architectural or fractional.
Angles can be specified in decimal degrees, degree/minute/seconds or radians.
 Specifying points: A point can be specified using the following formats:
1. Cartesian co-ordinates
2. Polar co-ordinates
3. Spherical co-ordinates
4. Cylindrical co-ordinates
5. Relative co-ordinates
 Line types, Text formats and Shapes: In a drawing several types of lines will be used and these
types are already available and are given some designation by the software. The default will be the
generally used line type but as per the requirements the line type can be chosen before any line is
drawn. Software also provides a simple method to create and add a new type of line to the library
of line types.
 Layers: Layer is an important facility available in all software packages. A drawing contains many
sets of details which may be overlaid to create a complete drawing. There are several users for
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this facility. A very common example is an assembly drawing in which there are several parts.
Each part or sets of similar parts may be drawn on a separate layer so that they can be accessed
separately. As far the screen display is concerned, all layers will be exactly overlaid and all them
can be seen together or some or other can be switched off from display. A few examples are given
below:
LAYER NAME COLOUR LINE TYPE

0 Default Continuous line
1 Red Centre line
2 Yellow Continuous line
3 Cyan Continuous line
 Saving a Drawing: After a drawing is created it is saved with a file name. The drawing file has a
.DWG extension.
Edit Commands
It is necessary to make alterations to the entities of a drawing. EDIT commands are used for
this purpose. A list of edit commands and their functions are given below:
COMMAND FUNCTION
NAME
ERASE Erase a single entity or a group of entities.
OOPS Retrieve objects erased inadvertently.
MOVE Move objects to a new location.
ARRAY Make multiple copies of an object.
CHANGE Changes the properties of the object.
BREAK Break an existing object into pieces.
MIRROR Create mirror images of existing objects
EXPLODE Explode a polyline into its component entities.
ROTATE Rotate an existing object through a specified angle
CHAMFER Chamfer corners of objects.
FILLET Provide radius on corners of objects.
STRETCH Move parts by stretching the objects connected to it.
OFFSET To draw parallel lines or curves.
UNDO Undo a specified number of commands.
TRIM Trim portions of entities.
Dimensioning
Dimensioning and adding annotations are very important in any drawing. If the dimension of
any object could be drawn just by pointing the object, it will be the best facility. Such a feature is
known as automatic dimensioning, particularly if the dimensions are drawn in various views of the
object. The features of the object in the various views of the object are not related at all and they are
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treated as separate objects, by the software and so dimensioning has to done in different views
separately.
Blocks And Symbols
Several objects like fasteners, standard parts, parts of jigs and fixtures, etc. are frequently
incorporated in drawings. It is waste of time draw them repeatedly every time these are used in
drawings. A facility like BLOCK can be used for this purpose. A BLOCK is a group of entities stored as
a drawing file with a specific file name. The block has a certain reference point and an angular
position. Any block can be inserted into the drawing by indicating where the insertion point is to be
located. The block can be scaled and rotated when it is being inserted into a drawing. Blocks can be
revised and the drawing can be updated with the revised block.
Display/View
Display/view commands are useful to manipulate the drawings on the screen. A frequently
used display command is ZOOM. A drawing or parts of a drawing usually picked by a window options
can be scaled up as required by zoom command. This makes it possible to draw minute details
accurately as well as to view the drawings in detail. In the case of large drawing, parts of the drawings
may be out of the screen. In order to view such hidden portion the PAN command is used. The
command causes the drawing to move across the screen. REDRAW command is used to refresh the
screen. The drawing data base is updated using REGENERATE command. The screen can be
divided into 2, 3 or 4 parts to display different views of the same drawing using VIEWPORTS
(VPORTS) command. There are commands to generate orthographic, isometric, perspective and
axonometric projections. Dynamic viewing is also available in many packages.
Plotting a Drawing
Plotters are output devices which produce hard copies of drawings with good resolution.
Printers are less accurate, but very useful particularly for commercial drawings like pie-charts. Color
printers are also available. These devices should be configured to the system before use. Many
plotters use fuzzy logic for vector sorting which reduces unnecessary movements while plotting. Laser
plotters are also available now.
Function Keys
F1 - Help Screen ON /OFF

F2 - Text / Graphics display Screen
F3 - Running OSNAP
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F4 - Tablet mode ON / OFF
F5 - Isoplane (Top / Right / Left)
F6 - Screen Co-ordinates ON / OFF
F7 - Grid mode ON / OFF
F8 - Ortho mode ON / OFF
F9 - Snap mode ON / OFF
ADVANTAGES OF USING CAD
1. Construction of quality drawings.

2. Creation of data base.
3. Creation of library.
4. Use of layers.
5. Saving on repetition.
6. High accuracy.
7. Editing the drawings.
8. Time saving.
APPLICATIONS OF CAD
Finite element preprocessors utilize the 3-D wire frame models to generate a series of
individual nodes and elements to which loads and elements restraints can be applied and the results
analyzed to produce stresses and deflections anywhere within the component body post processors
extract the results of the finite element analysis and display them graphically as contour plots or
deflected shape plots.
CONCLUSION
CAD application packages are tremendously powerful tools. The speed and ease with which a
drawing can be prepared and modified with the help of a computer offers a phenomenal time saving
advantage over manual preparations of drawings. The most popular among the CAD systems in the
AutoCAD published by package, presents all set of practical drawings exercise.
6
Exercises
Exe. No: 2 Date:
7
Exe. No: 2 Date:
AIM:
8
Draw the Title Block and lettering in Auto Cad.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
This command creates straight line segments
2. Command: circle
This command is used for creating a circle of specified radius
3. Command: fillet
This command rounds and fillets the edges of objects.
4. Command: hatch
This command fills specified boundary with a pattern.
5. Command: layer
This command manages layers.
6. Command: leader
This command creates a line that connects annotation to a feature.
7. Command: mirror
This command creates mirror image copy of objects.
8. Command: break
This command erases parts of objects or splits the object into two.
9. Command: chamfer
This command bevels the edges of the objects
IO. Command: color
This command sets the color for the new object.
I I. Command: dimlinear
This command creates linear dimensions.
I2. Command: mtext
This command creates multiline text.
l3. Command: offset
This command creates concentric circles, parallel lines and parallel curves.
l4. Command: regen
This command regenerates the drawings and refreshes the current view port.
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l5. Command: spline
This command creates a quadratic or cubic spline curve.
l6. Command: trim
This command trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects.
l7. Command: undo
This command reverses the effect of commands.
I8. Command: ortho
This command constrains cursor movement.
19. Command: osnap
This command sets running object snap modes and changes the target box size.
20. Command: zoom
This command increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current view port.
RESULT:
Thus the required title block and lettering has been created using the commands mentioned
above.
Exe. No: 3 Date:
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Exe. No: 3 Date:
11
1) Construct an ellipse when the major and minor axes are 90 mm and 50 mm respectively.
2) Construct a parabola when the distance between focus and the directrix is 40 mm.
3) Construct a hyperbola when the distance between focus and the directrix is 40 mm.
AIM:
Draw the hyperbola, parabola and ellipse in Auto CAD.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: ellipse
This command is used for creating an ellipse of specified radius of major axis and minor axis.
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
I0. Command: color
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I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset
l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
Thus the required hyperbola, parabola and ellipse has been created using the commands
mentioned above.
Exe. No: 4a Date:
13
Base Edge length =40mm
Axis Length = 60mm
Base diameter = 40mm

Altitude = 60mm
Exe. No: 4a Date:
14
AIM:
Draw the front and top view of the given solids in Auto CAD.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

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l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
Thus the required front view and top view has been created using the commands mentioned
above.
Exe. No: 4b Date:
16
Base Edge length =40mm
Axis Length = 70mm

Altitude = 70mm
Exe. No: 4b Date:
17
AIM:
Draw the front view and top view of these solids.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

18
l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
above.
Exe. No: 5a Date:
19
Exe. No: 5a Date:
20
AIM:
Draw the front view, top view and side view of the ‘V’ Block.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

21
l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
Thus the required front view and top view has been drawn using the commands mentioned
above.
Exe. No: 5b Date:
22
Exe. No: 5b Date:
23
AIM:
Draw the front view, top view and side view of this object.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

24
l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
Thus the required front view and top view has been drawn using the commands mentioned
above.
Exe. No: 5c Date:
25
Exe. No: 5c Date:
26
AIM:
Draw the front view, top view and side view of this object.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

27
l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
above.
28
Exe. No: 6 Date:
29
(assume Wall Thickness in mm)
Exe. No: 6 Date:
AIM:
Draw the following Plan of the residential building.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
30
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
RESULT:
Thus the required front view and top view has been created using the commands mentioned above.
31
Exe. No: 7 Date:
1).
2).
32
(Take the length of each link is 80 mm and angle between the
links are 60o )
Exe. No: 7 Date:
AIM:
Draw the views simple steel truss using Auto CAD.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
33
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
34
RESULT:
Thus the required views of a simple steel truss has been drawn using the commands
mentioned above.
Exe. No: 8a Date:
Prism height = 100mm

Base edge = 40mm
One of its base edges parallel to VP
Sectional Plane 20mm away from its axis
35
Frustum height = 40mm
Top diameter = 20mm
Exe. No: 8a Date:
AIM:
Draw the sectional views of the following prism and cone.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
36
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
37
RESULT:
above.
Exe. No: 8b Date:
Pyramid height = 80mm

Base edge = 40mm
38
Sectional Plane 45mm above its base
Frustum height = 50mm

Base edge = 40mm
Top edge = 20mm
Exe. No: 8b Date:
AIM:
Draw the sectional views of the following pyramids
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
39
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
40
RESULT:
above.
Exe.No: 9 Date:
41
Exe. No: 9 Date:
AIM:
Draw the Isometric projection of the following objects.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
42
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
43
20. Command: zoom
21. Command: extrude
This command extrudes a closed polyline.
RESULT:
Thus the required isometric projections has been created using the commands mentioned
above.
Exe. No: 10 Date:
44
Exe. No: 10 Date:
45
AIM:
Draw the 3D models of the given object and obtain the 2-D multi-view.
SOFTWARE USED:
Auto CAD 2007.
PLOTTER:
HP design Jet 10PS.
COMMANDS USED:
1. Command: line
2. Command: circle
3. Command: fillet
4. Command: hatch
5. Command: layer
6. Command: leader
7. Command: mirror
8. Command: break
9. Command: chamfer
IO. Command: color
I2. Command: mtext
l3. Command: offset

46
l4. Command: regen
l5. Command: spline
l6. Command: trim
l7. Command: undo
I8. Command: ortho
19. Command: osnap
20. Command: zoom
21. Command: revolve
This command forms a solid of revolution from outlines.
RESULT:
Thus the required 2-D multi-view has been created using the commands mentioned above.
47

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Exe.

Hardware for Drafting Packages

Command Driven and Menu Driven Softwares

Features of a Drafting Package

LAYER NAME COLOUR LINE TYPE

Blocks And Symbols

F1 - Help Screen ON /OFF

1. Construction of quality drawings.

Exe. No: 2 Date:

Exe. No: 3 Date:

Exe. No: 4a Date:

Base diameter = 40mm

Exe. No: 4a Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 4b Date:

Base diameter = 40mm

Exe. No: 4b Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 5a Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 5b Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 5c Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 6 Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 7 Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 8a Date:

Prism height = 100mm

Exe. No: 8a Date:

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 8b Date:

Pyramid height = 80mm

Frustum height = 50mm

Exe. No: 8b Date:

l3. Command: offset

l3. Command: offset

Exe. No: 10 Date:

l3. Command: offset

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