Lecture Notes 1

1 0 Electric Charge and Electric Field 1.
0 Electric Charge and Electric Field

FAP0025: Physics II 1
Outline Outline
1.1 Electric Charge
1 2 C d d I l 1.2 Conductors and Insulators
1.3 Charging by contact
1.4 Charging by induction
1.6 Coulombs Law
1.7 The Electric Field
Topics for today's lecture: Topics for todays lecture:
Electric Charge
Conductors and Insulators
Charging by contact and by induction
Objectives of this lecture: Objectives of this lecture:
E l i h h f El i Ch Explain the phenomenon of Electric Charge.
Describe conductors semiconductors and Describe conductors, semiconductors and
insulators using the atomic model.
Analyze the charging of objects by contact
and by induction.
Discuss problems related to these concepts.
1.1 Electric Charge 1.1 Electric Charge
Rubbing two objects together causes them to Rubbing two objects together causes them to
become electrically charged. e.g:
i. glass rod rubbed with silk can attract paper piece.
ii. plastic rod rubbed with fur.
There are only two types of electric charges:
i. positive charges (glass rod rubbed with silk)
ii. negative charges (plastic rod rubbed with fur).
A basic law of charges states: like charges repel
and unlike charges attract as indicated in Fig. 1.1.
Fig. 1.1
1 1 1 The Atomic Theory of Matter 1.1.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter
M tt i d f t b ildi bl k Matter is made up of atoms as building blocks
(quantization of matter).
An atomconsists of:
1. a nucleus (consists of +vely charged protons and
neutrons.
2. Surrounding the nucleus are vely charged
particles called electrons (charge is also quantized)
p ( g q )
Fig 1 2: The Structure of the Atom Fig 1.2: The Structure of the Atom
An atom consists of equal
b f l t & numbers of electrons &
protons (electrically neutral).
It becomes charged by
loosing or receiving electrons.
When plastic rod is negatively When plastic rod is negatively
charged, it implies it received
excess negative charges. g g
When a glass rod is positively
charged, it implies negative
charges are removed fromit
charges are removed fromit.
1 1 2 Conservation of Electric Charge 1.1.2 Conservation of Electric Charge
Electric charge is conserved. It can neither be Electric charge is conserved. It can neither be
created nor destroyed. This principle is stated
as: The net amount of electric charge produced
in any process is zero in any process is zero.
For instance
Glass rod is rubbed with silk: 5 negative charges
move to the silk. The glass rod now has less 5 o e to t e s e gass od o as ess 5
negative charges.
However the algebraic sumof charges on the glass
However, the algebraic sumof charges on the glass
rod and the silk is zero (i.e. charge is conserved).
1.2 Conductors and Insulators 1.2 Conductors and Insulators
Using the atomic model, it can be deduced that
th h th t i t i l th the charges that can move in a material are the
outer (valence) electrons. The protons in the
nucleus remain in relatively fixed positions.
Electronic properties of materials can be
explained using the atomic model In a explained using the atomic model. In a
conductor the outer (valence) Electrons of the
atoms are loosely bound to the atom and can
move freely inside the material when an move freely inside the material when an
electric field is applied. Most metals are good
conductors.
1.2 Conductors and Insulators
C d t S i d t I l t
1.2 Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Semiconductors Insulators
V l Th b d f El i h l Valance
electrons free to
move
The bond of
electrons to
atoms can be
Electrons tightly
bound to atom
broken when
sufficient energy
is supplied is supplied
Metals Silicon,
Germanium
Plastics, wood,
glass
Fig 1 3: Charging by contact Fig. 1.3: Charging by contact
Insulators are charged by rubbing. A conductor can
l b h d (Fi 1 3) h i b t t
Plastic rod
also be charged (Fig. 1.3) - charging by contact.
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Electrons
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
Metal sphere
Insulated stand
Fig. 1.4 Charging by induction Fig. 1.4 Charging by induction
Plastic rod
Conductors can also be charged
without contact as shown in Fig 1 4 Plastic rod
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
without contact as shown in Fig. 1.4.
+ +
+
+
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
Metal sphere
Insulated stand
Ground
Conceptual questions Conceptual questions
1. Explain why a comb that has been rubbed through your
hair attracts small bits of paper even though the paper hair attracts small bits of paper, even though the paper
is uncharged.
2 S ll bit f tt t d t l t i ll 2. Small bits of paper are attracted to an electrically
charged comb, but as soon as they touch the comb
they are strongly repelled. Explain this behavior.
3. A charged rod is brought near a suspended object,
which is repelled by the rod. Can we conclude that the
suspended object is charged? Explain suspended object is charged? Explain.
4. A charged rod is brought near a suspended object,
hich is attracted to the rod Can e concl de that the
which is attracted to the rod. Can we conclude that the
suspended object is charged? Explain.
Solution Solution
2. Initially, the bits of paper are uncharged and are
attracted to the comb by polarization effects.
When one of the bits of paper comes into contact p p
with the comb, it acquires charge from the comb.
Nowthe piece of paper and the comb have charge
of the same sign, and hence we expect a repulsive of the same sign, and hence we expect a repulsive
force between them.
4 N E h d bj t ill b tt t d t 4. No. Even uncharged objects will be attracted to a
charged rod, due to polarization effects.
Topics for today's lecture: p y
Unit of Charge Unit of Charge
Coulombs Law Coulombs Law
The Electric Field The Electric Field
Objectives of this lecture:
To define the unit of charge
To describe and deduce Coulombs Law.
To define the electric field and direction of
the electric field lines.
To solve problems related to these concepts.
1.6.1 Unit of Charge 1.6.1 Unit of Charge
Any amount electric charge q can be written y g q
according to the quantization principle as:
3 2 1 = = n ne q
(1 1)
SI unit of q is the coulomb (symbol C). e is called
l t h 1 6 10
19
C i k
,... 3 , 2 , 1 , = = n ne q
(1.1)
elementary charge =1.6 10
19
C. n is known as
the charge quantumnumber.
The smallest unit of charge is the charge of an
electron where q = e = 1.6 10
19
C. The
q
charge of a proton is q =+e =+1.6 10
19
C.
1 6 2 Coulombs Law 1.6.2 Coulombs Law
Electric charge exerts force on other charges. g g
Coulombs Law gives the magnitude of the force
F between two point charges and is written:
2
2 1
2
2 1
4
1
r
q q
r
q q
k F
= =
(1.2)
k =1/(4
0
) =8.99 10
9
N.m
2
/C
2
=Coulombs Law
constant and
0
4 r r
constant and
0
= 8.85 10
12
C
2
/(N.m
2
) = permittivity of free
space.
p
Fig. 1.6: Forces acting on like and unlike charges
The direction of the
forces that two forces that two
charges exert on
each other is
dependant on their
+ +
F
21
F
12
r
12
q
1
q
2
dependant on their
signs (Fig. 1.6).
F
43
F
34
r
34
The two forces are
always equal in
34
q
3
q
4

34
y
always equal in
magnitude and
opposite in direction.
+ F F
q
6
q
r
56
x
y
+
F
65
F
56
q
6
q
5
e.g.: F
12
= F
21
Table 1.1 shows the symbols of and charges on the three
atomic particles: the electron proton and neutron atomic particles: the electron, proton and neutron.
Particle Charge
El t Electron e
Proton +e Proton + e
Neutron 0 Neutron 0
Table 1.1: The charges on three particles
Example 1 Example 1
How many electrons must be removed from
an electrically neutral metal to give it a charge an electrically neutral metal to give it a charge
of + 2.4 C.
Solution Solution
=
q
ne q
6
=
e
q
n
13
19
6
10 5 . 1
C 10 1.6
C 10 4 . 2
=
Example 2 Example 2
Two point charges of +1.0 C and 1.0 C are
separated by a distance of 1000 m. Find the separated by a distance of 1000 m. Find the
magnitude of the attractive force that either
charge exerts on the other.
Solution Solution
1000m
y
F
F
1000 m
+1.0 C
1.0 C
x
( )( )( )
2
2 1
=
r
q q
k F
( )( )( )
( ) m 10 1.0
C 0 . 1 C 0 . 1 C N.m 10 99 . 8

2
3
2 2 9
=
N 10 0 . 9
3
=
Example 3 Example 3
Three charged particles are arranged in a line
as shown in the figure below. Calculate the net
electric force on q due to the charges q andq electric force on q
3
due to the charges q
1
andq
2
.
y
0.3 m 0.2 m
x
q
1
=310
6
C
q
2
=+510
6
C q
3
= 410
6
C
F
32
F
31
q
1
q
2
q
3
Solution
Net force on q
3
is vector sum of force F
31
exerted by particle 1 and F
32
exerted by 2.
32
Magnitude F
net
=F
31
+ (F
32
) =F
31
F
32
.
) C 10 0 3 )( C 10 0 4 )( /C Nm 10 99 8 (
6 6 2 2 9

N 43 . 0
) m 5 . 0 (
) C 10 0 . 3 )( C 10 0 . 4 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
2
31
=

= F
N 5 4
) C 10 0 . 5 )( C 10 0 . 4 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
6 6 2 2 9

F N 5 . 4
) m 2 . 0 (
) )( )( (
2
32
= = F
Net force:
N 1 . 4 N 5 . 4 N 4 . 0
32 31
= + = = F F F
net
Magnitude is 4.1 N and -ve sign indicates net
Magnitude is 4.1 N and ve sign indicates net
force points in the ve x-direction.
Example 4 Example 4
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net g
force on charge q
3
(6.5 x 10
5
C) shown in
figure belowdue to the charges q
1
(8.6 10
5
C)
(
5
C) and q
2
( 5.0 x 10
5
C).
F
32
y
q
3
F
31x
x
F
31
F
31y 60 cm
30 cm
90
o
30
o
q
1
q
2
30
52 cm
Solution Solution
Magnitudes of F
31
and F
32
are
N 140
) m 6 . 0 (
) C 10 6 . 8 )( C 10 5 . 6 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
2
5 5 2 2 9
=

=

31
F
) C 10 0 5 )( C 10 5 6 )( /C Nm 10 99 8 (
5 5 2 2 9

N 330
) m 3 . 0 (
) C 10 0 . 5 )( C 10 5 . 6 )( /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
2
32
=

= F
Resolve F
31
into its components along the
N 120 30
o
cos F F
Resolve F
31
into its components along the
x and y axes
N 70 30
N 120 30
31 31
31 31
= =
= =
o
y
x
sin F F
cos F F
The force F
32
has only a y component. So the
net force F
net
on q
3
has components
N 260 70 N 330
N 120
31
= = =
= =
N F F F
F F
x x
N 260 70 N 330
31 32
= = = N F F F
y y
Magnitude of net force
N 290 ) N 260 ( ) N 120 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
y x
F F F
g
Direction of net force
y
2 . 2
N 120
N 260
tan = = =
y
F
F
F
y
65
o
+
y
o
65
N 120
=
x
F
F
x
65
o
+x
0
That is 65
o
above the positive x-axis
1 7 1 The Electric Field 1.7 .1 The Electric Field
The electric field, E, may be conceptualized as
surrounding a charge q just as the gravitational
fi ld d It i d fi field, g, surrounds a mass m. It is define as a
region in space where a charged particle
experiences an electric force. experiences an electric force.
Magnitude of E at a point is defined as the ratio g p
of the electric force experienced by a tiny
positive test charge (point charge) +q
0
and the
magnitude of the charge
magnitude of the charge.
The magnitude E at any point in space is therefore
given by the equation
or
0
q
F
E =
(1.3)
E q F
0
=
(N/C)
Using equ.1.2 (Coulumbs law) and 1.3 and
considering q
2
as the +ve test charge q
0
, E at a
distance r from a point charge q would have
magnitude
q q
2 2
2
0
4
1
r
q
r
q
k
q
r
q q
k
q
F
E
= =
= =
(1.4)
0 0 0
4 r r q q
1 7 2 Direction of the Electric Field
The direction of E is defined as the direction of
1.7 .2 Direction of the Electric Field
the force on a very tiny +ve test charge placed
at a point in the field and is represented by
field lines that start on positive charges and field lines that start on positive charges and
end on negative charges.
The field lines of E are as shown in
Fig. 1.7 (a) and (b) for a positive and a
negative charge, respectively. Fig. 1.8 and 1.9
shows electric-field lines due to other charge
configurations
configurations.
Fig. 1.7: The Electric Field lines surrounding an
isolated positive and negative charge.
Fig. 1.8: Electric Field Lines due to two point
h l t th charges close together
Fig 1.9: Field lines due to a parallel sheet of
positive and negative charges positive and negative charges
Uniform E field
lines
Electrically charged
conductor
Example 1 Example 1
Find the magnitude and direction of the
electric field E due to a point charge q of
magnitude 3.00 10
6
C at a point P 30 cm
f th h (T k k 8 99 10
9
N
2
) fromthe charge. (Take k =8.99 10
9
N.m
2
).
Solution Solution
y
q = 3.0 10
6
C
P
E
30 cm
x
Magnitude
) C 10 0 3 )( C / Nm 10 99 8 (
6 2 2 9
2

=
r
q
k E
N/C 10 0 . 3
) m 30 . 0 (
) C 10 0 . 3 )( C / N.m 10 99 . 8 (

5
2
9
=

=
-ve x-direction
ve x direction
Example 2 Example 2
Two charges q
1
(25 C) and q
2
(50 C) are
separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. (a) What separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. (a) What
is the direction and magnitude of the net
electric field at a point P, 2.0 cmfromthe first
charge. (b) If an electron is placed at P, what
will its acceleration (direction and magnitude)
b i iti ll (T k th f th l t t be initially. (Take the mass of the electron to
be 9.1 10
31
kg).
Solution Solution
y
(a)
x
(a)
d
1
=2.0cm
d
2
=8.0 cm
10 cm
E
1
E
2
q
1
q
2
P
d
1
2.0 cm
2
E
1
E
2
25C +50 C
(a) Direction of E
net
: ve x-direction
Magnitude of E
net
:
2 1 2 1
q q q q
( )
( )
C 10 50 C 10 25
/C Nm 10 99 8
6 6
2 2 9
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2 1 net
+ = + = + =

d
q
d
q
k
d
q
k
d
q
k E E E
( )
( )
( )
N/C 10 6.3
m 10 0 . 8
m 10 0 . 2
/C N.m 10 99 . 8
8
2 2
2
=

(b) The electron will experience a force in +ve x- direction. Therefore:

Direction of Acceleration: +ve x-direction.
Magnitude of acceleration: Magnitude of acceleration:
( )
e
) (
m
eE
m
qE
m
F
a
kg 10 9.1
N/C 10 6.3 C 10 1.60
31
8 19

= = = =

2
e
m/s 10 1.1
g
20
=
Example 3
Two point charges are lying
on the y axis with q
1
=
4 00 C d 4 00
+y
4.00 C and q
2
= + 4.00
C. They are equidistant
from a point P, which lies
0.700 m
q
1
on the x-axis (see figure).
(a) What is the net electric
field at P? (b) A small
+x
P
31.0
o
31.0
o
field at P? (b) A small
object of charge q
0
=+8.00
C and mass m =1.20 g is
placed at P When it is
0.700 m
q
2
placed at P. When it is
released, what is its
acceleration (magnitude
and direction)?
Solution Solution
Sketch diagramof field at point P Sketch diagram of field at point P
E
net
q
1
E
1
E
2
P
31.0
o
31.0
o
q
2
( ) C 10 00 4 ) /C Nm 10 99 8 (
6 2 9

q
( )
( )
( )
N/C 10 34 . 7
m 700 . 0
C 10 00 . 4 ) /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
4
2 2
1
1
1
=

= =
r
q
k E
( )
6 2 9
(a)
( )
( )
N/C 10 34 . 7
m 700 . 0
C 10 00 . 4 ) /C N.m 10 99 . 8 (
4
2
6 2 9
2
2
2
2
=

= =

r
q
k E
N/C 10 78 . 3 0 . 31 sin
4
1
+ =
o
E
N/C 10 78 . 3 0 . 31 sin
4
2
+ =
o
E
N/C 56 . 7 0 . 31 sin 0 . 31 sin
2 1 net
+ = + =
o o
E E E
Therefore E
net
has a magnitude of 7.57 N/C
net
g
and directed along the +y axis.
(b)
According to Newtons second law:
(b)
According to Newtons second law:
E q F
( )( )
( )
2 2
3
4 6
0
m/s 10 04 . 5
N/C 10 56 . 7 C 10 00 . 8
=

=
= =
m
E q
m
F
a
( )
3
kg 10 1.20

Thus the magnitude of the acceleration is
5.04 10
2
m/s
2
and is directed along the +y axis.

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1 0 Electric Charge and Electric Field 1.

0 Electric Charge and Electric Field

(b) The electron will experience a force in +ve x- direction. Therefore:

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