Wrewrte

1 INTRODUCTION
The dairy industry is one of the major sources of water pollution in India, which generates strong
wastewaters characterized by high BOD5 and COD values representing their high organic
content. These effluents may cause serious problems in terms of organic load on the local
municipal wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, appropriate treatment is required prior to
disposal into sewer network or receiving water bodies.

1.1 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION AND PRACTICES:

Most of the wastewater produced in the dairy industry results from cleaning of transport
lines and equipment between production cycles, cleaning of tank trucks, washing of milk silos
and equipment malfunctions or operational errors. Dairy wastewater has been extensively treated
using coagulation/flocculation and a sedimentation process. The main disadvantages of this
method are due to the high coagulant cost, high sludge production, and the poor removal of COD
dissolved. Therefore, biological treatment is usually recommended. Dairy wastewater is
generally characterized by its relatively high temperature and variation in organic content.
Therefore, anaerobic treatment is considered the appropriate choice.

1.2 UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB
reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater. The UASB
reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic
clarigester.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which
suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded)
by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity
suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3
months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of
bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions create a selective environment
in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate.
Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules". The
blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the
digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to
90 days.
Sludge granules are at the core of UASB and EGSB technology. A sludge granule is an
aggregate of microorganisms forming during wastewater treatment in an environment with a
constant Upflow hydraulic regime. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions
create a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each
other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms
referred to as "granules (see Figure 1 below). Due to their large particle size (generally ranging
from 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter), the granules resist washout from the reactor, permitting high
hydraulic loads. Additionally, the biofilms are compact allowing for high concentrations of
active microorganisms and thus high organic space loadings in UASB and EGSB reactors. One
gram of granular sludge organic matter (dry weight) can catalyze the conversion of 0.5 to 1 g of
COD per day to methane. In layman terms that means on a daily basis granular sludge can
process its own body weight of wastewater substrate.

1.2.1 Granulation Process:
The process of granular sludge formation is one of the most interesting and enigmatic
questions when attempting to understand the fundamentals of anaerobic granular sludge
technology. This topic has fueled many PhD research projects. There are many theories, ranging
from extracellular polysaccharide slime to calcium as key players in the initial aggregation
process. However, the most promising theory is the "spaghetti" theory (proposed by Dr.
W. Wiegant) in which filamentous microorganisms become entangled in one another analogous
to the formation of fungal pellets as shown in Figure 2 below. In support of theory is the fact that
the methanogens known as Methanosaete, which are better adapted for low substrate
concentrations (a condition desired for wastewater treatment), happen to be filamentous
microorganisms. The initial pellets ("spaghetti balls") of Methanosaete can serve as a surface of
attachment or support matrix for other microorganisms involved in the anaerobic degradation
process. For the attachment of diverse microorganisms to the pellet, perhaps slime layers and
calcium may play an important role.

Settling Properties:

According to Stokess law, sedimentation rates are a function of particles size squared.
Due to their large particle sizes, anaerobic sludge granules have exceptional settling properties.
The rapid settling velocities permits the application of high hydraulic loads to UASB and EGSB
reactors without having to be concerned about wash-out of biologically active sludge particles
(responsible for the bioconversions). Because high hydraulic loads are tolerated, UASB and
EGSB systems can handle wastewater streams with relatively low concentrations of substrate,
even as low as a few hundred milligrams COD per liter (previously considered impossible for
anaerobic treatment). Granular sludge settles extremely rapidly and is completely clarified within
a few minutes. By comparison dispersed sludge (like that from an anaerobic digester at a
municipal treatment plant) has not even begun to clarify in the same time scale. Flocculent
sludge, also clarifies rapidly but not as fast and as granular sludge.
In the absence of oxygen a consortium of anaerobic bacteria accomplishes the `breakdown
of organic matter. In dissimilatory denitrification, nitrate serves as the electron acceptor in energy
metabolism and is converted to various gaseous end products but principally molecular nitrogen,
N
2
, which is then stripped from the liquid stream. A carbon source is also essential as electron
donor for denitrification to take place. This source may be in the form of carbon internally
available in sewage or artificially added (e.g. as methanol). Since most community wastewaters
have a higher ratio of BOD: N, the internally available carbon becomes attractive and
economical for denitrification
Denitrification releases nitrogen which escapes as an inert gas to the atmosphere while oxygen
released stays dissolved in the liquid and thus reduces the oxygen input needed into the system.
Each molecule of nitrogen needs 4 molecules of oxygen during nitrification but releases back 2.5
molecules in denitrification. Thus, theoretically, 62.5% of the oxygen used is released back in
denitrification.
UASB technology has been found to be very effective for treatment of high strength
industrial effluents particularly from distilleries, pulp and paper, tanneries, and food processing
industries. For high organic loads, it certainly offers advantages in terms of almost insignificant
energy consumption, low O&M cost and recovery of significant amount of bio- energy.
Consistent production of fairly large quantities of biogas from industrial effluents makes
electricity generation for captive consumption an attractive financial proposition. Other features
of the technology i.e., lower skill requirement and sludge production; perhaps add to its
attractiveness under the industrial context to a certain extent.
Considering the advantage and the characteristic of dairy effluent the Upflow anaerobic
sludge blanket reactor with high organic loading rate may be an economical system for dairy
waste water treatment. The anaerobic process is efficient for the removal of total organic,
suspended solid and nutrient from dairy wastewater. Consequently, the anaerobic treatment is
only an effective pretreatment.

1.2.2 PROCESS INVOLVED IN ANAEROBIC REACTOR:
Three basic steps involved in the anaerobic reactor are as follows
Hydrolysis

Acidogenesis

Methanogenesis

1.3 TREATMENT OF DAIRY EFFLUENT:
The dairy waste contains sufficient bacterial growth. This waste may be treated by any or all
of the following methods.
1. Physical treatment

2. Chemical treatment

3. Biological treatment

1.3.1 Physical treatment:

The removal of suspended solids by physical methods before subsequent biological
treatment will considerably reduce the BOD of the resulting effluent.

1.3.2. Chemical treatment:

Fine suspended particles in an effluent may be removed by coagulation. It is essentially
instantaneous where as flocculation requires some more time and gentle agitation to achieve the
particles to be settled.
1.3.3. Biological treatment:
Most organic waste material may be degrading biologically. This process may be achieved
aerobically. The most widely used aerobic process are trickling filters, activated sludge process,
oxidation pond etc.

1.4 ADVERSE EFFECT OF DAIRY EFFLUENT:

The organic content present in effluent can cause excessive growth of bacterial and
fungal slimes. These growth and their associated effects, can change the quality of the
aquatic ecosystems and affect its environment such as rise in pH of the water causing the
death of the sensitive aquatic animals and plants. Further discharge of effluent in to the
water way can pose a health threat to downstream users, since disease causing
microorganisms can be transmitted through water and these microorganisms make water
unsafe for drinking or recreational use.

The sediment may offer the color, turbidity or temperature of water way cause
erosion. This can aquatic ecosystem as well as reduce the aesthetic value of water,
sediment will smother water plants may reduce light infiltration and adversely affecting
the plant photosynthesis. Sediments can also smother the streams of animals and clog the
gills of fish.

1.5 ADVANTAGE OF UA S BR:

Low energy requirement

High organic loading rate

Low operation and maintenance cost

Lower skill requirements for operation or supervision

Less sludge production

Potential for resource recovery through generation of electricity from biogas

Utilization of stabilized sludge as manure

1.6 NUTRIENT REMOVALS:
Biological Nitrate conversion takes place through both assimilatory and dissimilatory
cellular functions. In assimilatory denitrification, nitrate is reduced to ammonia, which then
serves as a nitrogen source for cell synthesis. Thus, nitrogen is removed from the liquid
stream by incorporating it into cytoplasmic material. In dissimilatory denitrification, nitrate
serves as the electron acceptor in energy metabolism and is converted to various gaseous end
products but principally molecular nitrogen, N
2
, which is then stripped from the liquid
stream. Because the microbial yield under anoxic conditions is considerably lower than
under aerobic conditions, a relatively small fraction of the nitrogen is removed through
assimilation. Dissimilatory denitrification is, therefore, the primary means by which nitrogen
removal is achieved. A carbon source is also essential as electron donor for denitrification to
take place. This source may be in the form of carbon internally available in sewage or
artificially added (e.g. as methanol). Since most community wastewaters have a higher ratio
of BOD: N, the internally available carbon becomes attractive and economical for
denitrification. Denitrification releases nitrogen which escapes as an inert gas to the
atmosphere while oxygen released stays dissolved in the liquid and thus reduces the oxygen
input needed into the system. Each molecule of nitrogen needs 4 molecules of oxygen during
nitrification but releases back 2.5 molecules in denitrification. Thus, theoretically, 62.5% of
the oxygen used is released back in denitrification.

Biological phosphorus removal The chemistry behind biological phosphorus removal is
complicated, not completely understood, The principal science is the need for an anaerobic state
sufficient to create volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic and prop ionic in advance of an
aerobic (mixed liquor) zone. During anaerobic treatment some of the phosphorus is released into
the waste stream, but during the subsequent aerobic treatment the released phosphorus and much
more is taken up by PAOs, phosphate-accumulating organisms (bacteria).

1.7 OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the study is as follows,
Fabrication of Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

Evaluate the removal efficiency of the nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorous

To assess the ability of the system to produce wastewater suitable for safe
discharge into agricultural drain.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Ahn YH, Kim HC (2007), has studied the sustainable anaerobic nitrogen
removal and microbial granulation were investigated by using a laboratory anaerobic
granular sludge bed reactor, treating synthetic (inorganic and organic) wastewater and
piggery waste. From inorganic synthetic wastewater, litho autotrophic ammonium
oxidation to nitrite/nitrate was observed by an addition of hydroxylamine. Also, the
results revealed that the Anammox intermediates (particularly, hydrazine) contents in
the substrate would be one of the important parameters for success of the anaerobic
nitrogen removal process. The results from organic synthetic wastewater show that if the
Anammox organism were not great enough in the startup of the process, denitrification
and anaerobic ammonification would be a process prior to the Anammox reaction. The
anaerobic ammonium removal from the piggery waste was performed successfully,
probably due to the Anammox intermediates contained in the substrate. This reactor
shows a complex performance including the Anammox reaction and HAP
crystallization, as well as having partial denitrification occurring simultaneously. The
settle ability assessment of the granular sludge revealed that the granular sludge had
good settle ability even though it was worse than that of seed granular sludge.

P. Pagacova, K. Galbova, M. Drtil, I. Jonatova (2009) has studied
Denitrification of low concentrations of NO
3
N, with methanol as an organic carbon
source (COD: NO
3
N = 6) in laboratory Upflow sludge bed reactor (USB), was tested as
a possibility for wastewater post-treatment. By gradual increase of volumetric loading
(Bv) and hydraulic loading (c), anoxic biomass spontaneously granulated out even from
flocculate activated sludge and from anaerobic granulated sludge as well. Anaerobic
granulated biomass derived from high-rate anaerobic IC reactor was a far better inoculum
for anoxic granulation and for denitrification in the USB reactor. The maximum level of
Bv and c was remarkably higher with the use of anaerobic granulated inoculum, in
comparison to inoculums from flocculate Activated sludge.

Steve CouperA, C, Michael TanA, Robert LeiB (2004) has studied
Feedback from regulators and the dairy sector has revealed that approximately 20-25% of
dairy farms face difficulties with applying this nutrient load sustainably. This can be due
to a number of factors including soil drainage properties, topography, proximity to water
ways, and elevated ground water to name a few. The development of a cost effective high
rate Biological treatment system has been under way for a number of years. Both
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology has been
trialed with encouraging results. Recent research work in this area employs the use of a
multi-stage treatment system targeting the removal of organic matter, nutrients and solid
matter. The different technology steps investigated by these research trials encompass
SBR technology for removal of organics and nitrification followed by sand filter contact,
modified zeolite and denitrification beds for solids, phosphorous and nitrogen removal
respectively. This system was recently trialled at laboratory scale, and is currently in a
prototype design stage with a view to testing it at full scale during 2010.

S. Venkata Mohan, V. Lalit Babu, P.N. Sarma (2007) has studied Dairy
wastewater was evaluated for biological hydrogen (H2) production in conjugation with
wastewater treatment in a suspended growth sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR)
employing sequentially pretreated [heat-shock (100 C, 2 h) and acid (pH 3.0, 24 h)]
mixed consortia. The bioreactor was operated at mesophilic (room) temperature (282
C) under acidophilic conditions (pH 6.0) with a total cycle period of 24 h consisting of
FILL (15 min), REACT (23 h), SETTLE (30 min), and DECANT (15 min) phases at
three different organic loading rates (OLR) of 2.4, 3.5, and 4.7 Kg COD/m3-day,
respectively. H2 evolution rate differed significantly with the substrate/OLR of
wastewater used as substrate [OLR 2.4 Kg COD/m3-day - volumetric H2 production rate:
0.3683 mol H2/m3-min; specific H2 production rate: 0.0184 mol H2/min-g COD/L; OLR
3.5 Kg COD/m3-day - volumetric H2 production rate: 1.105 mol H2/m3-min; specific H2
production rate: 0.0245 mol H2/min-g COD/L and OLR 4.7 Kg COD/m3-day -
volumetric H2 production rate: 0.7367 mol H2/m3-min; specific H2 production rate:
0.0107 mol H2/min-g COD/L]. Substrate (COD) removal efficiency of 64.7 (substrate
degradation rate (SDR): 1.577 Kg COD/m3-day), 60 (SDR: 3.168 Kg COD/m3-day),
and50% (SDR-3.2 Kg COD/m3-day), respectively, was observed at operating OLR of
2.4, 3.5, and 4.7 Kg COD/m3-day, respectively. The system showed rapid stabilization
tendency (2.4 Kg COD/m3-day: 39 days; 3.5 Kg COD/m3-day: 14 days; 4.7 Kg
COD/m3-day: 24 days) with respect to H2 generation and COD reduction. A surge in pH
values from 5.8 to 4.5 (2.4 Kg COD/m3-day), 5.82 to 4.62 (3.5 Kg COD/m3-day), and
6.28 to 4.56 (4.7 Kg COD/m3-day) was observed during stabilized phase of operation.

H.N. Gavala, H. Kopsinis, I.V. Skiadas, K. Stamatelatou, G. Lyberatos have
studied Wastewater coming from cheese-producing industries in Greece is high in
organic matter (about 4060 g/l Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) since it generally
contains discarded cheese-whey as well. This wastewater is rich in easily biodegradable
carbohydrates and has a relatively low content in suspended solids (15 g/l). Because of
the high organic content of dairy wastewater, anaerobic digestion is essentially the only
viable treatment method. An Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor is a high
rate treatment system, especially feasible for treating soluble (containing low solids)
wastewaters. A well-performing UASB reactor is characterized by highly flocculated,
well-settling, compact methanogenic sludge granules, resulting in very high biomass
content. The aim of this work is the study of a UASB reactor treating dairy wastewater. A
UASB reactor of 10 l useful volume was constructed and inoculated with anaerobic
mixed liquor from dairy wastewater and glucose fed digesters. The digester efficiency of
treating dairy wastewater at various organic loading rates was studied and its
performance was assessed by monitoring pH, dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD),
biogas production and composition. Operation at an organic loading rate of 6 2 g COD/l
d was found to be safe and could be increased to a maximum of 7 5 g COD/l /d. A draw
and fill digester fed with non-diluted wastewater was also studied in parallel for
comparison purposes. The advantages of using a UASB reactor versus a conventional
digester become questionable for the high COD (>42 g/l), non-diluted dairy wastewater
case.

Burak Demirel, Orhan Yenigun,

Turgut T. Onay has conducted experiment on
anaerobic treatment for treating dairy effluents. The objective of this paper is to
summarize recent research efforts and case studies in anaerobic treatment of dairy
wastewaters. The main characteristics of industrial dairy waste streams are identified and
the anaerobic degradation mechanisms of the primary constituents in dairy wastewaters,
namely carbohydrates (mainly lactose), proteins and lipids are described. Primary
attention is then focused on benchpilotfull-scale anaerobic treatment efforts for dairy
waste effluents. Combined (anaerobicaerobic) treatment methods are also discussed.
Finally, areas where further research and attention are required are identified.

Michal Perle, Shlomo Kimchie, Gedaliah Shelef have studied the Low rate of
anaerobic degradation together with inhibition problems caused by components such as
milk fat and proteins were found to be reasons for restricted activity of high-rate
anaerobic reactors operated with dairy effluent. The present research was aimed to
investigate the influence of some relevant compounds, such as casein and milk fat and
their degradation compounds, on process efficiency. Methanogenic activity and ATP
content of the sludge were used as major follow up criteria for evaluating the influence of
the tested compounds on process efficiency. It was found that casein was not degraded by
anaerobic cultures which were not pre-acclimated for this compound. On the other hand,
cultures acclimated to casein, utilized it very efficiently. Amino acids typical for casein
degradation were also used efficiently with no inhibitory effects under the test conditions
and with no need for culture pre-acclimatization. Milk fat was found to be a major cause
for inhibition of methanogenic activity. It was found to have an immediate influence on
reducing gas production rate in reactors to which it was added. Milk fat was also found to
have long term effects: sludge pre-exposed to milk fat exhibited reduced methanogenic
activity when tested in medium free of milk fat. Milk fat also reduced the ATP
concentration in the sludge, indicating reduction of its total physiological activity. Oleic
acid, which is a major derivative of milk fat hydrolysis, was found to have inhibitory
effects on methane production and on ATP concentration. According to the results of the
present research, it would be advisable to treat dairy effluents by anaerobic digestion only
after reduction of the milk fat concentration below 100 mg/L, and after careful
acclimatization of the digester culture to casein.

G. Lettinga, A. F. M. van Velsen, S. W. Hobma, W. de Zeeuw, A. Klapwijk
have worked for development of a more sophisticated anaerobic treatment process,
suitable for treating low a strength wastes and for applications at liquid detention times of
34 hr. The efforts have resulted in new type of Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB) process, which in recent 6 m
3
pilot-plant experiments has shown to be capable of
handling organic space loads of 1540 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m
3
/day at 3
8 hr liquid detention times. In the first 200 m
3
full-scale plant of the UASB concept,
organic space loadings of up to 16 kg COD m
3
/day could be treated satisfactorily at a
detention times of 4 hr, using sugar beet waste as feed. The main results obtained with the
process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m
3
pilot plant and 200 m
3
full-scale experiments
are presented and evaluated in this paper. Special attention is given to the main operating
characteristics of the UASB reactor concept. Moreover, some preliminary results are
presented of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the USB reactor concept for
denitrification as well as for the acid formation step in anaerobic treatment. For both
purposes the process looks feasible because very satisfactory results with respect to
denitrification and acid formation can be achieved at very high hydraulic loads (12 day
1
)
and high organic loading rates, i.e., 20 kg COD m
3
/day in the denitrification and 6080
kg COD m
3
/day in the acid formation experiments.

E.V. Ramasamy, S. Gajalakshmi, R. Sanjeevi, M.N. Jithesh, S.A. Abbasi
(2004) have studied the feasibility of using Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)
reactors for the treatment of dairy wastewaters was explored. Two types of UASBs were
usedone operating on anaerobic sludge granules developed by us from digested cow
dung slurry (DCDS) and the other on the granules obtained from the reactors of M/s EID
Parry treating sugar industry wastewaters. Whereas in the first few months the reactors
operating on sludge from EID Parry achieved better biodegradation of the waste,
compared to the reactors operated on DCDS, the performance of the latter gradually
improved and matched with the performance of the former.

G Vidal, A Carvalho, R Mndez

, J.M Lema(2004) have studied the relative
amounts of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in wastewaters from dairy industries cause
problems during their anaerobic treatment. The anaerobic biodegradability of two
synthetic wastewaters, one rich in fats (chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio;
Fats/Proteins/Carbohydrates) and the other with a low fat content (COD ratio;
Fats/Proteins/Carbohydrates) was studied in samples with wide range of total COD.
There were no problems of sludge flotation and the maximum biodegradability and
mechanization were obtained when operating with wastewaters in the range of 35 g
COD/l. The intermediates of fat degradation (glycerol and long chain fatty acids) seemed
not to reach concentrations high enough to affect the process. The anaerobic
biodegradation of fat-rich wastes was slower than carbohydrate-rich wastes due to the
slower hydrolytic step of fat degradation which prevented the accumulation of volatile
fatty acids (VFAs) and favored the overall process. Carbohydrate-rich wastewater
degradation produced free ammonia (FA) at concentrations near to inhibitory levels, but
in this case, ammonia production facilitated regulation of fall in pH caused by of the
accumulation of VFA.

J.R. Danalewich, T.G. Papagiannis, R.L. Belyea, M.E. Tumbleson, L. Raskin

have studied Fifteen milk processing plants in the Upper Midwest of the United States
obtain information on general process operation, waste generation and treatment
practices, chemical usage, and wastewater characteristics. Long term data on wastewater
characteristics were obtained for 8 of the 15 dairy plants, and a 24-h composite
wastewater sample was characterized in detail for each plant. Wastewater flow rates and
characteristics varied greatly among and within plants and were not easily predictable
even when detailed information on processing operations was available. In addition, the
contribution of milk and milk products to the waste streams was underestimated by plant
operators. The use of caustic soda, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid for cleaning had a
significant impact on wastewater characteristics, despite the implementation of changes
in chemical usage practices during recent years. In particular, the use of phosphoric acid
based cleaning products has been reduced to eliminate or decrease discharge fines. It was
determined that most of the onsite treatment facilities require renovations and/or
operational changes to comply with current and future discharge regulations, especially
with respect to nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels in their waste streams. It was
concluded that biological nutrient removal of dairy wastewaters should be feasible given
the relatively high concentrations of easily degradable organics, the generally favorable
organic matter to total phosphorus ratio, and the very favorable organic matter to nitrogen
ratio.

Stephanie L. Lansing, Jay F. Martin have constructed ecological Treatment
Systems (ETS) are composed of a series of anaerobic and aerobic reactors, clarifiers, and
wetlands, and have been used for the removal of nutrients from municipal and industrial
wastewaters. The design of ETS enhances nutrient removal by providing both aerobic
and anaerobic environments and steep gradients between the two environments. The
ability of an ETS to treat wastewater from a dairy farm was investigated with a 20-week
study in Columbus, OH, USA. The Waterman Ecological Treatment System (WETS) had
four replicate treatment lines. Together, the four lines treated 1310 L/day of diluted
wastewater from a dairy facility with removal of ammonium-nitrogen (NH
4
-N) and
carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD), and removal of orthophosphate
(PO
4
-P). The multiple anaerobicaerobic interfaces in the WETS design enhanced
biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. NH
4
-N, CBOD, and NO
x
-N were
consistently removed throughout the 20-week study, but PO
4
-P removal efficiency
decreased over time in one of the four treatment lines.

Christian R. Picard, Lauchlan H. Fraser
,
David Steer have studied the
treatment wetlands can remove nutrients from inflow sources through biogeochemical
processes. Plant composition and temperature play important roles in the nutrient removal
efficiency of these wetlands, but the interactions between these variables are not well
understood. We investigated the seasonal efficiency of wetland macrophytes to reduce
soil leachate concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in experimental
microcosms. Each microcosm contained one of six vegetation treatments: unplanted,
planted with one of four species (Carex lacustris, Scirpus validus, Phalaris arundinacea
and Typha latifolid) in monoculture or planted with an equal abundance of all four
species. Microcosms were also subjected to two temperature treatments: insulated
microcosms and microcosms exposed to environmental conditions. A constant nutrient
solution containing N and P was added to all microcosms three times a week. Water
samples were analyzed monthly for total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved
phosphorous. Microcosms exhibited a typical pattern of seasonal nutrient removal with
higher removal rates in the growing season and lower rates in the winter months. In
general, planted microcosms outperformed unplanted microcosms. Among the plant
treatments, Carex lacustris was the least efficient. The four remaining plant treatments
removed an equivalent amount of nutrients. Insulated microcosms were more efficient in
the winter and early spring months. Although a seasonal pattern of nutrient removal was
observed, this variation can be minimized through planting and insulation of wetlands.

Alistair Broughton, Steven Pratt, Andy Shilton have studied the feasibility of
enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) for dairy processing wastewater, which
in New Zealand have COD:P ratios that can be as low as 13:1, a sequencing batch reactor
treating a synthetic wastewater with a COD
VFA
of 800 mg/l (representing a dissolved air
flotation (DAF) treated, pre-fermented dairy wastewater with a raw COD of 3000 mg/l)
was operated at COD:P ratios of 25:1, 15:1 and 10:1. Full phosphate removal was
achieved for COD: P loadings of 25:1 and 15:1. The trial using 10:1 COD: P loading
showed less consistency but still achieved phosphate removal. Based on further analysis
of the final trial this study proposes that the minimum COD: P loading for complete
phosphate removal indicating that EBPR could indeed be feasible for effective treatment
of dairy processing wastewaters. With regard to the type of COD consumed, propionate
was found to be favored over acetate as a substrate. Further research into increasing the
propionate content of pre-fermented dairy wastewaters is suggested.

J.M. Garrido, F. Omil, B. Arrojo, R. Mndez and J.M. Lema have worked on
a set of two reactors, an Anaerobic Filter (AF) of 12 m
3
and a Sequencing Batch Reactor
(SBR) of 28 m
3
, coupled in series, were used to treat the wastewaters from an industrial
milk analysis laboratory. The characteristics of these effluents are similar to those
discharged by dairy factories. These wastewaters were produced as the result of the final
mixture of the analyzed milk samples, with a very high organic load, and other low
strength effluents, such as sewage and other minor liquid streams generated in the
laboratory. Two microbial growth inhibitors, sodium azide and chloramphenicol, were
systematically added to the milk before its analysis. Preliminary results have shown that
these compounds did apparently not inhibit the methanogenic activity of the anaerobic
sludge. Assimilation of nitrogen for growth and Nitrification-denitrification were the
main mechanisms of nitrogen removal from the wastewater. In the anaerobic system the
organic matter was converted into methane, being the remaining COD and most of the
nitrogen removed in the suspended culture system. The combination of the AF and the
SBR was advantageous resulting in a lower energy consumption and sludge generation in
the treatment system.

Tawfik
,
, M. Sobhe, M. Badawy (2007) have studied The feasibility of using an
up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by activated sludge (AS
system) for the treatment of wastewater discharged from dairy factory was explored.
Good performance could be attributed to the relatively long sludge residence time
imposed to the reactor. Total and fecal coliform counts were reduced in the treated
effluent. The net sludge yield coefficient was found to be g VSS per g COD
total
removed
per day. Preliminary batch experiments of the AS system treating UASB reactor effluent
indicated first-order removal kinetics between total organic carbon (TOC) and contact
time. The TOC removal reached maximum. Accordingly, the AS system was operated at
a HRT of 2.0 h. The system achieved a substantial reduction of COD
total
, BOD
5 total
, TSS
and oil and grease. The geometric mean of total and fecal coliform counts was reduced,
respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to use of an integrated system
consisting of a UASB reactor followed by the AS system for the treatment of a combined
dairy and domestic wastewater to produce a good effluent quality complying with the
standards for discharge into agricultural drains.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 FABRICATION DETAILS OF UASBR

Table 3.1 DETAILS OF UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR

S.NO. PARTICULARS SPECIFICATION
1. Reactor type Anaerobic
2. Total volume 12L
3. Shape cylindrical
4. Height 4ft
5. Diameter 15cm
6. No. of sampling port 4

3.1 PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC WASTE WATER:

The characteristic and composition of mixed effluent from different processing unit of
dairy wastewater has been shown in table I below. The synthetic milk wastewater
equivalent to the above characteristic has been prepared in the laboratory using Nestle
Every Day milk Powder. The milk powder has following composition as shown in
Table II. Thus the synthetic wastewater fed into the reactor as substrate to cultivate and
grow biomass in the reactor. In the present study, micronutrients like ammonium
chloride, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, potassium Dihydrogen phosphate, nitrogen
and phosphorus were added in the reactor. The synthetic milk wastewater of different
organic loading rate has been prepared using different weight o milk powder.
Furthermore the actual cod values have been verified each time before initiation of each
work.

TABLE 3.2 COMPOSIYTION OF CHARECTERISTIC OF DAIRY
WASTEWATER

S.NO. PARAMETER VALUE(mg/l)
1. pH 7.1
2. COD 2128
3. Suspended solids 970
4. Total Nitrogen 50
5. Total phosphate 30
TABLE 3.3 COMPOSITION OF MILK POWDER PER 100 GRAM
AS MENTIONE BY THE MANUFACTURER

S.No

Parameter

Typical values. gm
1

Protein 20.5
2

Carbohydrate 52.7
3

Sugar 23
4

Fat 19

3.2 STARTUP PHASE OF REACTOR

The reactor was first seeded with filtered digested cow dung. From the first to the
twentieth day, the reactor was fed only with starch water of added nutrient. After day 20
it was fed extensively with the synthetic dairy effluent equivalent to the characteristics of
dairy effluent given in table 3.2

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

The lab scale Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was fabricated using an
acrylic material. The working volume of UASBR is about 12L. The reactor was operated
in continuous mode. The reactor was fabricated using leak proof sealing along with
proper inlet and outlet arrangements, with a three phase separator at the middle of the
reactor to separate the solid, liquid and gas which retains the solid sludge granules in the
reactor such that preventing the granules escaping the reactor increasing the total solids in
the effluent leading to the increase in the C.O.D of the treated effluent, the separator also
helps in the separation of treated effluent and the biogas produced in the respective
outlets.

Figure 3.1 continuous anaerobic sludge blanket reactor experimental setup in laboratory

3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The performance of evaluation of the operational parameters such as Ph COD,
VFA, total solids, suspended solid, TKN and total phosphate were done using
standard methods available.

Microbiological study was performed using the scanning electron microscope
(SEM) available in the laboratory.

These parameters were analyzed by varying the organic loading rates (OLR) from
0.02 0.37 with corresponding hydraulic retention time (HRT) 12, 16, 20 and 24
hours

3.5 ESTIMATION OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PARAMETERS:

3.5.1 ANALYSIS OF pH:

Principle:

The basic principle of electromagnetic determination of pH involves the determination of
the hydrogen ion activity by potentiometric method in which a glass electrode and a reference
electrode are used.

Procedure:

The instrument was switched on.

100ml sample was placed in a clean beaker.

The electrolyte was purged in the probe once to remove air bubbles if any and the pH
probe was placed in to the sample.

The value displayed in the pH meter was reported.

3.5.2 ANALYSIS OF COD:

Principle:

Measure the oxygen requirement of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by
strong chemical oxidant. The dichromate reflux method is preferred over other procedures using
other oxidants (e.g. potassium permanganate) because of its superior oxidizing ability;
applicability to a wide variety of organic compound is 95-100% of the theoretical value.

Procedure:

10 ml of the sample was taken in a 250ml refluxing flask.

5 to 7 glass beads were added.

1gm of mercuric sulphate (HgSo
4
) was added, 5ml of concentrated sulphuric acid is
added along the walls carefully and mix until the HgSo
4
is dissolved well in the
solution.

6nl of standard potassium dichromate solution was added and mixed.

Flak was attached to condenser it was refluxed for two hours.

Cool the reflux to room temperature after the refluxing period.

A blank containing 10ml of distilled water treated with the same amount of k
2
cr
2
o
7

and conc. H
2
so
4
was taken and refluxed for 2 hrs as the sample. The blank and sample
were titrated against standard Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate using ferroin indicator.

The end point obtained was wine red color.

Calculation:

COD (mg/l) = (A-B) x N x 8000
Ml of sample

Where
A = ml Fe (NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
(used for blank)

B = ml Fe (NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
(used for sample)

N = normality of Fe (NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2

8000 = milli equivalent weight of oxygen x 1000ml/l

3.5.3 ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACID (VFA):

Procedure:

200ml of the sample was taken and centrifuged for five minutes

100ml of supernatant liquor was then placed in a 500ml round bottomed flask

5ml of 1:1 sulphuric acid and 100ml of distilled water was added to sample.

Then the mixture was distilled at a rate approximately 5ml/min.

Then it is titrated against 0.1M (NaOH) using phenolphthalein as indicator.

The end point obtained as permanent pink color.

Calculation

Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) = End Point Reading x 40

3.5.4 ANALYSIS OF TOTAL KJELDHAL NITROGEN (TKN):

Digestion of the sample:
1. 50 ml of sample was taken in an 800-ml Kjeldahl flask. Few glass beads were added.
2. Then 50 ml of digestion reagent was added carefully and heated.
3. As digestion continues, colored- turbid sample becomes transparent and pale green.
After digestion, the sample was allowed to cool and diluted to 300ml with water and
mixed well.
4. Then tilt the flask away from the face, and 50ml of sodium hydroxide-thiosulfate
reagent was added carefully to form an alkaline layer at the flask bottom. The pH of the
solution should exceed 11.
Distillation:
1. 50ml of boric acid cum indicator solution (pink color solution) was taken in 500 ml of
flask and placed it below the condenser of the distillation assembly so that the lower open
end of the condenser was dipped in solution.
2. The distillate was collected in the flask (pink solution turns to green due to absorption
of ammonia).
3. The collected distillate was titrated with 0.2N H
2
SO
4
which turns to its original color
(i.e., change of green color indicates the end point of titration)
4. Blank was titrated using distilled water in same manner.
Calculation:
TKN, mg/l = (A-B)*280/ ml of sample
A= volume of H
2
SO
4
required for sample, ml
B= volume of H
2
SO
4
required for blank, ml
3.5.5 ANALYSIS OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS:
Procedure:
Digestion:
1. A 50 ml sample was taken in a Kjeldahl flask and 1 ml H
2
SO
4
, 5 ml HNO
3
was added.
2. The sample was digested on a hot plate till the volume becomes nearly 5ml and still the
heating was continued till the solution becomes colorless after complete removal of
HNO
3
.
Estimation of Phosphorus:
1. The digested sample was cooled and transferred completely to a 100 ml volumetric
flask and 1 drop of phenolphthalein indicator was added.
2. The acidity was neutralized by adding 1N NaOH, thus the solution turns to pink. The
collected final volume was made up to 100 ml.
Color Development:
1. The 20 ml of digested sample was taken in a conical flask and 4ml of ammonium
molybdate, 0.5 ml stannous chloride was added.
2. Rate of color development and intensity of color depends on temperature of the final
solution.
Color Measurement:
1. After 10 min but before 12 min, the absorbance of the color was measured
spectrometrically at 690nm, and compared with a calibration curve, using distilled water
blank.
Calculation:
Phosphate (mg/l) = mg of P (in approx 104.5 ml final volume)*1000/ mL sample.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSION

Fig 4.1: shows the effect of OLR on the COD at HRT of 12 hours.
From the graph we could note that with the OLR 1 to 6 kg COD/m
3
.h there is a gradual decrease
in COD is achieved in the range of 64 to 70.8 % and maximum removal efficiency is noted at
OLR of 3 kg COD/m
3
.h. Further increase in the OLR over 3kg COD/m3.h shows slight decrease
in efficiency of the reactor and it is interpreted that at high OLR with the maximum flow rate of
the system cause the wash out of the sludge granules which is the real reaction media of the
system.

Fig 4.2: shows the effect of OLR on the TKN at HRT of 12 hours.
3
in TKN is achieved in the range of 58 to 46.2 % and maximum removal efficiency is reached at
OLR of 3 kg COD/m
3
system, suggesting for high retention time.

Fig 4.3: shows the effect of OLR on the TOTAL PHOSPHATE at HRT of 12 hours.
3
in total phosphate is achieved in the range of 62 to 73.7 % and maximum removal efficiency is
reached at OLR of 3 kg COD/m
3
.h. Further increase in the OLR over 3kg COD/m3.h shows
slight decrease in efficiency of the reactor and it is interpreted that at high OLR with the
maximum flow rate of the system cause the wash out of the sludge granules which is the real
reaction media of the system, suggesting for high retention time.

Fig 4.4: shows the effect of OLR on the VFA at HRT of 12 hours.
3
in VFA is achieved in the range of 37 to 44 % and maximum removal efficiency is reached at
OLR of 3 kg COD/m
3
system, suggesting for high retention time.
Fig 4.5: shows the effect of OLR on the total COD at 16 hours.
3
in COD is achieved in the range of 72.6 to 75.9 % and maximum removal efficiency is noted at
OLR of 3.75 kg COD/m
3
.h, Indicating to carry out the experiment on the OLR around (3 to 3.75
kg COD/m
3
.h) at high HRT.
Fig 4.6: shows the effect of OLR on the TKN at 16 hours.
3
3
kg COD/m
3
.h) at high HRT.
Fig 4.7: shows the effect of OLR on the total phosphate at 16 hours
3
3
kg COD/m
3
.h) at high HRT.
Fig 4.8: shows the effect of OLR on the VFA at 16 hours.
3
3
kg COD/m
3
.h) at high HRT.
3
3
.h comparing the result with other two HRT (12 & 16) higher efficiency
is obtained

3
in COD is achieved in the range of 64 to 68 % and maximum removal efficiency is noted at OLR
of 3.60 kg COD/m
3
.h comparing the result with other two HRT (12 & 16) higher efficiency is
obtained to achieve a greater efficiency, increase in the HRT may result in optimum removal of
TKN.

Fig 4.11: shows the effect of OLR on the total phosphate at 20 hours.
3
3
is obtained to achieve a greater efficiency, increase in the HRT may result in optimum removal
of phosphate.

Fig 4.12: shows the effect of OLR on the VFA at 20 hours.
3
3
is obtained to achieve a greater efficiency, increase in the HRT may result in optimum removal
of VFA.

3
of 3.50 kg COD/m
3
.h comparing the result with other two HRT (12, 16 & 20) higher efficiency
is obtained, which is the optimum removal rate that could be employed by the dairy industry to
discharge their effluent safely in to the environment.
3
of 3.50 kg COD/m
3
is obtained, which is the acceptable removal rate of nitrogen that could be employed by the dairy
industry to discharge their effluent safely in to the environment.

3
of 3.50 kg COD/m
3
is obtained, the removal rate of phosphate is fruitful that could be employed by the dairy industry
to discharge their effluent safely in to the environment.

3
3
.h comparing the result with other two HRT (12, 16 & 20) higher
efficiency is obtained, the removal rate of phosphate is fruitful that could be employed by the
dairy industry to discharge their effluent safely in to the environment

Table 4.1 operational parameters and treatment efficiencies of UASBR


S.NO H.R.T O.L.R
Kg
C.O.D/m
3
day

C.O.D
mg/l
Total
nitrogen
Total
phosphate
VFA
IN OUT IN
IN OUT
OUT
IN OUT
1 16 0.75 500 130 30 12 10 2.8 62 32
2 16 1.50 1000 284 60 24 20 5.4 100 47
3 16 2.25 1500 387 90 36 30 7.9 140 55
4 16 3.00 2000 502 120 46 40 11.7 180 69
5 16 3.75 2500 624 150 53 50 16.8 210 99
6 16 4.50 3000 823 180 88 60 23 240 114

S.NO H.R.T O.L.R
Kg
C.O.D/m
3
day

C.O.D mg/l Total
nitrogen
Total
phosphate
VFA
IN OUT IN

IN OUT
1 12 1 500 153 30 15 10 2.7 62 38
2 12 2 1000 312 60 29 20 5.4 100 57
3 12 3 1500 439 90 41 30 7.9 140 81
4 12 4 2000 650 120 61 40 11.7 180 102
5 12 5 2500 850 150 63 50 16.8 210 122
6 12 6 3000 1080 180 97 60 23 240 152

Table 4.3 operational parameters and treatment efficiencies of UASB

S.NO H.R.T O.L.R
Kg
C.O.D/m
3
day

C.O.D
mg/l
Total
nitrogen
Total
phosphate
VFA
IN OUT IN
OUT
IN OUT
IN OUT
1 20 0.60 500 79 30 11 10 2.4 62 21.7
2 20 1.20 1000 148 60 20 20 4.9 100 34.4
3 20 1.80 1500 220 90 31 30 7 140 50.4
4 20 2.40 2000 308 120 41 40 9.2 180 60
5 20 3.00 2500 374 150 50 50 11.6 210 66.7
6 20 3.60 3000 428 180 58 60 13 240 76.8


S.NO H.R.T O.L.R
Kg
C.O.D/m
3
day

C.O.D
mg/l
Total
nitrogen
Total
phosphate
VFA
IN OUT IN
OUT
IN OUT IN OUT
1 24 0.50 500 60 30 10.2 10 2.1 62 20.4
2 24 1.00 1000 118 60 19.8 20 4 100 31.9
3 24 1.50 1500 171 90 28.8 30 5.82 140 42
4 24 2.00 2000 220 120 37.2 40 7.6 180 52.2
5 24 2.50 2500 270 150 44.4 50 9.2 210 59.6
6 24 3.00 3000 300 180 50.4 60 10.8 240 66.48

Table 4.5 COD removal under variable organic loading rate at 12 hr HRT

Figure 4.1 effect of OLR in COD removal

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
COD IN
COD OUT
S.NO OLR (Kg C.O.D/m
3
day)
C.O.D mg/l
IN OUT
1 1
500 153
2 2
1000 312
3 3
1500 439
4 4
2000 650
5 5
2500 850
6 6
3000 1080
Table 4.6 TKN removal under variable organic loading rate at 12 hr HRT

Figure 4.2 effect of OLR in TKN removal

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TKN IN
TKN OUT
3
day)
TKN mg/l
IN OUT
1 1
30 15
2 2
60 29
3 3
90 41
4 4
120 61
5 5
150 63
6 6
180 97
Table 4.7 Phosphate removal under variable organic loading rate at 12 hr HRT

Figure 4.3 effect of OLR in total phosphate removal

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TOTAL PHOSPHATE
IN
TOLTAL PHOSPHATE
OUT
3
day)
Total phosphate mg/l
IN OUT
1 1
10 2.8
2 2
20 5.4
3 3
30 7.9
4 4
40 11.7
5 5
50 16.8
6 6
60 23
Table 4.8 VFA under variable organic loading rate at 12 hr HRT

Figure 4.4 effect of OLR on VFA

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
VFA IN
VFA OUT
3
day)
VFA
IN OUT
1 1
62 38
2 2
100 59
3 3
140 79
4 4
180 109
5 5
210 122
6 6
240 152


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
COD IN
COD OUT
3
day)
C.O.D mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.75 500 130
2
1.50 1000 284
3
2.25 1500 397
4
3.00 2000 492
5
3.75 2500 604
6
4.50 3000 823


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TKN IN
TKN OUT
3
day)
TKN mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.75 30 12
2
1.50 60 24
3
2.25 90 36
4
3.00 120 46
5
3.75 150 53
6
4.50 180 88


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TOTAL PHOSPHATE IN
TOTAL PHOSPHATE
OUT
3
day)
Total phosphate mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.75 10
2.7
2
1.50 20
5.8
3
2.25 30
9.2
4
3.00 40
10.8
5
3.75 50
12.6
6
4.50 60
22.6


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
VFA IN
VFA OUT
3
day)
VFA
IN OUT
1
0.75 62 32
2
1.50 100 47
3
2.25 140 55
4
3.00 180 69
5
3.75 210 79
6
4.50 240 114



0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
COD IN
COD OUT
3
day)
C.O.D mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.60 500 79
2
1.20 1000 148
3
1.80 1500 220
4
2.40 2000 308
5
3.00 2500 374
6
3.60 3000 428


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TKN IN
TKN OUT
3
day)
TKN mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.60 30
11
2
1.20 60
20
3
1.80 90
31
4
2.40 120
41
5
3.00 150
50
6
3.60 180
58


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TOTAL PHOSPHATE
IN
TOTAL PHOSPHATE
OUT
3
day)
Total
phosphate mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.60 10
2.4
2
1.20 20
4.9
3
1.80 30
7
4
2.40 40
9.2
5
3.00 50
11.6
6
3.60 60
13


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
VFA IN
VFA OUT
3
day)
VFA
IN OUT
1
0.60 62 21.7
2
1.20 100 34.4
3
1.80 140 50.4
4
2.40 180 60
5
3.00 210 66.7
6
3.60 240 76.8


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
COD IN
COD OUT
3
day)
C.O.D mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.50 500
60
2
1.00 1000
118
3
1.50 1500
171
4
2.00 2000
220
5
2.50 2500
270
6
3.00 3000
300


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TKN IN
TKN OUT
3
day)
TKN mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.50 30 10.2
2
1.00 60 19.8
3
1.50 90 28.8
4
2.00 120 37.2
5
2.50 150 44.4
6
3.00 180 50.4


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TOTAL
PHOSPHATE IN
TOTAL
PHOSPHATE
OUT
3
day)
Total
phosphate mg/l
IN OUT
1
0.50 10 2.1
2
1.00 20 4
3
1.50 30 5.82
4
2.00 40 7.6
5
2.50 50 9.2
6
3.00 60 10.8


0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
VFA IN
VFA OUT
3
day)
VFA
IN OUT
1
0.50
62
20.4
2
1.00
100
31.9
3
1.50
140
42
4
2.00
180
52.2
5
2.50
210
59.6
6
3.00
240
66.48
4.2 STUDY OF SLUDGE BLANKET USING S.E.M

Figure 4.17 SEM of sludge blanket at OLR 0.5 (kg.COD/m
3
.hr)

3
.hr)

3
.hr)

3
.hr)

3
.hr)

3
.hr)

The SEM images of sludge blanket at OLR (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0) at HRT 24 hour shows
that the sludge granules gradually developed with increase in the OLR at such low flow rate, the
sludge granules were well developed at OLR 3.0 kgCOD/m
3
.h supporting the growth of
microorganisms, which involved in the degradation of organic compound (nitrogen, phosphate
and organic carbon).

5. CONCLUSION

From the above result it is concluded that the system proves as an efficient choice of
removing the nutrients from the dairy industry waste and safe discharging of the effluent into
agricultural drain. The final products consisting of a liquid stream and a solid stream must be
disposed in accordance with the nutrient management plan. The liquid stream will contain
inorganic nitrogen as ammonia and a small amount of phosphorus. The solid stream will contain
organic nitrogen and a vast majority of the phosphorus. Both the solid and liquid streams will be
fully stabilized and odorless. The solids can be stacked for export or composted for bedding.

6. REFERENCES

APHA, 1998 Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 20
th
editions, American
Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control
Federation, Washington.

DC.Demirel, B., Yenigun, O., Turgut, T.O., 2005. Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a
review. Process Biochem. 40, 25832595.

Gavala, H.N., Lyberatos, G., 2001. Influence of anaerobic culture acclimation on the
degradation kinetics of various substrates. 74, 181195.

G. Roeselers & M. C. M. van Loosdrecht & G. Muyzer, 2007, Phototrophic biofilms and their
potential applications, J Appl Phycol, p. 20:227235

E. P. Taiganides, Hobson and (1983). Anaerobic Digestion of Cellulose-Dairy Cattle Manure
Mixtures Agricultural Wastes 8: 105-118

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1 INTRODUCTION

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