RESEARCH PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT

Muzammil
Selection of Topic
Length
Materials
Comparing or contrasting
Specific question to be answered, hypothesis to be
tests and objectives to be met
Methodology
Design
Tool & technique
Types of data
Size
Implication
CREATING GOOD RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Explain
what research is intended
why it is being researched
how the researcher proposes to carry out
Straightforward
Uses clear and precise language
Clearly organized
simple, logical, clear headings and
subheadings to mark out major sections

Common Mistakes to be Avoided
Without a clear sense of purpose.
Failure to delimit the contextual boundaries of
your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.].
Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive
Failure to stay focused on the research question;
going off on unrelated tangents.
Poor grammar.
Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough
detail on major issues.
Different Forms of Research Reports
BY
M.FAROOQ
H.ATHAR RASHEED
Purpose of Reports
To communicate the outcomes of research.
To give progress in present knowledge.
To enhance study in subject field under research.
To achieve higher degree in any field.
To give information about research purpose and
may vary
according to situation.

NEED OF REPORTS.
To build the existing knowledge.
In the project needed to be developed.
To know new methods and techniques in the
relevant field.
To report the outcomes in the subject field.

Types of Research Reports
Student research reports.
Research reports in journals.
Research abstracts.
Research indexes and database.
Student research report

Students prepare these reports for completion
of their degree so that they can enter into career level .
These show professional competency of students.

Student Research report
Research report as a dissertation or thesis in partial or
total
fulfillment of the requirements of
M.A
M.Phil
Ph. D
Research reports in journals
In journals high standard work done in any
subject field is added. These are published to show
advance work done in that field. Different and specific
style is adopted to publish them.

Research reports in journals
Professional journal have an adopted house style
which cover specifications for presentation in terms of
layout
length
form of illustration
use of footnotes
bibliographical referencing and so on.

Abstracts
An overview of research report is called
abstract. Comprehensive summary of report is basic
foundation of it. It can show the whole material of the
report.

Abstracts
Topic
Key word
Method
Sequence
Important part
Brief overview
Thousand words in to few hundreds
Indexes and Data base
These are categorized listings and summaries
of researches in specific field. Indexes are prepared in the
form of books while data base is on c.d or floppy now
these are also available on net these are prepared
internationally.



Information's about researches used in indexes and Data
base are as follows.
NAME OF RESEARCHER
TITLE
YEAR
QUALIFICATION OF RESEARCH
DURATION OF PROJECT
INSTITUETION
PUBLICATIONS DETAILS
ABSTRACT IN SHORT
KEY WORDS

THANKS


Systematic Presentation of Thesis Proposal and
Characteristics of Thesis
Faryal

A long essay or dissertation involving personal research,
written by a candidate for a university degree. (James,
2011)
Prepared to send it to the concerned department
(DNFE)
Should consist of 1000 words
Have several steps
Various terminologies are used
Research outline
Synopsis of research
Plan of research
Research/project proposal
Thesis plan
The development of research proposal takes into
account the systematic process to develop and present a
research proposal
Unity
Thesis deals with single topic
Ideas are integrated
Based on the outline of research proposal
coherence
Literal meaning is hanging together
Integration of ideas
Only relevant ideas
Irrelevant idea to make your work look
impressively academic should be avoided

Emphasis
Identification of which idea needs more space
Certain points are highlighted
Repetition is also used when you want to put
stress on some idea
consistency
Set the tone and style of your writing by writing
the first draft in one sitting
If cannot, write in segments
Reread what you have written previously before
beginning to write again
clarity
Make the ideas written clearly to prevent
confusion and misunderstanding
Your clear writing will make the reader
knowledgeable and familiar to your topic
Ambiguous and vague ideas should be avoided
concreteness
You choose the most relevant and specific words
to express your ideas
The ideas are based on concrete grounds not on
the abstract ones
The selection of most specific words will support
your ideas, expressed
conciseness
Your thesis is tightly constructed and wastes on
words
To write a concise thesis, write what you need to
and then stop
TYPING AND BINDING OF THESIS
SAJIDA PERVEEN
REPORT WRITING
Report writing is the presentation of one's findings
in an informative and clear manner.

MAIN DIVISION OF RESERCH REPORT
PLIMINARY SECTION
title page
acknowledgement
Preface
Table of contents
List of tables and figures
2. Introduction
3. Main body of the report
4. Summary and conclusions
5. Supplementary section
6.Tables
7. Figures
GENRAL RULESFOR TYPING
All copies of the Report MUST BE LEGIBLE distinct
and clear
Strike-overs should not be made
All errors should be corrected
Material should be typed on one side of paper
Margins should be one and a half inches from top
and left hand side and one inch at the bottom and
right hand side
All textual material should be doubled spaced
Ditto marks should not be used
The pages of the main body of the report are
marked in arabic numerals on the right hand
corner
The pages of the preliminary section are marked in
small roman letters
Rules for title page
One half inch should be allowed for binding.
The title should be typed in capital letters,
beginning six double spaces from the top of the
page.
Rules for acknowledgement page
The heading ACKNOLEDGEMENTS should be
centered.
Rules of table of contents
It should start with the heading table of contents
chapter headings are typed in capital letters. The
headings of the main sections within chapters are
typed in small letters.
Rules for foot notes
The authors name (first name first), followed by a
comma.
The title of the book(understand), followed by a
full stop.
Place of publication followed by a colon.
Keep in mind
The research report should be written clearly so
that the reader may not have any difficulty in
understanding its contents.
The report should be written be in the past tense
and not in the present tense.
Expressions such as investigator researcher etc.
in place of personal pronouns like I we and my
should be used and writing the research report.
The size of the types of contents heading sub-
headings etc should be selected appropriately.
There should be no any typographical mistakes.
It is necessary to get the research report properly
bound since it is a valuable document.
BINDING (CHECK??)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS,
NOMENCLATURE, or GLOSSARY
ABSTRACT
PUBLICATION(S)
REFERENCES:
APPENDICES
Referencing

Referencing is a process that
identifies the sources of
information used in assignments.
There are several referencing
styles used at ACU. The most
widely used is the American
Psychological Association (APA)
style.

How to Format Sources: Selected
Examples

for books and reports
Author. Date of Publication.
Title. City: Publisher details.


Wolf, A., Ali, B. and Khan, S.
(2012). Educational Psychology.
Karachi: Majeed Sons.

Iqbal, M. J., Bux, N., Hafeez, A.,
Ajmal, M., and Naseer, N. (2009).
Educational Researech: Unit (1-9).
(3rd Ed.). Islamabad: AIOU.


for journals
Author. Date of publication.
Title. Journal Name, Volume
(Issue). Page numbers.

Book
One Author
Freire, P. (1972). Cultural action
for freedom. Harmondsworth,
England: Penguin.

Two Authors
West, L. & Hore, T. (1986). The
impact of higher education on
mature age students. Canberra:
Commonwealth Tertiary Education.

More Then Six
Avery, H., Strath, L., Taylor, K.,
James., Caven, K., Taylor, C.,
Tromly, A., et al. (1995).
Thinking it through: A practical
guide to academic essay writing
(rev. 2nd ed.). Peterborough.
Canada: Trent University.

Edition other than the First
Edition
Tennant, M. (1997). Psychology and
adult learning (2nd ed.). London:
Routledge.

Authored Report
Candy, P., Crebert, R., & Oleary,
J. (1994). Developing lifelong
learners through undergraduate
education. Canberra: AGPS.

Organisation Report
National Health and Medical
Research Council. (1990). Learning
difficulties in children and
adolescents. Canberra: AGPS

Article
Chapter or Article in an Edited
Book
Dart, B. (1997). Adult learners
metacognitive behaviour in higher
education. In P. Sutherland (Ed.),
Adult learning: A reader (pp. 30-
43). London: Kogan Page.

Journal Article
Volume and Issue Number
Bessant, B. (1996). Higher
education in Australia: The
unified national system.
Educational Resource and
Perspectives, 23(1), 110-123.

Volume but not Issue Number
Biley, L., & Smith, K. (1998).
Exploring the potential of
problem-based learning in nurse
education. Nurse Education Today,
18, 353-361.

Magazine Article
Author Known
Ashley, S. (2001, October).
Driving the info highway: The
internet has hit the road.
Scientific American, 285(4), 44-
50.

Author Unknown
The history of Rome. (1998,
Spring). Europe: Its Past and
Future, 24, 28-41.

Newsletter Article
Author Unknown
The new health-care lexicon.
(1993, August/September). Copy
Editor, 4, 1-2.

Newspaper Article
Author Known
Murray, J. (2001, September 22-
23). Faith built on solid pillars.
The Weekend Australian, p. 24.

Author Unknown
South Australian premier resigns
in tears. (2001, October 20). The
Courier, p. 2.

CD Rom
Brown, M. (1994). Arthurs teacher
trouble |CD-Rom|. Novato, CA:
Living Books.




Electronic Journal Article
Peters, M. (2000). Does
constructivist epistemology have a
place in nurse education? Journal
of Nursing Education, 39(4), 166-
170. Retrieved May 10, 2001, from
http:/proguest.umi.com

Electronic Report
Department of Education, Training
and Youth Affairs. (2000). Higher
education report for the 2000 to
2002 triennium. Reterived October
20, 2000, from DETYA Web site: _
HYPERLINK
"http://www.detya.gov.au/highered/
he_report/2000_2002/html1_1.htm"
__www.detya.gov.au/highered/he_rep
ort/2000_2002/html1_1.htm_



How to cite a source in your work

Brooks (2000) stated, Both
biological and environmental
factors influence an individuals
personality development (p. 28).

Recent research shows that both
biological and environmental
factors influence an individuals
personality development (Brooks,
2000, p. 28).

Human development is a complex
issue (Brooks, Adams, & Clarke,
1999).
Green and Brooks (2001) noted that
human development is a complex
issue.

Research shows that human
development is a complex and
multifaceted issue (Brooks, Adams,
& Clarke, 1999; Green, & Brooks,
2000; Harvey, Smith, Brooks, &
Adams, 1998).

Human development is a complex
issue (Brooks, Adams, & Clarke,
1999).
A variety of influences, including
biological and environmental
influences, add to the complexity
of individual development and
behaviour (Brooks et al., 1999).
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Prepared by Naeem Gill